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Taschin A, Bartolini P, Fanetti S, Lapini A, Citroni M, Righini R, Bini R, Torre R. Pressure Effects on Water Dynamics by Time-Resolved Optical Kerr Effect. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3063-3068. [PMID: 32212735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite water being the most common and most widely studied substance in the world, it still presents unknown aspects. In particular, water shows several thermodynamic and dynamical anomalies in the liquid and supercooled metastable phases, and the natures of these phases are still hotly debated. Here, we report measurements of water using the optical Kerr effect as a function of pressure along two isotherms, at 273 K from 0.1 to 750 MPa and at 297 K from 0.1 to 1350 MPa, reaching the supercooled metastable phase. The structural relaxation and the low frequency vibrational dynamics of water show a peculiar pressure dependence similar to that of other dynamical properties. The data analysis suggests the presence in the water phase diagram of a crossover area that divides two regions characterized by different dynamic regimes, which appear to be related to two liquid forms, one dominated by the high density water and the other by the low density water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taschin
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Bartolini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Samuele Fanetti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Lapini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- INRIM, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, I-10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Citroni
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Righini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via Della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Bini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università di Firenze, via Della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Renato Torre
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università di Firenze, via N. Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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2
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Friant-Michel P, Wax JF, Meyer N, Xu H, Millot C. Translational and Rotational Diffusion in Liquid Water at Very High Pressure: A Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10025-10035. [PMID: 31725300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of liquid water have been computed from molecular dynamics simulation with a recent polarizable potential at 298, 400, and 550 K at very high pressure. At 298 K, the model reproduces the initial increase and the occurrence of a maximum for the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients when the pressure increases. At 400 and 550 K, translational and rotational diffusion coefficients are found to monotonically decrease when pressure increases in the gigapascal range, with the translational coefficient decreasing faster than the rotational one. At 400 K, such an evolution of the rotational diffusion coefficient contrasts with quasielastic neutron scattering results predicting a near independence of the rotational diffusion with a pressure increase above ≃0.5 GPa. An interpretation is proposed to explain this discrepancy. The pressure dependence of the translation-rotation coupling is analyzed. The anisotropy of rotational diffusion is investigated by computing the rotational diffusion tensor in a molecular system of axes and the reorientational correlation times of rank 1 and rank 2 of the inertia axes and of the OH bond vector. Deviation of the simulation data with respect to the predictions of the isotropic Debye model of rotational diffusion are quantified and can be used to estimate experimental rotational diffusion coefficients from experimental reorientational correlation times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadège Meyer
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC , F-57000 Metz , France
| | - Hong Xu
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC , F-57000 Metz , France
| | - Claude Millot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT , F-54000 Nancy , France
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3
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Niebuur BJ, Lohstroh W, Appavou MS, Schulte A, Papadakis CM. Water Dynamics in a Concentrated Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Solution at Variable Pressure. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart-Jan Niebuur
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lohstroh
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alfons Schulte
- Department of Physics and College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Tsimpanogiannis IN, Moultos OA, Franco LFM, Spera MBDM, Erdős M, Economou IG. Self-diffusion coefficient of bulk and confined water: a critical review of classical molecular simulation studies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1511903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N. Tsimpanogiannis
- Environmental Research Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Othonas A. Moultos
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luís F. M. Franco
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Máté Erdős
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Amann-Winkel K, Bellissent-Funel MC, Bove LE, Loerting T, Nilsson A, Paciaroni A, Schlesinger D, Skinner L. X-ray and Neutron Scattering of Water. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7570-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106
91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Livia E. Bove
- IMPMC, CNRS-UMR 7590, Université P&M Curie, 75252 Paris, France
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106
91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Paciaroni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Geologia, Università di Perugia, Via Alessandro
Pascoli, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniel Schlesinger
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-106
91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lawrie Skinner
- Mineral
Physics Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2100, United States
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6
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Mantha S, Yethiraj A. Dynamics of water confined in lyotropic liquid crystals: Molecular dynamics simulations of the dynamic structure factor. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:084504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4942471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sriteja Mantha
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Arun Yethiraj
- Theoretical Chemistry Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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7
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Cunsolo A, Kodituwakku CN, Bencivenga F, Said AH. Shear propagation in the terahertz dynamics of water-glycerol mixtures. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:184507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4827108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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8
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Bove LE, Klotz S, Strässle T, Koza M, Teixeira J, Saitta AM. Translational and rotational diffusion in water in the Gigapascal range. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:185901. [PMID: 24237539 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.185901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
First measurements of the self-dynamics of liquid water in the GPa range are reported. The GPa range has here become accessible through a new setup for the Paris-Edinburgh press specially conceived for quasielastic neutron scattering studies. A direct measurement of both the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of water along the 400 K isotherm up to 3 GPa, corresponding to the melting point of ice VII, is provided and compared with molecular dynamics simulations. The translational diffusion is observed to strongly decrease with pressure, though its variation slows down for pressures higher than 1 GPa and decouples from that of the shear viscosity. The rotational diffusion turns out to be insensitive to pressure. Through comparison with structural data and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this is a consequence of the rigidity of the first neighbors shell and of the invariance of the number of hydrogen bonds of a water molecule under high pressure. These results show the inadequacy of the Stokes-Einstein-Debye equations to predict the self-diffusive behavior of water at high temperature and high pressure, and challenge the usual description of hot dense water behaving as a simple liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Bove
- IMPMC, CNRS-UMR 7590, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France and Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Inst Condensed Matter Phys, EPSL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Sebastiani F, Orecchini A, Paciaroni A, Jasnin M, Zaccai G, Moulin M, Haertlein M, De Francesco A, Petrillo C, Sacchetti F. Collective THz dynamics in living Escherichia coli cells. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Kikuchi T, Nakajima K, Ohira-Kawamura S, Inamura Y, Yamamuro O, Kofu M, Kawakita Y, Suzuya K, Nakamura M, Arai M. Mode-distribution analysis of quasielastic neutron scattering and application to liquid water. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:062314. [PMID: 23848682 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.062314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) experiment is a particular technique that endeavors to define a relationship between time and space for the diffusion dynamics of atoms and molecules. However, in most cases, analyses of QENS data are model dependent, which may distort attempts to elucidate the actual diffusion dynamics. We have developed a method for processing QENS data without a specific model, wherein all modes can be described as combinations of the relaxations based on the exponential law. By this method, we can obtain a distribution function B(Q,Γ), which we call the mode-distribution function (MDF), to represent the number of relaxation modes and distributions of the relaxation times in the modes. The deduction of MDF is based on the maximum entropy method and is very versatile in QENS data analysis. To verify this method, reproducibility was checked against several analytical models, such as that with a mode of distributed relaxation time, that with two modes closely located, and that represented by the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function. We report the first application to experimental data of liquid water. In addition to the two known modes, the existence of a relaxation mode of water molecules with an intermediate time scale has been discovered. We propose that the fast mode might be assigned to an intermolecular motion and the intermediate motion might be assigned to a rotational motion of the water molecules instead of to the fast mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Neutron Science Section, J-PARC Center, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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11
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Mamontov E, De Francesco A, Formisano F, Laloni A, Sani L, Leu BM, Said AH, Kolesnikov AI. Water dynamics in a lithium chloride aqueous solution probed by Brillouin neutron and x-ray scattering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:064102. [PMID: 22277241 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the collective excitations in an aqueous solution of lithium chloride over the temperature range of 270-205 K using neutron and x-ray Brillouin scattering. Both neutron and x-ray experiments revealed the presence of low- and high-frequency excitations, similar to the low- and high-frequency excitations in pure water. These two excitations were detectable through the entire temperature range of the experiment, at all probed values of the scattering momentum transfer (0.2 Å(-1) < Q < 1.8 Å(-1)). A wider temperature range was investigated using elastic intensity neutron and x-ray scans. Clear evidence of the crossover in the dynamics of the water molecules in the solution was observed in the single-particle relaxational dynamics on the µeV (nanosecond) time scale, but not in the collective dynamics on the meV (picosecond) time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mamontov
- Neutron Scattering Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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12
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Orecchini A, Paciaroni A, Petrillo C, Sebastiani F, De Francesco A, Sacchetti F. Water dynamics as affected by interaction with biomolecules and change of thermodynamic state: a neutron scattering study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:064105. [PMID: 22277348 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/6/064105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of water as subtly perturbed by both the interaction with biomolecules and the variation of temperature and pressure has been investigated via neutron scattering spectroscopy. A measurement of inelastic neutron scattering devoted to the study of the coherent THz dynamics of water in a water-rich mixture with DNA (hydration level of 1 g DNA/15 g D(2)O) at room temperature is reported. The DNA hydration water coherent dynamics is characterised by the presence of collective modes, whose dispersion relations are similar to those observed in bulk water. These dispersion relations are well described by the interaction model developed in the case of bulk water, and the existence of a fast sound is experimentally demonstrated. The behaviour of the collective water dynamics was complemented by studying the single-particle dynamics of bulk water along the isotherm T = 298 K in the pressure range 0.1-350 MPa by means of incoherent scattering. This experiment is an attempt to simulate the change of the water molecular arrangement due to the interaction with DNA, by increasing the pressure as the presence of the biomolecule produces an increase in the density. An anomaly is found in the behaviour of the relaxation time derived from the quasi-elastic scattering signal, which can be related to the hypothetical second critical point in water. This anomaly and the transition from slow to fast sound take place in the same Q range, thus suggesting that the two phenomena could be related at some microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orecchini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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13
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Qvist J, Schober H, Halle B. Structural dynamics of supercooled water from quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular simulations. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:144508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3578472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Appavou MS, Busch S, Doster W, Gaspar A, Unruh T. The influence of 2 kbar pressure on the global and internal dynamics of human hemoglobin observed by quasielastic neutron scattering. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2011; 40:705-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-011-0678-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Cunsolo A, Orecchini A, Petrillo C, Sacchetti F. Interplay between Microscopic Diffusion and Local Structure of Liquid Water. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16713-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1073768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cunsolo
- Brookhaven National Laboratory-National Synchrotron Light Source-II, P.O. Box 5000 Upton, New York 11973, United States, Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy, and CNR-INFM, Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo SOFT, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Orecchini
- Brookhaven National Laboratory-National Synchrotron Light Source-II, P.O. Box 5000 Upton, New York 11973, United States, Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy, and CNR-INFM, Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo SOFT, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Caterina Petrillo
- Brookhaven National Laboratory-National Synchrotron Light Source-II, P.O. Box 5000 Upton, New York 11973, United States, Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy, and CNR-INFM, Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo SOFT, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Sacchetti
- Brookhaven National Laboratory-National Synchrotron Light Source-II, P.O. Box 5000 Upton, New York 11973, United States, Institut Laue-Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy, and CNR-INFM, Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo SOFT, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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16
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Nakada M, Maruyama K, Yamamuro O, Misawa M. Quasielastic neutron scattering investigation of motion of water molecules in n-propyl alcohol-water mixture. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:074503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3073881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Laage D. Reinterpretation of the Liquid Water Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Spectra Based on a Nondiffusive Jump Reorientation Mechanism. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2684-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900307n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Laage
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
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18
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Cunsolo A, Orecchini A, Petrillo C, Sacchetti F. On the anomalous behaviour of microscopic diffusion of liquid water. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2007; 19:415118. [PMID: 28192330 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/41/415118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose here a new interpretation of recent quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements on water. A line-shape analysis based on a stretched exponential ansatz for the time decay of density fluctuations enabled us to observe an anomalous dependence on the exchanged momentum of relevant relaxation parameters. We discuss this effect and relate it to an a priori uncorrelated anomaly, previously evidenced by diffraction measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cunsolo
- CNR-INFM, Centro di Ricerca e Sviluppo SOFT, I-00185 Roma, Italy. OGG, Operative Group in Grenoble, 6 rue J. Horowitz, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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