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Preitschopf T, Hirsch F, Lemmens AK, Rijs AM, Fischer I. The gas-phase infrared spectra of the 2-methylallyl radical and its high-temperature reaction products. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7682-7690. [PMID: 35302151 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The resonance-stabilized 2-methylallyl radical, 2-MA, is considered as a possible intermediate in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion processes. In this work, we report on its contribution to molecular growth in a high-temperature microreactor and provide mass-selective IR/UV ion dip spectra of the radical, as well as the various jet-cooled reaction products, employing free electron laser radiation in the mid-infrared region. Small (aromatic) hydrocarbons such as fulvene, benzene, styrene, or para-xylene, as well as polycyclic molecules, like (methylated) naphthalene, were identified with the aid of ab initio DFT computations. Several reaction products differ by one or more methyl groups, suggesting that molecular growth is dominated by (de)methylation in the reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Preitschopf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Hirsch
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander K Lemmens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anouk M Rijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Röder A, Petersen J, Issler K, Fischer I, Mitrić R, Poisson L. Exploring the Excited-State Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Radicals, Biradicals, and Carbenes Using Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Field-Induced Surface Hopping Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10643-10662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Röder A, Issler K, Poisson L, Humeniuk A, Wohlgemuth M, Comte M, Lepetit F, Fischer I, Mitric R, Petersen J. Femtosecond dynamics of the 2-methylallyl radical: A computational and experimental study. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013902. [PMID: 28688397 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the photodynamics of the 2-methylallyl radical by femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging. The experiments are accompanied by field-induced surface hopping dynamics calculations and the simulation of time-resolved photoelectron intensities and anisotropies, giving insight into the photochemistry and nonradiative relaxation of the radical. 2-methylallyl is excited at 236 nm, 238 nm, and 240.6 nm into a 3p Rydberg state, and the subsequent dynamics is probed by multiphoton ionization using photons of 800 nm. The photoelectron image exhibits a prominent band with considerable anisotropy, which is compatible with the result of theory. The simulations show that the initially excited 3p state is rapidly depopulated to a 3s Rydberg state, from which photoelectrons of high anisotropy are produced. The 3s state then decays within several 100 fs to the D1 (nπ) state, followed by the deactivation of the D1 to the electronic ground state on the ps time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Röder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Issler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Poisson
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michel Comte
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Fabien Lepetit
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91191, France
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Petersen
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Lang M, Holzmeier F, Hemberger P, Fischer I. Threshold Photoelectron Spectra of Combustion Relevant C4H5 and C4H7 Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3995-4000. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lang
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
| | - Fabian Holzmeier
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Molecular
Dynamics Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen
PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg
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6
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Herterich J, Gerbich T, Fischer I. Excited-State Dynamics of the 2-Methylallyl Radical. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3906-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu HC, Chen CC, Chen YT. Observation of vibronically excited thioformaldehyde at 62,000-72,000cm(-1) by 1+1'+1' resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 69:27-32. [PMID: 17459762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibronically excited thioformaldehyde (H(2)CS) has been studied by two-color 1+1'+1' resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy, in which the C (1)B(2)0(0)(0) state of H(2)CS was selected as an intermediate state for the resonant excitation to high-lying electronic states at 62,000-72,000cm(-1). In light of the distinctive selection rules for the 1+1'+1' REMPI and one-photon direct absorption transitions excited from the C (1)B(2) and X (1)A(1) states of H(2)CS, respectively, we have been able to identify 1 valence state (npi, pi*(2)), and 14 Rydberg states (n, 5s), (pi, 4s), (n, 3d(xz)), (n, 3d(yz)), (n, 5p(z)), (n, 5p(x)), (n, 5p(y)), n,4d(z)2), (n, 4d(xz)), (n, 4d(yz)), (n, 6s), (pi, 4p(y)), (n, 6p(z)), and (n, 6p(y)), in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Gasser M, Bach A, Chen P. Photodissociation dynamics of the 2-methylallyl radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:1133-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b715252c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lindsay C, Douberly G, Miller R. Rotational and vibrational dynamics of H2O and HDO in helium nanodroplets. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shieh JC, Wu JC, Li R, Chang JL, Lin ** YJ, Liao ** DW, Hayashi M, Mebel AM, Handy NC, Chen * YT. Two-photon vibronic spectroscopy of allene at 7.0–10.5 eV: experiment and theory. Mol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970512331317354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Chuang CH, Chen CC, Wu HC, Chen YT. High-lying Rydberg states of vinyl bromide studied by two-photon resonant ionization spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Dierksen M, Grimme S. Density functional calculations of the vibronic structure of electronic absorption spectra. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:3544-54. [PMID: 15268516 DOI: 10.1063/1.1642595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculations of the vibronic structure in electronic spectra of large organic molecules based on density functional methods are presented. The geometries of the excited states are obtained from time-dependent density functional (TDDFT) calculations employing the B3LYP hybrid functional. The vibrational functions and transition dipole moment derivatives are calculated within the harmonic approximation by finite difference of analytical gradients and the transition dipole moment, respectively. Normal mode mixing is taken into account by the Duschinsky transformation. The vibronic structure of strongly dipole-allowed transitions is calculated within the Franck-Condon approximation. Weakly dipole-allowed and dipole-forbidden transitions are treated within the Franck-Condon-Herzberg-Teller and Herzberg-Teller approximation, respectively. The absorption spectra of several organic pi systems (anthracene, pentacene, pyrene, octatetraene, styrene, azulene, phenoxyl) are calculated and compared with experimental data. For dipole-allowed transitions in general a very good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. This indicates the good quality of the optimized geometries and harmonic force fields. Larger errors are found for the weakly dipole-allowed S0 --> S1 transition of pyrene which can tentatively be assigned to TDDFT errors for the relative energies of excited states close to the target state. The weak bands of azulene and phenoxyl are very well described within the Franck-Condon approximation which can be explained by the large energy gap (>1.2 eV) to higher-lying excited states leading to small vibronic couplings. Once corrections are made for the errors in the theoretical 0-0 transition energies, the TDDFT approach to calculate vibronic structure seems to outperform both widely used ab initio methods based on configuration interaction singles or complete active space self-consistent field wave functions and semiempirical treatments regarding accuracy, applicability, and computational effort. Together with the parallel computer implementations employed, the present approach appears to be a valuable tool for a quantitative description and detailed understanding of electronic excitation processes in large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dierksen
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universitat Munster, Corrensstrasse 40, D-48149, Germany
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