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Tonauer CM, Fidler LR, Giebelmann J, Yamashita K, Loerting T. Nucleation and growth of crystalline ices from amorphous ices. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:141001. [PMID: 37061482 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We here review mostly experimental and some computational work devoted to nucleation in amorphous ices. In fact, there are only a handful of studies in which nucleation and growth in amorphous ices are investigated as two separate processes. In most studies, crystallization temperatures Tx or crystallization rates RJG are accessed for the combined process. Our Review deals with different amorphous ices, namely, vapor-deposited amorphous solid water (ASW) encountered in many astrophysical environments; hyperquenched glassy water (HGW) produced from μm-droplets of liquid water; and low density amorphous (LDA), high density amorphous (HDA), and very high density amorphous (VHDA) ices produced via pressure-induced amorphization of ice I or from high-pressure polymorphs. We cover the pressure range of up to about 6 GPa and the temperature range of up to 270 K, where only the presence of salts allows for the observation of amorphous ices at such high temperatures. In the case of ASW, its microporosity and very high internal surface to volume ratio are the key factors determining its crystallization kinetics. For HGW, the role of interfaces between individual glassy droplets is crucial but mostly neglected in nucleation or crystallization studies. In the case of LDA, HDA, and VHDA, parallel crystallization kinetics to different ice phases is observed, where the fraction of crystallized ices is controlled by the heating rate. A key aspect here is that in different experiments, amorphous ices of different "purities" are obtained, where "purity" here means the "absence of crystalline nuclei." For this reason, "preseeded amorphous ice" and "nuclei-free amorphous ice" should be distinguished carefully, which has not been done properly in most studies. This makes a direct comparison of results obtained in different laboratories very hard, and even results obtained in the same laboratory are affected by very small changes in the preparation protocol. In terms of mechanism, the results are consistent with amorphous ices turning into an ultraviscous, deeply supercooled liquid prior to nucleation. However, especially in preseeded amorphous ices, crystallization from the preexisting nuclei takes place simultaneously. To separate the time scales of crystallization from the time scale of structure relaxation cleanly, the goal needs to be to produce amorphous ices free from crystalline ice nuclei. Such ices have only been produced in very few studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tonauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lilli-Ruth Fidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Giebelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Keishiro Yamashita
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Smith RS, Tylinski M, Kimmel GA, Kay BD. Crystallization kinetics of amorphous acetonitrile nanoscale films. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144703. [PMID: 33858151 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We measure the isothermal crystallization kinetics of amorphous acetonitrile films using molecular beam dosing and reflection adsorption infrared spectroscopy techniques. Experiments on a graphene covered Pt(111) substrate revealed that the crystallization rate slows dramatically during long time periods and that the overall kinetics cannot be described by a simple application of the Avrami equation. The crystallization kinetics also have a thickness dependence with the thinner films crystallizing much slower than the thicker ones. Additional experiments showed that decane layers at both the substrate and vacuum interfaces can also affect the crystallization rates. A comparison of the crystallization rates for CH3CN and CD3CN films showed only an isotope effect of ∼1.09. When amorphous films were deposited on a crystalline film, the crystalline layer did not act as a template for the formation of a crystalline growth front. These overall results suggest that the crystallization kinetics are complicated, indicating the possibility of multiple nucleation and growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Tylinski
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Tylinski M, Smith RS, Kay BD. Morphology of Vapor-Deposited Acetonitrile Films. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6237-6245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tylinski
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Scott Smith
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Harada K, Sugimoto T, Kato F, Watanabe K, Matsumoto Y. Thickness dependent homogeneous crystallization of ultrathin amorphous solid water films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1963-1973. [PMID: 31939467 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05981d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization mechanism and kinetics of amorphous materials are of paramount importance not only in basic science but also in the application field because they are closely related to their thermal stability. In the case of amorphous nanomaterials, thermal stability distinctively different from that of bulk materials often emerges. Despite intensive studies in the past, a thorough understanding of the stability at the molecular level has not been reached particularly on how crystallization processes depend on size and are influenced by their surface and interface. In this article, we report the film-size-dependent crystallization of thermally relaxed nonporous ASW ultrathin films on a Pt(111) surface as a benchmark system of amorphous molecular films. The crystallization processes at the surface and interior of the ASW ultrathin films are monitored simultaneously with thermal desorption and infrared reflection absorption, respectively, as a function of the film thickness. Here, we demonstrate that the crystallization is initiated solely by "homogeneous nucleation" irrespective of the film thickness while the crystallization rate remarkably depends on the thickness; the rate of 5-layer (∼1.5 nm) ASW films is one order of magnitude higher than that of 20-layer (∼6 nm) films. Moreover, we found a clear correlation between the film-thickness-dependent crystallization kinetics and microscopic structural disorder associated with the broad distribution of hydrogen-bond lengths between water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugimoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Matsumoto
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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Smith RS, Yuan C, Petrik NG, Kimmel GA, Kay BD. Crystallization growth rates and front propagation in amorphous solid water films. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:214703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5098481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Chunqing Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Nikolay G. Petrik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Greg A. Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Yuan C, Smith RS, Kay BD. Communication: Distinguishing between bulk and interface-enhanced crystallization in nanoscale films of amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:031102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Yuan
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R. Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Xu Y, Dibble CJ, Petrik NG, Smith RS, Joly AG, Tonkyn RG, Kay BD, Kimmel GA. A nanosecond pulsed laser heating system for studying liquid and supercooled liquid films in ultrahigh vacuum. J Chem Phys 2017; 144:164201. [PMID: 27131543 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A pulsed laser heating system has been developed that enables investigations of the dynamics and kinetics of nanoscale liquid films and liquid/solid interfaces on the nanosecond time scale in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). Details of the design, implementation, and characterization of a nanosecond pulsed laser system for transiently heating nanoscale films are described. Nanosecond pulses from a Nd:YAG laser are used to rapidly heat thin films of adsorbed water or other volatile materials on a clean, well-characterized Pt(111) crystal in UHV. Heating rates of ∼10(10) K/s for temperature increases of ∼100-200 K are obtained. Subsequent rapid cooling (∼5 × 10(9) K/s) quenches the film, permitting in-situ, post-heating analysis using a variety of surface science techniques. Lateral variations in the laser pulse energy are ∼±2.7% leading to a temperature uncertainty of ∼±4.4 K for a temperature jump of 200 K. Initial experiments with the apparatus demonstrate that crystalline ice films initially held at 90 K can be rapidly transformed into liquid water films with T > 273 K. No discernable recrystallization occurs during the rapid cooling back to cryogenic temperatures. In contrast, amorphous solid water films heated below the melting point rapidly crystallize. The nanosecond pulsed laser heating system can prepare nanoscale liquid and supercooled liquid films that persist for nanoseconds per heat pulse in an UHV environment, enabling experimental studies of a wide range of phenomena in liquids and at liquid/solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Collin J Dibble
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Nikolay G Petrik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Alan G Joly
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Russell G Tonkyn
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Smith RS, May RA, Kay BD. Desorption Kinetics of Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, O2, CO, Methane, Ethane, and Propane from Graphene and Amorphous Solid Water Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2015; 120:1979-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Physical
and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Alan May
- Physical
and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Physical
and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Smith RS, May RA, Kay BD. Probing Toluene and Ethylbenzene Stable Glass Formation Using Inert Gas Permeation. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3639-3644. [PMID: 26722735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inert gas permeation is used to investigate the formation of stable glasses of toluene and ethylbenzene. The effect of deposition temperature (T(dep)) on the kinetic stability of the vapor deposited glasses is determined using Kr desorption spectra from within sandwich layers of either toluene or ethylbenzene. The results for toluene show that the most stable glass is formed at T(dep) = 0.92 T(g), although glasses with a kinetic stability within 50% of the most stable glass were found with deposition temperatures from 0.85 to 0.95 T(g). Similar results were found for ethylbenzene, which formed its most stable glass at 0.91 T(g) and formed stable glasses from 0.81 to 0.96 T(g). These results are consistent with recent calorimetric studies and demonstrate that the inert gas permeation technique provides a direct method to observe the onset of molecular translation motion that accompanies the glass to supercooled liquid transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Alan May
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Gibson KD, Langlois GG, Li W, Killelea DR, Sibener SJ. Molecular interactions with ice: molecular embedding, adsorption, detection, and release. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C514. [PMID: 25399179 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of atomic and molecular species with water and ice is of fundamental importance for chemistry. In a previous series of publications, we demonstrated that translational energy activates the embedding of Xe and Kr atoms in the near surface region of ice surfaces. In this paper, we show that inert molecular species may be absorbed in a similar fashion. We also revisit Xe embedding, and further probe the nature of the absorption into the selvedge. CF4 molecules with high translational energies (≥3 eV) were observed to embed in amorphous solid water. Just as with Xe, the initial adsorption rate is strongly activated by translational energy, but the CF4 embedding probability is much less than for Xe. In addition, a larger molecule, SF6, did not embed at the same translational energies that both CF4 and Xe embedded. The embedding rate for a given energy thus goes in the order Xe > CF4 > SF6. We do not have as much data for Kr, but it appears to have a rate that is between that of Xe and CF4. Tentatively, this order suggests that for Xe and CF4, which have similar van der Waals radii, the momentum is the key factor in determining whether the incident atom or molecule can penetrate deeply enough below the surface to embed. The more massive SF6 molecule also has a larger van der Waals radius, which appears to prevent it from stably embedding in the selvedge. We also determined that the maximum depth of embedding is less than the equivalent of four layers of hexagonal ice, while some of the atoms just below the ice surface can escape before ice desorption begins. These results show that energetic ballistic embedding in ice is a general phenomenon, and represents a significant new channel by which incident species can be trapped under conditions where they would otherwise not be bound stably as surface adsorbates. These findings have implications for many fields including environmental science, trace gas collection and release, and the chemical composition of astrophysical icy bodies in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Gibson
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Grant G Langlois
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Wenxin Li
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Daniel R Killelea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W. Sheridan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | - S J Sibener
- The James Franck Institute and Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Smith RS, Matthiesen J, Kay BD. Desorption Kinetics of Methanol, Ethanol, and Water from Graphene. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501038z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jesper Matthiesen
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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12
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Isokoski K, Bossa JB, Triemstra T, Linnartz H. Porosity and thermal collapse measurements of H2O, CH3OH, CO2, and H2O:CO2 ices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3456-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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May RA, Smith RS, Kay BD. Mobility of Supercooled Liquid Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Benzene near Their Glass Transition Temperatures Investigated Using Inert Gas Permeation. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11881-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alan May
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational
Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
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Sepúlveda A, Leon-Gutierrez E, Gonzalez-Silveira M, Rodríguez-Tinoco C, Clavaguera-Mora MT, Rodríguez-Viejo J. Glass transition in ultrathin films of amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:244506. [PMID: 23277944 DOI: 10.1063/1.4771964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocalorimetry at ultrafast heating rates is used to investigate the glass transition of nanometer thick films of metastable amorphous solid water grown by vapor deposition in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Apparent heat capacity curves exhibit characteristic features depending on the deposition temperature. While films grown at T ≥ 155 K are completely crystallized, those deposited at 90 K show a relaxation exotherm prior to crystallization. Films grown between 135 and 140 K and subsequently cooled down to 90 K reveal a clear endothermic feature before crystallization, which is compatible with a glass-to-liquid transition. The onset temperature is located at 174 K at a heating rate of 2.4 × 10(4) K/s and is independent of film thickness in the range of 16-150 nm. Comparison of our data with other calorimetric measurements at various heating rates suggests that water is a strong glass former in the deeply supercooled state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sepúlveda
- Nanomaterials and Microsystems Group, Physics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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May RA, Smith RS, Kay BD. The release of trapped gases from amorphous solid water films. I. “Top-down” crystallization-induced crack propagation probed using the molecular volcano. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:104501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4793311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Smith RS, Kay BD. Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Recent Experimental Approaches to Probe the Properties of Supercooled Liquids near the Glass Transition. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:725-30. [PMID: 26286280 DOI: 10.1021/jz201710z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Experimental measurements of the properties of supercooled liquids at temperatures near their glass transition temperatures, Tg, are requisite for understanding the behavior of glasses and amorphous solids. Unfortunately, many supercooled molecular liquids rapidly crystallize at temperatures far above their Tg, making such measurements difficult to nearly impossible. In this Perspective, we discuss some recent alternative approaches to obtain experimental data in the temperature regime near Tg. These new approaches may yield the additional experimental data necessary to test current theoretical models of the dynamical slowdown that occurs in supercooled liquids approaching the glass transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88 Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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May RA, Smith RS, Kay BD. The Molecular Volcano Revisited: Determination of Crack Propagation and Distribution During the Crystallization of Nanoscale Amorphous Solid Water Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:327-331. [PMID: 26285846 DOI: 10.1021/jz201648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is utilized to determine the length distribution of cracks formed through amorphous solid water (ASW) during crystallization. This distribution is determined by monitoring how the thickness of an ASW overlayer alters desorption of an underlayer of O2. As deposited, ASW prevents desorption of O2. During crystallization, cracks form through the ASW and open a path to vacuum, which allows O2 to escape in a rapid episodic release known as the "molecular volcano". Sufficiently thick ASW overlayers further trap O2 resulting in a second, higher temperature, O2 desorption peak. The evolution of this trapping peak with overlayer thickness is the basis for determining the length distribution of crystallization-induced cracks spanning the ASW. Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and TPD of multicomponent parfait structures of ASW, O2, and Kr indicate that a preponderance of these cracks propagate down from the outer surface of the ASW.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan May
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Smith RS, Matthiesen J, Knox J, Kay BD. Crystallization Kinetics and Excess Free Energy of H2O and D2O Nanoscale Films of Amorphous Solid Water. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5908-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110297q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jesper Matthiesen
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jake Knox
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
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Accolla M, Congiu E, Dulieu F, Manicò G, Chaabouni H, Matar E, Mokrane H, Lemaire JL, Pirronello V. Changes in the morphology of interstellar ice analogues after hydrogen atom exposure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8037-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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May RA, Smith RS, Kay BD. Probing the interaction of amorphous solid water on a hydrophobic surface: dewetting and crystallization kinetics of ASW on carbon tetrachloride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19848-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21855g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Matthiesen J, Smith RS, Kay BD. Measuring diffusivity in supercooled liquid nanoscale films using inert gas permeation. II. Diffusion of Ar, Kr, Xe, and CH4 through Methanol. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:174505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3497648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Smith RS, Matthiesen J, Kay BD. Measuring diffusivity in supercooled liquid nanoscale films using inert gas permeation. I. Kinetic model and scaling methods. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:174504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3497654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Smith RS, Matthiesen J, Kay BD. Breaking through the glass ceiling: The correlation between the self-diffusivity in and krypton permeation through deeply supercooled liquid nanoscale methanol films. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:124502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3361664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rudakova AV, Sekushin VN, Marinov IL, Tsyganenko AA. IR spectroscopic testing of surfaces in water ice and in icy mixtures with prussic acid or ammonia. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1482-1487. [PMID: 19117474 DOI: 10.1021/la802792u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An experimental technique is developed for spectral studies of ice films deposited at 77 K onto the ZnSe inner windows of a cell, so that the spectra could be registered in the presence of gaseous adsorbate. Pure H2O or D2O ice as well as HCN/D2O and ND3/D2O mixed icy films with different dopant/water ratios (1:10, 1:5, and 1:1) were investigated. The surface area of ice deposited at 77 K H2O estimated from adsorption measurements was about 160 m2/g. Bands of dangling hydroxyl groups disappear on raising the temperature up to 130-160 K when the changes of bulk absorption provide evidence for a phase transition from amorphous to polycrystalline ice. Surface properties of icy films were characterized by low-temperature adsorption of CO and CHF3. Insertion of small doses of HCN or ammonia does not change the acid/base strength of dangling hydroxyl groups or coordinately unsaturated surface oxygen atoms, but it changes the proportion between the concentrations of these sites as compared with pure water ice. For high dopant concentrations, the dangling hydroxyls were not observed, and the dominant adsorption sites for CO are likely to be the unsaturated oxygen atoms, while serious structural changes occur in the bulk of ices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida V Rudakova
- Department of Photonics, V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 198504
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Lombardo TG, Giovambattista N, Debenedetti PG. Structural and mechanical properties of glassy water in nanoscale confinement. Faraday Discuss 2009; 141:359-76; discussion 443-65. [DOI: 10.1039/b805361h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cholette F, Zubkov T, Smith RS, Dohnálek Z, Kay BD, Ayotte P. Infrared Spectroscopy and Optical Constants of Porous Amorphous Solid Water. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:4131-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Cholette
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Tykhon Zubkov
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Zdenek Dohnálek
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, and Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Smith RS, Zubkov T, Dohnálek Z, Kay BD. The Effect of the Incident Collision Energy on the Porosity of Vapor-Deposited Amorphous Solid Water Films. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:4000-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804902p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352
| | - Tykhon Zubkov
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352
| | - Zdenek Dohnálek
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352
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Laffir FR, Fiorin V, King DA. Adsorption dynamics of water on Pt{110}−(1×2). J Chem Phys 2008; 128:114717. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2894301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zubkov T, Smith RS, Engstrom TR, Kay BD. Adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of nitrogen in a model nanoporous material. I. Surface limited desorption kinetics in amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:184707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2790432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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