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Urtizberea A, Hirtz M. A diffusive ink transport model for lipid dip-pen nanolithography. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15618-34. [PMID: 26267408 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite diverse applications, phospholipid membrane stacks generated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) still lack a thorough and systematic characterization that elucidates the whole ink transport process from writing to surface spreading, with the aim of better controlling the resulting feature size and resolution. We report a quantitative analysis and modeling of the dependence of lipid DPN features (area, height and volume) on dwell time and relative humidity. The ink flow rate increases with humidity in agreement with meniscus size growth, determining the overall feature size. The observed time dependence indicates the existence of a balance between surface spreading and the ink flow rate that promotes differences in concentration at the meniscus/substrate interface. Feature shape is controlled by the substrate surface energy. The results are analyzed within a modified model for the ink transport of diffusive inks. At any humidity the dependence of the area spread on the dwell time shows two diffusion regimes: at short dwell times growth is controlled by meniscus diffusion while at long dwell times surface diffusion governs the process. The critical point for the switch of regime depends on the humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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2
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Radha B, Liu G, Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Kulkarni GU, Mirkin CA. Layer-by-layer assembly of a metallomesogen by dip-pen nanolithography. ACS NANO 2013; 7:2602-2609. [PMID: 23402390 DOI: 10.1021/nn306013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Palladium alkanethiolates are introduced here as a novel liquid ink for dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). These structures exhibit the unusual characteristic of layer-by-layer assembly, allowing one to deposit a desired number of metal ions on a surface, which can subsequently be reduced via thermolysis to form active catalytic structures. Such structures have been used to generate contiguous metallic or conducting polymer nanoscale architectures by electroless deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Radha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Kramer MA, Jaganathan H, Ivanisevic A. Serial and Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography Using a Colloidal Probe Tip. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4532-3. [PMID: 20225852 DOI: 10.1021/ja1003137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A. Kramer
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Hamsa Jaganathan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Albena Ivanisevic
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Sung MG, Lee TY, Kim B, Kim TH, Hong S. Uniform patterning of sub-50-nm-scale Au nanostructures on insulating solid substrate via dip-pen nanolithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1507-1511. [PMID: 20041677 DOI: 10.1021/la903820t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a direct deposition strategy for sub-50-nm-scale uniform Au patterns on virtually any general insulating substrate via dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). In that process, HAuCl(4) molecules were deposited onto bare insulating substrates via a molecular diffusion process, in the absence of electrochemical reactions. Subsequently, the generated HAuCl(4) molecular patterns were decomposed to leave Au-only patterns using a thermal annealing process. Uniform Au patterns with a mean diameter of 47.9 +/- 3.1 nm were achieved after the annealing process. The strategy allowed us to generate Au patterns on virtually any general insulating substrate (e.g., SiO(2), Al(2)O(3), polyimide, etc) without the need for surface functionalization or additional electrode structures. This versatile and reliable patterning method is expected to be useful in the future development of various novel industrial applications (e.g., mask or nanocircuit repair, nanosensors, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Gyu Sung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea 151-747
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Kim H, Jang J. Serial Pushing Model for the Self-Assembly in Dip-Pen Nanolithography. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4313-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810995e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyojeong Kim
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
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Loh OY, Ho AM, Rim JE, Kohli P, Patankar NA, Espinosa HD. Electric field-induced direct delivery of proteins by a nanofountain probe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:16438-43. [PMID: 18946047 PMCID: PMC2575438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806651105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report nanofabrication of protein dot and line patterns using a nanofountain atomic force microscopy probe (NFP). Biomolecules are continuously fed in solution through an integrated microfluidic system, and deposited directly onto a substrate. Deposition is controlled by application of an electric potential of appropriate sign and magnitude between the probe reservoir and substrate. Submicron dot and line molecular patterns were generated with resolution that depended on the magnitude of the applied voltage, dwell time, and writing speed. By using an energetic argument and a Kelvin condensation model, the quasi-equilibrium liquid-air interface at the probe tip was determined. The analysis revealed the origin of the need for electric fields in achieving protein transport to the substrate and confirmed experimental observations suggesting that pattern resolution is controlled by tip sharpness and not overall probe aperture. As such, the NFP combines the high-resolution of dip-pen nanolithography with the efficient continuous liquid feeding of micropipettes while allowing scalability to 1- and 2D probe arrays for high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y. Loh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Andrea M. Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Jee E. Rim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Neelesh A. Patankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208; and
| | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208; and
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Kim T, Myung S, Kim TH, Hong S. Robust single-nanoparticle probe for contact-mode analysis and dip-pen nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1072-1075. [PMID: 18651711 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyeong Kim
- School of Physics, Seoul National University NS50 Shilim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Byun KE, Kim MG, Chase PB, Hong S. Selective assembly and guiding of actomyosin using carbon nanotube network monolayer patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:9535-9. [PMID: 17705520 DOI: 10.1021/la7019318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a new method for the selective assembly and guiding of actomyosin using carbon nanotube patterns. In this method, monolayer patterns of the single-walled carbon nanotube (swCNT) network were prepared via the self-limiting mechanism during the directed assembly process, and they were used to block the adsorption of both myosin and actin filaments on specific substrate regions. The swCNT network patterns were also used as an efficient barrier for the guiding experiments of actomyosin. This is the first result showing that inorganic nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes can be used to control the adsorption and activity of actomyosin. This strategy is advantageous over previous methods because it does not require complicated biomolecular linking processes and nonbiological nanostructures are usually more stable than biomolecular linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Eun Byun
- Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Huang L, Chang YH, Kakkassery JJ, Mirkin CA. Dip-pen nanolithography of high-melting-temperature molecules. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:20756-8. [PMID: 17048882 PMCID: PMC2525613 DOI: 10.1021/jp065404d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct nanopatterning of a number of high-melting-temperature molecules has been systematically investigated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). By tuning DPN experimental conditions, all of the high-melting-temperature molecules transported smoothly from the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to the surface at room temperature without tip preheating. Water meniscus formation between the tip and substrate is found to play a critical role in patterning high-melting-temperature molecules. These results show that heating an AFM probe to a temperature above the ink's melting temperature is not a prerequisite for ink delivery, which extends the current "ink-substrate" combinations available to DPN users.
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Abstract
The ability to tailor the chemical composition and structure of a surface at the sub-100-nm length scale is important for studying topics ranging from molecular electronics to materials assembly, and for investigating biological recognition at the single biomolecule level. Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe microscopy-based nanofabrication technique that uniquely combines direct-write soft-matter compatibility with the high resolution and registry of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which makes it a powerful tool for depositing soft and hard materials, in the form of stable and functional architectures, on a variety of surfaces. The technology is accessible to any researcher who can operate an AFM instrument and is now used by more than 200 laboratories throughout the world. This article introduces DPN and reviews the rapid growth of the field of DPN-enabled research and applications over the past several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Nafday OA, Vaughn MW, Weeks BL. Evidence of meniscus interface transport in dip-pen nanolithography: An annular diffusion model. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:144703. [PMID: 17042627 DOI: 10.1063/1.2354487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring shaped dots were patterned with mercaptohexadecanoic acid ink by dip-pen nanolithography. These dots have an ink-free inner core surrounded by an inked annular region, making them different from the filled dots usually obtained. This suggests a different transport mechanism than the current hypothesis of bulk water meniscus transport. A meniscus interface ink transport model is proposed, and its general applicability is demonstrated by predicting the patterned dot radii of chemically diverse inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar A Nafday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 6th Street and Canton, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Huang L, Manandhar P, Byun KE, Chase PB, Hong S. Selective assembly and alignment of actin filaments with desired polarity on solid substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:8635-8. [PMID: 17014097 DOI: 10.1021/la061008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a new strategy to selectively assemble and align filamentous actin (F-actin) onto desired locations on a solid substrate with a specific structural polarity. In this strategy, biotinylated gelsolin caps the structural minus end of F-actin so that the F-actin binds onto a streptavidin pattern with a specific structural polarity. We also demonstrate that an electric field can be utilized to align bound F-actin along a desired direction. This can be one of the major technical breakthroughs toward the assembly of nanomechanical systems based on myosin biomotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Physics and MARTECH, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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Im J, Lee M, Myung S, Huang L, Rao SG, Lee DJ, Koh J, Hong S. Directed-assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes using self-assembled monolayer patterns comprising conjugated molecular wires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 17:3569-3573. [PMID: 19661606 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/17/14/035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) patterns on electrodes are often utilized to guide the assembly of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto the electrodes to form desired device structures. In this case, the SWCNTs are in contact with the electrodes through the SAM which comprises molecular wires. Presumably, it is desirable to use conjugated molecular wires for a low contact resistance because they have been reported as a better electric conductor than non-conjugated ones. However, until now, the directed-assembly of SWCNTs has been driven mostly via molecular wires with alkane backbones which are known to be relatively poor conductors. Herein, we report large-scale directed-assembly of SWCNTs utilizing SAM patterns comprising conjugated molecular wires. We achieved highly selective adsorption and precision alignment of SWCNTs utilizing polar SAM patterns comprising conjugated molecular wires, while SAM patterns with non-polar terminal groups efficiently prevented adsorption of SWCNTs. Furthermore, we developed a process for assembling a SWCNT across two electrodes coated with conjugated molecular wires, and the electrical conduction through the SWCNT was measured via a conducting atomic force microscope. This result could be an important guideline for large-scale directed-assembly of SWCNT-based devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Im
- School of Physics and NANO Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Im J, Huang L, Kang J, Lee M, Lee DJ, Rao SG, Lee NK, Hong S. “Sliding kinetics” of single-walled carbon nanotubes on self-assembled monolayer patterns: Beyond random adsorption. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:224707. [PMID: 16784301 DOI: 10.1063/1.2206590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the experimental results and theoretical model describing new adsorption kinetics of single-walled carbon nanotubes (swCNTs) onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) including their sliding motion. The adsorption behavior of swCNTs on large-size SAM patterns is similar to the Langmuir isotherm, while that on nanoscale patterns shows a significant deviation which can be explained by the sliding motion of adsorbed nanotubes. The "sliding chamber" experiment confirms that swCNTs can align along the SAM patterns by sliding motion right above the SAM surfaces. This result provides new scientific insights regarding the adsorption kinetics of one-dimensional nanostructures, and, from a practical point of view, it can be an important guideline to design SAM patterns to assemble carbon nanotubes and nanowires into desired device structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Im
- School of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Im J, Kang J, Lee M, Kim B, Hong S. Selective Adsorption and Alignment Behaviors of Double- and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Bare Au and SiO2 Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:12839-42. [PMID: 16805578 DOI: 10.1021/jp062146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the study of selective adsorption and alignment behaviors of double- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (dwCNTs and mwCNTs) on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) patterns, bare Au, and SiO2 surfaces. dwCNTs and mwCNTs exhibited stronger affinity to polar SAMs, bare Au, and SiO2 surfaces than to nonpolar SAM surfaces. Furthermore, we found the adsorption probability of smaller carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was higher than that of larger CNTs. As proof of concept, we successfully assembled and aligned dwCNTs and mwCNTs on Au and SiO2 substrates without relying on external forces and demonstrated wafer-scale fabrication of back-gate transistors based on dwCNTs with a high yield.
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