1
|
Easing of frequency gaps in carbon monoxide formation with argon diluents in carbon dioxide dielectric barrier discharge. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
2
|
Dey G, Kamble S. Effects of electrode material and frequency on carbon monoxide formation in carbon dioxide dielectric barrier discharge. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
van Rooij GJ, van den Bekerom DCM, den Harder N, Minea T, Berden G, Bongers WA, Engeln R, Graswinckel MF, Zoethout E, van de Sanden MCM. Taming microwave plasma to beat thermodynamics in CO2 dissociation. Faraday Discuss 2015; 183:233-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strong non-equilibrium conditions provided by the plasma phase offer the opportunity to beat traditional thermal process energy efficiencies via preferential excitation of molecular vibrations. Simple molecular physics considerations are presented to explain potential dissociation pathways in plasma and their effect on energy efficiency. A common microwave reactor approach is evaluated experimentally with Rayleigh scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess gas temperatures (exceeding 104 K) and conversion degrees (up to 30%), respectively. The results are interpreted on a basis of estimates of the plasma dynamics obtained with electron energy distribution functions calculated with a Boltzmann solver. It indicates that the intrinsic electron energies are higher than is favorable for preferential vibrational excitation due to dissociative excitation, which causes thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry to dominate. The highest observed energy efficiencies of 45% indicate that non-equilibrium dynamics had been at play. A novel approach involving additives of low ionization potential to tailor the electron energies to the vibrational excitation regime is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. J. van Rooij
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | | | - N. den Harder
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - T. Minea
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - G. Berden
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - W. A. Bongers
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - R. Engeln
- Department of Applied Physics
- Plasma and Materials Processing Group
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - M. F. Graswinckel
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - E. Zoethout
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - M. C. M. van de Sanden
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research
- 5600 HH Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics
- Plasma and Materials Processing Group
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Geppert WD, Larsson M. Experimental Investigations into Astrophysically Relevant Ionic Reactions. Chem Rev 2013; 113:8872-905. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400258m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf D. Geppert
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova
University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Mats Larsson
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova
University Center, Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fournier JA, Shuman NS, Melko JJ, Ard SG, Viggiano AA. A novel technique for measurement of thermal rate constants and temperature dependences of dissociative recombination: CO2(+), CF3(+), N2O(+), C7H8(+), C7H7(+), C6H6(+), C6H5(+), C5H6(+), C4H4(+), and C3H3(+). J Chem Phys 2013; 138:154201. [PMID: 23614415 DOI: 10.1063/1.4801657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel technique using a flowing afterglow-Langmuir probe apparatus for measurement of temperature dependences of rate constants for dissociative recombination (DR) is presented. Low (~10(11) cm(-3)) concentrations of a neutral precursor are added to a noble gas∕electron afterglow plasma thermalized at 300-500 K. Charge exchange yields one or many cation species, each of which may undergo DR. Relative ion concentrations are monitored at a fixed reaction time while the initial plasma density is varied between 10(9) and 10(10) cm(-3). Modeling of the decrease in concentration of each cation relative to the non-recombining noble gas cation yields the rate constant for DR. The technique is applied to several species (O2(+), CO2(+), CF3(+), N2O(+)) with previously determined 300 K values, showing excellent agreement. The measurements of those species are extended to 500 K, with good agreement to literature values where they exist. Measurements are also made for a range of CnHm(+) (C7H7(+), C7H8(+), C5H6(+), C4H4(+), C6H5(+), C3H3(+), and C6H6(+)) derived from benzene and toluene neutral precursors. CnHm(+) DR rate constants vary from 8-12 × 10(-7) cm(3) s(-1) at 300 K with temperature dependences of approximately T(-0.7). Where prior measurements exist these results are in agreement, with the exception of C3H3(+) where the present results disagree with a previously reported flat temperature dependence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fournier
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang BZ, Chen Z. A GIS-based multi-source and multi-box modeling approach (GMSMB) for air pollution assessment--a North American case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:14-25. [PMID: 23030384 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.707597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a GIS-based multi-source and multi-box modeling approach (GMSMB) to predict the spatial concentration distributions of airborne pollutant on local and regional scales. In this method, an extended multi-box model combined with a multi-source and multi-grid Gaussian model are developed within the GIS framework to examine the contributions from both point- and area-source emissions. By using GIS, a large amount of data including emission sources, air quality monitoring, meteorological data, and spatial location information required for air quality modeling are brought into an integrated modeling environment. It helps more details of spatial variation in source distribution and meteorological condition to be quantitatively analyzed. The developed modeling approach has been examined to predict the spatial concentration distribution of four air pollutants (CO, NO(2), SO(2) and PM(2.5)) for the State of California. The modeling results are compared with the monitoring data. Good agreement is acquired which demonstrated that the developed modeling approach could deliver an effective air pollution assessment on both regional and local scales to support air pollution control and management planning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhen Wang
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rond C, Bultel A, Boubert P, Chéron B. Spectroscopic measurements of nonequilibrium CO2 plasma in RF torch. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Thomas RD. When electrons meet molecular ions and what happens next: dissociative recombination from interstellar molecular clouds to internal combustion engines. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:485-530. [PMID: 18618616 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of matter with its environment is the driving force behind the evolution of 99% of the observed matter in the universe. The majority of the visible universe exists in a state of weak ionization, the so called fourth state of matter: plasma. Plasmas are ubiquitous, from those occurring naturally; interstellar molecular clouds, cometary comae, circumstellar shells, to those which are anthropic in origin; flames, combustion engines and fusion reactors. The evolution of these plasmas is driven by the interaction of the plasma constituents, the ions, and the electrons. One of the most important subsets of these reactions is electron-molecular ion recombination. This process is significant for two very important reasons. It is an ionization reducing reaction, removing two ionised species and producing neutral products. Furthermore, these products may themselves be reactive radical species which can then further drive the evolution of the plasma. The rate at which the electron reacts with the ion depends on many parameters, for examples the collision energy, the internal energy of the ion, and the structure of the ion itself. Measuring these properties together with the manner in which the system breaks up is therefore critical if the evolution of the environment is to be understood at all. Several techniques have been developed to study just such reactions to obtain the necessary information on the parameters. In this paper the focus will be on one the most recently developed of these, the Ion Storage Ring, together with the detection tools and techniques used to extract the necessary information from the reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Thomas
- Department of Physics, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm University, S106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geppert W, Larsson M. Dissociative recombination in the interstellar medium and planetary ionospheres. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802322074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Zhaunerchyk V, Thomas RD, Geppert WD, Hamberg M, Kamińska M, Vigren E, Larsson M, Midey AJ, Viggiano AA. Dissociative recombination of OPCl+ and OPCl2+: pushing the upper mass limit at CRYRING. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:134308. [PMID: 18397065 DOI: 10.1063/1.2884924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissociative recombination of OPCl+ and OPCl2+ has been studied at the storage ring CRYRING. The rate constants as a function of electron temperature have been derived to be 7.63 x 10(-7)(Te/300)(-0.89) and >1.2 x 10(-6)(Te/300)(-1.22) cm3s(-1), respectively. The lower limit quoted for the latter rate constant reflects the experimental inability to detect all of the reaction products. The branching fractions from the reaction have been measured for OPCl+ at approximately 0 eV interaction energy and are determined to be N(O+P+Cl)=(16+/-7)%, N(O+PCl)=(16+/-3)% and N(OP+Cl)=(68+/-5)%. These values have been obtained assuming that the rearrangement channel forming P+ClO is negligible, and ab initio calculations using GAUSSIAN03 are presented for the ion structures and energetics to support such an assumption. Finally, the limitations to using heavy ion storage rings such as CRYRING for studies into the dissociative recombination of large singly charged molecular ions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vigren E, Kamińska M, Hamberg M, Zhaunerchyk V, Thomas RD, Danielsson M, Semaniak J, Andersson PU, Larsson M, Geppert WD. Dissociative recombination of fully deuterated protonated acetonitrile, CD3CND+: product branching fractions, absolute cross section and thermal rate coefficient. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4014-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b801566j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Zhaunerchyk V, Geppert WD, Larsson M, Thomas RD, Bahati E, Bannister ME, Fogle MR, Vane CR, Osterdahl F. Three-body breakup in the dissociative recombination of the covalent triatomic molecular ion O3+. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:223201. [PMID: 17677840 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.223201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of almost exclusive three-body breakup in the dissociative recombination of a covalent triatomic molecular ion O3+. The three-body channel, constituting about 94% of the total reactivity, has been investigated in detail. The atomic fragments are formed in only the first two electronic states, 3P and 1D, while formation in the 1S state has not been observed. The breakup predominantly proceeds through dissociative states with linear geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, Albanova University Centre, Stockholm University, S106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|