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Eckart S, Trabert D, Rist J, Geyer A, Schmidt LPH, Fehre K, Kunitski M. Ultrafast preparation and detection of entangled atoms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq8227. [PMID: 37683006 PMCID: PMC10491222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Atoms can form a molecule by sharing their electrons in binding orbitals. These electrons are entangled. Is there a way to break a molecular bond and obtain atoms in their ground state that are spatially separated and still entangled? Here, we show that it is possible to prepare these spatially separated, entangled atoms on femtosecond time scales from single oxygen molecules. The two neutral atoms are entangled in the magnetic quantum number of their valence electrons. In a time-delayed probe step, we use nonadiabatic tunneling, which is a magnetic quantum number-sensitive ionization mechanism. We find a fingerprint of entanglement in the measured ionization probability as a function of the angle between the light's quantization axis and the molecular axis. This establishes a platform for further experiments that harness the time resolution of strong-field experiments to investigate spatially separated, entangled atoms on femtosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Trabert
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Angelina Geyer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lothar Ph. H. Schmidt
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Maksim Kunitski
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wang XD, Parker DH, van de Meerakker SYT, Groenenboom GC, Onvlee J. Laser ionisation detection of O(3Pj) atoms in the VUV; application to photodissociation of O2. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1979264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X.-D. Wang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D. H. Parker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - G. C. Groenenboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Onvlee
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gilchrist AJ, Ritchie GAD. Predissociation dynamics of the C 3Π g Rydberg state of molecular oxygen. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:104320. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4794694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vallance C. Generation, characterisation, and applications of atomic and molecular alignment and orientation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14427-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu SM, Radenovic DČ, van der Zande WJ, Groenenboom GC, Parker DH, Vallance C, Zare RN. Control and imaging of O(1D2) precession. Nat Chem 2010; 3:28-33. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rakitzis TP, Janssen MH. Photofragment angular momentum distributions from oriented and aligned polyatomic molecules: beyond the axial recoil limit. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970903580158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wu SM, Chestakov D, Groenenboom GC, van der Zande WJ, Parker DH, Wu G, Yang X, Vallance C. Angular momentum polarisation in the O(1D) products of O2photolysis via the B state. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003665113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chichinin AI, Gericke KH, Kauczok S, Maul C. Imaging chemical reactions – 3D velocity mapping. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350903235045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Suits AG, Vasyutinskii OS. Imaging Atomic Orbital Polarization in Photodissociation. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3706-46. [DOI: 10.1021/cr040085c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G. Suits
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg S. Vasyutinskii
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Kim H, Dooley KS, North SW, Hall GE, Houston PL. Anisotropy of photofragment recoil as a function of dissociation lifetime, excitation frequency, rotational level, and rotational constant. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:133316. [PMID: 17029469 DOI: 10.1063/1.2216708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum mechanical calculations of photofragment angular distributions have been performed as a function of the frequency of excitation, the lifetime of the dissociative state, the rotational level, and the rotational constant. In the limit of high J values and white, incoherent excitation, the general results are found to agree exactly with both those of Mukamel and Jortner [J. Chem. Phys. 61, 5348 (1974)] and those of Jonah [J. Chem. Phys. 55, 1915 (1971)]. Example calculations describe how the anisotropy is dependent on the degree of broadening, the rotational constant, the initial rotational level, and the frequency of excitation. Applications are also made to interpret experimental results on the photodissociation of ClO via the 11-0, 10-0, and 6-0 bands of the A 2Pi3/2 -X 2Pi3/2 transition and on the photodissociation of O2 via the 0-0 band of the E 3Sigmau- -X 3Sigmag- transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahkjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, USA
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Witinski MF, Ortiz-Suárez M, Davis HF. Reaction dynamics of CN+O2→NCO+O(P23). J Chem Phys 2006; 124:94307. [PMID: 16526857 DOI: 10.1063/1.2173261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used oxygen Rydberg time-of-flight spectroscopy to carry out a crossed molecular beam study of the CN + O2 reaction at collision energies of 3.1 and 4.1 kcal/mol. The O(3P2) products were tagged by excitation to high-n Rydberg levels and subsequently field ionized at a detector. The translational energy distributions were broad, indicating that the NCO is formed with a wide range of internal excitation, and the angular distribution was forward-backward symmetric, indicating the participation of NCOO intermediates with lifetimes comparable to or longer than their rotational periods. Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus modeling of the dissociation of NCOO to NCO + O suggests that Do(NC-OO) > or = 38 kcal/mol, which is consistent with several theoretical calculations. Implications for the competing CO + NO channel are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Witinski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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Ashfold MNR, Nahler NH, Orr-Ewing AJ, Vieuxmaire OPJ, Toomes RL, Kitsopoulos TN, Garcia IA, Chestakov DA, Wu SM, Parker DH. Imaging the dynamics of gas phase reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:26-53. [PMID: 16482242 DOI: 10.1039/b509304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ion imaging methods are making ever greater impact on studies of gas phase molecular reaction dynamics. This article traces the evolution of the technique, highlights some of the more important breakthroughs with regards to improving image resolution and in image processing and analysis methods, and then proceeds to illustrate some of the many applications to which the technique is now being applied--most notably in studies of molecular photodissociation and of bimolecular reaction dynamics.
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Lambert HM, Davis EW, Tokel O, Dixit AA, Houston PL. Photodissociation channels for N2O near 130 nm studied by product imaging. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:174304. [PMID: 15910029 DOI: 10.1063/1.1888579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The photodissociation of N(2)O at wavelengths near 130 nm has been investigated by velocity-mapped product imaging. In all, five dissociation channels have been detected, leading to the following products: O((1)S)+N(2)(X (1)Sigma), N((2)D)+NO(X (2)Pi), N((2)P)+NO(X (2)Pi), O((3)P) + N(2)(A (3)Sigma(+) (u)), and O((3)P) + N(2)(B (3)Pi(g)). The most significant channel is to the products O((1)S) + N(2)(X(1)Sigma), with strong vibrational excitation in the N(2). The O((3)P) + N(2)(A,B):N((2)D,(2)P) + NO branching ratio is measured to be 1.4 +/- 0.5, while the N(2)(A) + O((3)P(J)):N(2)(B) + O((3)P(J)) branching ratio is determined to be 0.84+/-0.09. The spin-orbit distributions for the O((3)P(J)), N((2)P(J)), and N((2)D(J)) products were also determined. The angular distributions of the products are in qualitative agreement with excitation to the N(2)O(D (1)Sigma(+)) state, with participation as well by the (3)Pi(v) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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