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Ventrillard I, Romanini D, Mondelain D, Campargue A. Accurate measurements and temperature dependence of the water vapor self-continuum absorption in the 2.1 μm atmospheric window. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:134304. [PMID: 26450311 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of its importance for the evaluation of the Earth radiative budget, thus for climate change, very few measurements of the water vapor continuum are available in the near infrared atmospheric windows especially at temperature conditions relevant for our atmosphere. In addition, as a result of the difficulty to measure weak broadband absorption signals, the few available measurements show large disagreements. We report here accurate measurements of the water vapor self-continuum absorption in the 2.1 μm window by Optical Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) for two spectral points located at the low energy edge and at the center of the 2.1 μm transparency window, at 4302 and 4723 cm(-1), respectively. Self-continuum cross sections, CS, were retrieved with a few % relative uncertainty, from the quadratic dependence of the spectrum base line level measured as a function of water vapor pressure, between 0 and 16 Torr. At 296 K, the CS value at 4302 cm(-1) is found 40% higher than predicted by the MT_CKD V2.5 model, while at 4723 cm(-1), our value is 5 times larger than the MT_CKD value. On the other hand, these OF-CEAS CS values are significantly smaller than recent measurements by Fourier transform spectroscopy at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the self-continuum cross sections was also investigated for temperatures between 296 K and 323 K (23-50 °C). The derived temperature variation is found to be similar to that derived from previous Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) measurements performed at higher temperatures, between 350 K and 472 K. The whole set of measurements spanning the 296-472 K temperature range follows a simple exponential law in 1/T with a slope close to the dissociation energy of the water dimer, D0 ≈ 1100 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ventrillard
- LIPhy, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Romanini
- LIPhy, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mondelain
- LIPhy, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Campargue
- LIPhy, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Ruscic
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States, and Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United
States
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Courtois J, Hodges JT. Coupled-cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3354-3356. [PMID: 23381255 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a technique called coupled-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CC-RDS) for controlling the finesse of an optical resonator. Applications include extending the sensitivity and dynamic range of a cavity-enhanced spectrometer as well as widening the useful spectral region of high-reflectivity mirrors. CC-RDS uses controlled feedback of the probe laser beam to a ring-down cavity, which leads to interference between the internally circulating light and that which is fed back through a cavity mirror port. Using a 74 cm long ring-down cavity and a feedback cavity with a finesse of 16, we demonstrate that this effect increases the decay time constant from 210 μs to 280 μs, corresponding to an increase of finesse from 2.7×10(5) to 3.6×10(5). Finally, we show that with the addition of a second feedback cavity, we observe ring-down times as long as ~0.5 ms, which is equivalent to (1-R)≈4.9×10(-6), where R is the effective mirror reflectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Courtois
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Ptashnik IV, McPheat RA, Shine KP, Smith KM, Williams RG. Water vapour foreign-continuum absorption in near-infrared windows from laboratory measurements. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:2557-2577. [PMID: 22547232 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, it has been believed that atmospheric absorption of radiation within wavelength regions of relatively high infrared transmittance (so-called 'windows') was dominated by the water vapour self-continuum, that is, spectrally smooth absorption caused by H(2)O--H(2)O pair interaction. Absorption due to the foreign continuum (i.e. caused mostly by H(2)O--N(2) bimolecular absorption in the Earth's atmosphere) was considered to be negligible in the windows. We report new retrievals of the water vapour foreign continuum from high-resolution laboratory measurements at temperatures between 350 and 430 K in four near-infrared windows between 1.1 and 5 μm (9000-2000 cm(-1)). Our results indicate that the foreign continuum in these windows has a very weak temperature dependence and is typically between one and two orders of magnitude stronger than that given in representations of the continuum currently used in many climate and weather prediction models. This indicates that absorption owing to the foreign continuum may be comparable to the self-continuum under atmospheric conditions in the investigated windows. The calculated global-average clear-sky atmospheric absorption of solar radiation is increased by approximately 0.46 W m(-2) (or 0.6% of the total clear-sky absorption) by using these new measurements when compared with calculations applying the widely used MTCKD (Mlawer-Tobin-Clough-Kneizys-Davies) foreign-continuum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Ptashnik
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading RG6 6BB, UK.
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Baranov YI, Lafferty WJ. The water vapour self- and water-nitrogen continuum absorption in the 1000 and 2500 cm(-1) atmospheric windows. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:2578-2589. [PMID: 22547233 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pure water vapour and water-nitrogen continuum absorption in the 1000 and 2500 cm(-1) atmospheric windows has been studied using a 2 m base-length White-type multi-pass cell coupled with a BOMEM DA3-002 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The measurements were carried out at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD) over the course of several years (2004, 2006-2007, 2009). New data on the H(2)O:N(2) continuum in the 1000 cm(-1) window are presented and summarized along with the other experimental results and the continuum model. The experimental data reported on the water vapour continuum in these atmospheric windows basically agree with the most reliable laboratory data from the other sources. The MT_CKD (Mlawer-Tobin-Clough-Kneizys-Davies) continuum model significantly departs from the experimental data in both windows. The deviation observed includes the continuum magnitude, spectral behaviour and temperature dependence. In the 2500 cm(-1) region, the model does not allow for the nitrogen fundamental collision-induced absorption (CIA) band intensity enhancement caused by H(2)O:N(2) collisions and underestimates the actual absorption by over two orders of magnitude. The water vapour continuum interpretation as a typical CIA spectrum is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu I Baranov
- Sensor Science Division, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8441, USA.
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Plumley JA, Dannenberg JJ. A comparison of the behavior of functional/basis set combinations for hydrogen-bonding in the water dimer with emphasis on basis set superposition error. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:1519-27. [PMID: 21328398 PMCID: PMC3073166 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate the performance of ten functionals (B3LYP, M05, M05-2X, M06, M06-2X, B2PLYP, B2PLYPD, X3LYP, B97D, and MPWB1K) in combination with 16 basis sets ranging in complexity from 6-31G(d) to aug-cc-pV5Z for the calculation of the H-bonded water dimer with the goal of defining which combinations of functionals and basis sets provide a combination of economy and accuracy for H-bonded systems. We have compared the results to the best non-density functional theory (non-DFT) molecular orbital (MO) calculations and to experimental results. Several of the smaller basis sets lead to qualitatively incorrect geometries when optimized on a normal potential energy surface (PES). This problem disappears when the optimization is performed on a counterpoise (CP) corrected PES. The calculated interaction energies (ΔEs) with the largest basis sets vary from -4.42 (B97D) to -5.19 (B2PLYPD) kcal/mol for the different functionals. Small basis sets generally predict stronger interactions than the large ones. We found that, because of error compensation, the smaller basis sets gave the best results (in comparison to experimental and high-level non-DFT MO calculations) when combined with a functional that predicts a weak interaction with the largest basis set. As many applications are complex systems and require economical calculations, we suggest the following functional/basis set combinations in order of increasing complexity and cost: (1) D95(d,p) with B3LYP, B97D, M06, or MPWB1k; (2) 6-311G(d,p) with B3LYP; (3) D95++(d,p) with B3LYP, B97D, or MPWB1K; (4) 6-311++G(d,p) with B3LYP or B97D; and (5) aug-cc-pVDZ with M05-2X, M06-2X, or X3LYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Plumley
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate School, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - J. J. Dannenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate School, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065
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Paynter DJ, Ptashnik IV, Shine KP, Smith KM, McPheat R, Williams RG. Laboratory measurements of the water vapor continuum in the 1200–8000 cm−1region between 293 K and 351 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hänninen V, Salmi T, Halonen L. Acceptor Tunneling Motion and O−H Stretching Vibration Overtones of the Water Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7133-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp901974z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Hänninen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Salmi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Fiadzomor PA, Keen AM, Grant RB, Orr-Ewing AJ. Interaction energy of water dimers from pressure broadening of near-IR absorption lines. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Lee MS, Baletto F, Kanhere DG, Scandolo S. Far-infrared absorption of water clusters by first-principles molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:214506. [PMID: 18537432 DOI: 10.1063/1.2933248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on first-principle molecular dynamic simulations, we calculate the far-infrared spectra of small water clusters (H(2)O)(n) (n = 2, 4, 6) at frequencies below 1000 cm(-1) and at 80 K and at atmospheric temperature (T>200 K). We find that cluster size and temperature affect the spectra significantly. The effect of the cluster size is similar to the one reported for confined water. Temperature changes not only the shape of the spectra but also the total strength of the absorption, a consequence of the complete anharmonic nature of the classical dynamics at high temperature. In particular, we find that in the frequency region up to 320 cm(-1), the absorption strength per molecule of the water dimer at 220 K is significantly larger than that of bulk liquid water, while tetramer and hexamer show bulklike strengths. However, the absorption strength of the dimer throughout the far-infrared region is too small to explain the measured vapor absorption continuum, which must therefore be dominated by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mal-Soon Lee
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, I-34014 Trieste, Italy
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Salmi T, Hänninen V, Garden AL, Kjaergaard HG, Tennyson J, Halonen L. Calculation of the O−H Stretching Vibrational Overtone Spectrum of the Water Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6305-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800754y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Salmi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vesa Hänninen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. Garden
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 9054 Dunedin, New Zealand, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Ma Q, Tipping RH, Leforestier C. Temperature dependences of mechanisms responsible for the water-vapor continuum absorption. I. Far wings of allowed lines. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:124313. [PMID: 18376925 DOI: 10.1063/1.2839604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the water-vapor continuum plays an important role in the radiative balance in the Earth's atmosphere. This was first discovered by Elsasser almost 70 years ago, and since that time there has been a large body of work, both experimental and theoretical, on this topic. It has been experimentally shown that for ambient atmospheric conditions, the continuum absorption scales quadratically with the H(2)O number density and has a strong, negative temperature dependence (T dependence). Over the years, there have been three different theoretical mechanisms postulated: Far wings of allowed transitions, water dimers, and collision-induced absorption. Despite the improvements in experimental data, at present there is no consensus on which mechanism is primarily responsible for the absorption. The first mechanism proposed was the accumulation of the far-wing absorption of the strong allowed transitions. Later, absorption by water dimers was proposed and this mechanism provides a qualitative explanation for the strong, negative T dependence. Recently, some atmospheric modelers have proposed that collision-induced absorption is one of the major contributors. However, based on improvements in the theoretical calculation of accurate far-wing line shapes, ab initio dimer calculations, and theoretical collision-induced absorptions, it is now generally accepted that the dominant mechanism for the absorption in the infrared (IR) windows is that due to the far wings. Whether this is true for other spectral regions is not presently established. Although all these three mechanisms have a negative T dependence, their T dependences will be characterized by individual features. To analyze the characteristics of the latter will enable one to assess their roles with more certainty. In this paper, we present a detailed study of the T dependence of the far-wing absorption mechanism. We will then compare our theoretical calculations with the most recent and accurate experimental data in the IR windows. The results of our calculations are found to agree very well with measurements in the 800-1200 cm(-1) region. We conclude from this work that the T dependence in the IR window region predicted by the far-wing theory is negative and moderately strong. Its pattern is not simple and it could vary significantly as the frequency of interest varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ma
- NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, 2880 Broadway, New York, New York 10025, USA.
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Nakayama T, Fukuda H, Kamikawa T, Sakamoto Y, Sugita A, Kawasaki M, Amano T, Sato H, Sakaki S, Morino I, Inoue G. Effective interaction energy of water dimer at room temperature: An experimental and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:134302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2773726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Scribano Y, Leforestier C. Contribution of water dimer absorption to the millimeter and far infrared atmospheric water continuum. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:234301. [PMID: 17600414 DOI: 10.1063/1.2746038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a rigorous calculation of the contribution of water dimers to the absorption coefficient alpha(nu,T) in the millimeter and far infrared domains, over a wide range (276-310 K) of temperatures. This calculation relies on the explicit consideration of all possible transitions within the entire rovibrational bound state manifold of the dimer. The water dimer is described by the flexible 12-dimensional potential energy surface previously fitted to far IR transitions [C. Leforestier et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 8710 (2002)], and which was recently further validated by the good agreement obtained for the calculated equilibrium constant Kp(T) with experimental data [Y. Scribano et al., J. Phys. Chem. A. 110, 5411 (2006)]. Transition dipole matrix elements were computed between all rovibrational states up to an excitation energy of 750 cm(-1), and J=K=5 rotational quantum numbers. It was shown by explicit calculations that these matrix elements could be extrapolated to much higher J values (J=30). Transitions to vibrational states located higher in energy were obtained from interpolation of computed matrix elements between a set of initial states spanning the 0-750 cm(-1) range and all vibrational states up to the dissociation limit (approximately 1200 cm(-1)). We compare our calculations with available experimental measurements of the water continuum absorption in the considered range. It appears that water dimers account for an important fraction of the observed continuum absorption in the millimeter region (0-10 cm(-1)). As frequency increases, their relative contribution decreases, becoming small (approximately 3%) at the highest frequency considered nu=944 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Scribano
- Institut Charles Gerhardt (CTMM), CC 1501, Université Montpellier II-CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, Cedex 05, France
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