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Song X, Wang M, Zhao Y, Yang C, Ma X, Pang W, Li Y. Molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of two radicals of C 4H 2N: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:56. [PMID: 36708407 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The cyano propargyl radical (CH2C3N and HC3HCN) is important reaction intermediate in both combustion flames and extraterrestrial environments such as cold molecular clouds and circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars. The acquisition of spectroscopic constants and anharmonic effect facilitates a more in-depth study of this radical. However, the data available in the literature do not allow the precise predictions for it in the interstellar medium. In this work, complete spectroscopic parameters as well as anharmonic constants of two radicals of C4H2N have been evaluated by different DFT methods. The calculated results show that it is reasonable to study the molecular spectroscopic properties of C4H2N by wB97XD/6-311++G theoretical level. On this basis, the sextic centrifugal distortion constants, anharmonic constants, vibration-rotation interaction constants, and so on are predicted for the study of high-precision rovibrational spectrum. In addition, the relationship between the anharmonic effect and vibration mode of CH2C3N and HC3HCN and their infrared spectroscopic characteristics are discussed. METHODS The calculation of the anharmonic force fields and spectroscopy properties was performed using B3LYP, B3PW91, CAM-B3LYP, and wB97XD methods combined with the 6-311++G and aug-ccpVTZ basis sets, respectively, by the Gaussian16 program suite. The IR spectra were performed with Multiwfn3.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Song
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Meishan Wang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China. .,School of Integrated Circuits, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Yanliang Zhao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Chuanlu Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaoguang Ma
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Weixiu Pang
- Department of Physics, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Yuanju Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
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2
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Vanuzzo G, Marchione D, Mancini L, Liang P, Pannacci G, Recio P, Tan Y, Rosi M, Skouteris D, Casavecchia P, Balucani N. The N( 2D) + CH 2CHCN (Vinyl Cyanide) Reaction: A Combined Crossed Molecular Beam and Theoretical Study and Implications for the Atmosphere of Titan. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6110-6123. [PMID: 36053010 PMCID: PMC9483977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction of electronically excited nitrogen atoms,
N(2D), with vinyl cyanide, CH2CHCN, has been
investigated
under single-collision conditions by the crossed molecular beam (CMB)
scattering method with mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight
(TOF) analysis at the collision energy, Ec, of 31.4 kJ/mol. Synergistic electronic structure calculations of
the doublet potential energy surface (PES) have been performed to
assist in the interpretation of the experimental results and characterize
the overall reaction micromechanism. Statistical (Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus,
RRKM) calculations of product branching fractions (BFs) on the theoretical
PES have been carried out at different values of temperature, including
the one corresponding to the temperature (175 K) of Titan’s
stratosphere and at a total energy corresponding to the Ec of the CMB experiment. According to our theoretical
calculations, the reaction is found to proceed via barrierless addition
of N(2D) to the carbon–carbon double bond of CH2=CH–CN, followed by the formation of cyclic
and linear intermediates that can undergo H, CN, and HCN elimination.
In competition, the N(2D) addition to the CN group is also
possible via a submerged barrier, leading ultimately to N2 + C3H3 formation, the most exothermic of all
possible channels. Product angular and TOF distributions have been
recorded for the H-displacement channels leading to the formation
of a variety of possible C3H2N2 isomeric
products. Experimentally, no evidence of CN, HCN, and N2 forming channels was observed. These findings were corroborated
by the theory, which predicts a variety of competing product channels,
following N(2D) addition to the double bond, with the main
ones, at Ec = 31.4 kJ/mol, being six isomeric
H forming channels: c-CH(N)CHCN + H (BF = 35.0%), c-CHNCHCN + H (BF = 28.1%), CH2NCCN + H (BF =
26.3%), c-CH2(N)CCN(cyano-azirine) + H
(BF = 7.4%), trans-HNCCHCN + H (BF = 1.6%), and cis-HNCCHCN + H (BF = 1.3%), while C–C bond breaking
channels leading to c-CH2(N)CH(2H-azirine)
+ CN and c-CH2(N)C + HCN are predicted
to be negligible (0.02% and 0.2%, respectively). The highly exothermic
N2 + CH2CCH (propargyl) channel is also predicted
to be negligible because of the very high isomerization barrier from
the initial addition intermediate to the precursor intermediate able
to lead to products. The predicted product BFs are found to have,
in general, a very weak energy dependence. The above cyclic and linear
products containing an additional C–N bond could be potential
precursors of more complex, N-rich organic molecules that contribute
to the formation of the aerosols on Titan’s upper atmosphere.
Overall, the results are expected to have a significant impact on
the gas-phase chemistry of Titan’s atmosphere and should be
properly included in the photochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Vanuzzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Demian Marchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pengxiao Liang
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pannacci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pedro Recio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Yuxin Tan
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Piergiorgio Casavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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3
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Marchione D, Mancini L, Liang P, Vanuzzo G, Pirani F, Skouteris D, Rosi M, Casavecchia P, Balucani N. Unsaturated Dinitriles Formation Routes in Extraterrestrial Environments: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Reaction between Cyano Radicals and Cyanoethene (C 2H 3CN). J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3569-3582. [PMID: 35640168 PMCID: PMC9189926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction between
cyano radicals (CN, X2Σ+) and cyanoethene
(C2H3CN) has been
investigated by a combined approach coupling crossed molecular beam
(CMB) experiments with mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight
analysis at a collision energy of 44.6 kJ mol–1 and
electronic structure calculations to determine the relevant potential
energy surface. The experimental results can be interpreted by assuming
the occurrence of a dominant reaction pathway leading to the two but-2-enedinitrile
(1,2-dicyanothene) isomers (E- and Z-NC–CH=CH–CN) in a H-displacement channel and,
to a much minor extent, to 1,1-dicyanoethene, CH2C(CN)2. In order to derive the product branching ratios under the
conditions of the CMB experiments and at colder temperatures, including
those relevant to Titan and to cold interstellar clouds, we have carried
out RRKM statistical calculations using the relevant potential energy
surface of the investigated reaction. We have also estimated the rate
coefficient at very low temperatures by employing a semiempirical
method for the treatment of long-range interactions. The reaction
has been found to be barrierless and fast also under the low temperature
conditions of cold interstellar clouds and the atmosphere of Titan.
Astrophysical implications and comparison with literature data are
also presented. On the basis of the present work, 1,2-dicyanothene
and 1,1-dicyanothene are excellent candidates for the search of dinitriles
in the interstellar medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian Marchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pengxiao Liang
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Vanuzzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fernando Pirani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Casavecchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Singh RR, Skaria M, Chen LY, Cheng MJ, Liu RS. Gold-catalyzed (4+3)-annulations of 2-alkenyl-1-alkynylbenzenes with anthranils with alkyne-dependent chemoselectivity: skeletal rearrangement versus non-rearrangement. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1201-1206. [PMID: 30774919 PMCID: PMC6349068 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct (4+3)-nitroxy annulations between 1,5-enynes and anthranils have been developed to access tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine derivatives.
Two distinct (4+3)-nitroxy annulations between 1,5-enynes and anthranils have been developed to access tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine derivatives; the chemoselectivity varies with the types of alkynes. Terminal alkyne substrates deliver benzo[b]azepine derivatives via a novel skeletal rearrangement while internal 1,5-enynes afford products without a rearrangement process. To elucidate the mechanism of rearrangement, we performed 13C- and 2H-labeling experiments to identify the gold-containing isobenzofulvene intermediates, but their formation relies on the presence of anthranils.
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Affiliation(s)
- RahulKumar Rajmani Singh
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Materials , Department of Chemistry , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Manisha Skaria
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Materials , Department of Chemistry , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Liang-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan .
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 701 , Taiwan .
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Frontier Research Centers on Fundamental and Applied Science of Materials , Department of Chemistry , National Tsing-Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan , Republic of China .
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5
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Custer T, Szczepaniak U, Gronowski M, Fabisiewicz E, Couturier-Tamburelli I, Kołos R. Density Functional Exploration of C4H3N Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5928-38. [PMID: 27341606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecules having C4H3N stoichiometry are of astrophysical interest. Two of these, methylcyanoacetylene (CH3C3N) and its structural isomer allenyl cyanide (H2CCCHN), have been observed in interstellar space, while several more have been examined in laboratories. Here we describe, for a broad range of C4H3N isomers, density functional calculations (B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ) of molecular parameters including the energetics, geometries, rotational constants, electric dipole moments, polarizabilities, vibrational IR frequencies, IR absorption intensities, and Raman activities. Singlet-triplet splittings as well as singlet vertical electronic excitation energies are given for selected species. The identification of less stable C4H3N molecules, generated in ongoing spectroscopic experiments, relies heavily on these quantum chemical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Custer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Szczepaniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marcin Gronowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Fabisiewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Robert Kołos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Sun BJ, Huang CY, Kuo HH, Chen KT, Sun HL, Huang CH, Tsai MF, Kao CH, Wang YS, Gao LG, Kaiser RI, Chang AHH. Formation of interstellar 2,4-pentadiynylidyne, HCCCCC(XΠ2), via the neutral-neutral reaction of ground state carbon atom, C(P3), with diacetylene, HCCCCH(XΣg+1). J Chem Phys 2008; 128:244303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2918367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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7
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Guo Y, Gu X, Zhang F, Sun BJ, Tsai MF, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Unraveling the formation of HCPH(X2A') molecules in extraterrestrial environments: crossed molecular beam study of the reaction of carbon atoms, C(3Pj), with phosphine, PH3(X1A1). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3241-7. [PMID: 17428038 DOI: 10.1021/jp066729x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reaction between ground state carbon atoms, C(3P(j)), and phosphine, PH3(X(1)A1), was investigated at two collision energies of 21.1 and 42.5 kJ mol(-1) using the crossed molecular beam technique. The chemical dynamics extracted from the time-of-flight spectra and laboratory angular distributions combined with ab initio calculations propose that the reaction proceeds on the triplet surface via an addition of atomic carbon to the phosphorus atom. This leads to a triplet CPH3 complex. A successive hydrogen shift forms an HCPH2 intermediate. The latter was found to decompose through atomic hydrogen emission leading to the cis/trans-HCPH(X(2)A') reaction products. The identification of cis/trans-HCPH(X(2)A') molecules under single collision conditions presents a potential pathway to form the very first carbon-phosphorus bond in extraterrestrial environments like molecular clouds and circumstellar envelopes, and even in the postplume chemistry of the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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8
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Joo H, Shevlin PB, McKee ML. Computational Study of Carbon Atom (3P and 1D) Reaction with CH2O. Theoretical Evaluation of 1B1 Methylene Production by C (1D). J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6220-30. [PMID: 16669692 DOI: 10.1021/ja060216m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet and triplet free energy surfaces for the reactions of C atom ((3)P and (1)D) with CH(2)O are studied computationally to evaluate the excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene formation from deoxygenation of CH(2)O by C ((1)D) atom as suggested by Shevlin et al. Carbon atoms can react by addition to the oxygen lone pair or to the C=O double bond on both the triplet and singlet surfaces. Triplet C ((3)P) atoms will deoxygenate to give CO plus CH(2) ((3)B(1)) as the major products, while singlet C ((1)D) reactions will form ketene and CO plus CH(2) ((1)A(1)). No definitive evidence of the formation of excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene was found on the singlet free energy surface. A conical intersection between the (1)A' and (1)A' ' surfaces located near an exit channel may play a role in product formation. The suggested (1)B(1) state of methylene may form via the (1)A' ' surface only if dynamic effects are important. In an effort to interpret experimental observation of products trapped by (Z)-2-butene, formation of cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane is studied computationally. The results suggests that "hot" ketene may react with (Z)-2-butene nonstereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Li HY, Cheng WC, Liu YL, Sun BJ, Huang CY, Chen KT, Tang MS, Kaiser RI, Chang AHH. Reaction of cyanoacetylene HCCCN(XΣ+1) with ground-state carbon atoms C(P3) in cold molecular clouds. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:044307. [PMID: 16460162 DOI: 10.1063/1.2148411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of the simplest cyanopolyyne, cyanoacetylene [HCCCN(X (1)Sigma(+))], with ground-state atomic carbon C((3)P) is investigated theoretically to explore the probable routes for the depletion of the famed interstellar molecule HCCCN, and the formation of carbon-nitrogen-bearing species in extraterrestrial environments particularly of ultralow temperature. Six collision complexes (c1-c6) without entrance barrier as a result of the carbon atom addition to the pi systems of HCCCN are located. The optimized geometries and harmonic frequencies of the intermediates, transition states, and products along the isomerization and dissociation pathways of each collision complex are obtained by utilizing the unrestricted B3YLP6-311G(d,p) level of theory, and the corresponding CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ energies are calculated. Subsequently, with the facilitation of Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) and variational RRKM rate constants at collision energy of 0-10 kcal/mol, the most probable paths for the titled reaction are determined, and the product yields are estimated. Five collision complexes (c1-c3, c5, and c6) are predicted to give the same products, a chained CCCCN (p2)+H, via the linear and most stable intermediate, HCCCCN (i2), while collision complex c4 is likely to dissociate back to C+HCCCN. The study suggests that this class of reaction is an important route to the destruction of cyanoacetylene and cyanopolyynes in general, and to the synthesis of linear carbon-chained nitriles at the temperature as low as 10 K to be incorporated in future chemical models of interstellar clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Guo Y, Gu X, Zhang F, Tang MS, Sun BJ, H Chang AH, Kaiser RI. A crossed beams study of the reaction of carbon atoms, C(3Pj), with vinyl cyanide, C2H3CN(X1A′)—investigating the formation of cyano propargyl radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:5454-61. [PMID: 17119654 DOI: 10.1039/b611936k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical dynamics of the reaction of ground state carbon atoms, C(3Pj), with vinyl cyanide, C2H3CN(X 1A'), were examined under single collision conditions at collision energies of 29.9 and 43.9 kJ mol(-1) using the crossed molecular beams approach. The experimental studies were combined with electronic structure calculations on the triplet C4H3N potential energy surface (H. F. Su, R. I. Kaiser, A. H. H. Chang, J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 122, 074320). Our investigations suggest that the reaction follows indirect scattering dynamics via addition of the carbon atom to the carbon-carbon double bond of the vinyl cyanide molecule yielding a cyano cyclopropylidene collision complex. The latter undergoes ring opening to form cis/trans triplet cyano allene which fragments predominantly to the 1-cyano propargyl radical via tight exit transition states; the 3-cyano propargyl isomer was inferred to be formed at least a factor of two less; also, no molecular hydrogen elimination channel was observed experimentally. These results are in agreement with the computational studies predicting solely the existence of a carbon versus hydrogen atom exchange pathway and the dominance of the 1-cyano propargyl radical product. The discovery of the cyano propargyl radical in the reaction of atomic carbon with vinyl cyanide under single collision conditions implies that this molecule can be an important reaction intermediate in combustion flames and also in extraterrestrial environments (cold molecular clouds, circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars) which could lead to the formation of cyano benzene (C6H5CN) upon reaction with a propargyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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