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Tian Y, Xu W, Cong W, Bi X, He J, Song Z, Guan H, Huang C, Wang X. Research progress on the catalytic and thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide (ADN). RSC Adv 2024; 14:3636-3646. [PMID: 38268549 PMCID: PMC10804229 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ammonium dinitramide (NH4N(NO3)2, ADN) is regarded as a promising oxidizer due to its low signature and high specific impulse. Generally, ADN undergoes exothermic decomposition above 140 °C accompanied by the byproduct of ammonium nitrate (AN). The inevitable endothermic decomposition of AN decreases the overall heat release, and so there is a need to develop efficient catalysts to guide ADN decomposition along desired pathways with a lower decomposition temperature and higher heat release. A suitable catalyst should be able to withstand the harsh conditions in a thruster to achieve a stable thrust force, which poses a huge obstacle for manufacturing a stable and active catalyst. This review gives a comprehensive summary of the thermal and catalytic decomposition pathways of ADN for the first time, which is expected to deepen the understanding of its reaction mechanism and provide useful guidance for designing prospective catalysts toward efficient ADN decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Weibin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Xueqian Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026 P. R. China
| | - Jiahui He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 P. R. China
| | - Hongling Guan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Chuande Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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Belostotskii AM. Delocalization quantitatively mapped for prototypic organic nitroanions as well as azidoform anions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33786-33796. [PMID: 38019983 PMCID: PMC10655850 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06708d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Delocalization of occupied orbitals impacts the chemical bonding in the simplest known pernitroanions [(NO2)3C]- (1) and [(NO2)2N]- (2) as well as other functionalized organic anions. By quantitatively mapping it onto molecular backbones of 1, 2, [CH2NO2]- (3), [CH3NNO2]- (4) and [C(N3)]- (6) anions (all modeled by QM calculations), the Weinhold's NBO analysis refines their chemical structure, enabling to explain and even predict their essential chemical behaviour. In detail, the HOMO of 1 and 2 is associated with the central atom to the degree of 70.7% and 80.4%, respectively, while the HOMO localization on O atoms for 3 and 4 is 85.3% and 81.1%, respectively. Predomination of C-alkylation for 1 and that of O-alkylation for 3 in non-coordinating solvents thus becomes clear. The important news is that the easiness of homolytically disrupting the N-N bond in 2, a constituent of inexpensive powerful explosives, is because of the occupancy of the related σ*orbital increases with stretching this bond. The same is true for electrocyclic extrusion of NO3- from this molecule. This antibonding effect may be assumed to be the common cause of the proneness of aliphatic nitro compounds to decompose. Pyramidal anion 6 is a highly localized carbanion. Its isomer of molecular symmetry CS has a unique chemical structure of its azido substituents: each of them is represented by one high-weight resonance structure, e.g., N-N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N. The prediction is that the dinitrogen-eliminating decomposition of this isomer is more facile than of the isomer of C3 symmetry. In summary, this study affords three novel particular insights into the chemical structure and reactivity of these anions: chemically telling delocalization-augmented molecular structures, a reasonable hypothesis of the common cause of thermally triggered instability of aliphatic nitro compounds, and discovered one-resonance structure azido groups.
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Wang K, Xue B, Chen JG, He ZH, Ji Y, Wang B, Lu J, Liu ZW, Liu ZT. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the thermal decomposition mechanism and kinetics of ammonium dinitramide (ADN). NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06246g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An overall decomposition mechanism of ammonium dinitramide was systematically investigated via DFT calculations and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared-mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-MS) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Bing Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Jian-Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710119
- China
| | - Zhen-Hong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Yueping Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an
- China
| | - Zhong-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), and School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi’an 710119
- China
| | - Zhao-Tie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- China
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4
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Zhang TL, Lan XG, Wen MJ, Zhang YQ, Wang R, Wang ZY. Catalytic effect of water, water dimer, HCOOH and H2SO4 on the isomerisation of HON(O)NNO2 to ON(OH)NNO2: a mechanism study. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1518578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-lei Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-guang Lan
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-jie Wen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-qi Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yin Wang
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, People’s Republic of China
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Conrad JA, Pruitt SR, Gordon MS. Proton Transfer in 1,2,4-Triazolium Dinitramide: Effect of Aqueous Microsolvation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7443-7454. [PMID: 30129759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase proton transfer process in 1,2,4-triazolium dinitramide (TD) was studied using second-order perturbation theory to determine how the presence of one and two water molecules modifies the potential energy surface that connects the ion pair to the neutral pair. The presence of one water molecule can introduce small proton transfer energy barriers that separate the ion pair from the lower-energy neutral pair. These energy barriers are easily surmounted. Reaction paths were determined for single proton transfers and double proton transfers via one water molecule. In the presence of two water molecules, the global minimum is an ion pair, as are most of the lower-energy local minima. Energy barriers for single, double, and triple proton transfers were also found for TD in the presence of two water molecules. One TD ion pair structure with two water molecules has no corresponding neutral pair energy minimum. A quasi-atomic orbital analysis is used to understand the nature of the bonding in the various species studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Conrad
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Spencer R Pruitt
- Academic & Research Computing , Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester , Massachusetts 01609 , United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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Wang Z, Zhang TL, Li MJ, Xu Q, Wang R, Roy S, Yu X, Jin L. Computational study of the decomposition mechanisms of ammonium dinitramide in the gas phase. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1453093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Lei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Jing Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Soumendra Roy
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lingxia Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Wang R, Jia ZL, An YM, Zhang TL, Wang ZY, Roy S. Catalytic effect of water, water dimer, water trimer, HCOOH, H2SO4, CH3CH2COOH and HN(NO2)2 on the isomerisation of HN(NO2)2 to O2NNN(O)OH: a mechanism study. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zi-long Jia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yi-ming An
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tian-lei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-yin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Soumendra Roy
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Rahm M, Brinck T. On the Anomalous Decomposition and Reactivity of Ammonium and Potassium Dinitramide. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2845-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911277r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Competence Centre for Energetic Materials (KCEM), Gammelbackavägen 6, S-69151 Karlskoga, Sweden, and Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tore Brinck
- Competence Centre for Energetic Materials (KCEM), Gammelbackavägen 6, S-69151 Karlskoga, Sweden, and Physical Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 30, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Rahm M, Brinck T. The anomalous solid state decomposition of ammonium dinitramide: a matter of surface polarization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2896-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b900915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Velardez GF, Alavi S, Thompson DL. Theoretical predictions of the initial decomposition steps of dimethylnitramine. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:074313. [PMID: 16229576 DOI: 10.1063/1.1990121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures and energies of the reactants, products, and transition states of the initial steps in the gas-phase decomposition of dimethylnitramine (DMNA) have been determined by quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP density-functional theory, MP2, and G2 levels. The pathways considered are NO2 elimination, HONO elimination, and nitro-nitrite rearrangement. The NO2 elimination is predicted to be the main channel of the gas-phase decomposition of DMNA in accord with experiment. The values of the Arrhenius parameters, log A=16.6+/-0.5 and Ea=40.0+/-0.6 kcal/mol, for the N-NO2 bond-fission reaction were obtained using a canonical variational theory with B3LYP energies and frequencies. The HONO-elimination channel has the next lowest activation energy of 44.7+/-0.5 kcal/mol (log A=13.6+/-0.5) and is characterized by a five-member transition-state configuration in which a hydrogen atom from one of the methyl groups is transferred to an oxygen atom of NO2. Tunneling contributions to the rate of this reaction have been estimated. The nitro-nitrite rearrangement reaction occurs via a transition state in which both oxygen atoms of NO2 are loosely bound to the central nitrogen atom, for which Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory predicts log A=14.4+/-0.6 and Ea=54.1+/-0.8 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Velardez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Alavi S, Thompson DL. Hydrogen bonding and proton transfer in small hydroxylammonium nitrate clusters: A theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1593011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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