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Solowan HP, Malý P, Brixner T. Direct comparison of molecular-beam versus liquid-phase pump-probe and two-dimensional spectroscopy on the example of azulene. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although azulene's anomalous fluorescence originating from S2 rather than from S1 is the textbook example for the violation of Kasha's rule, the understanding of the underlying processes is still a subject of investigation. Here, we use action-based coherent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to measure a single Liouville-space response pathway from S0 via S1 to the S2 state of azulene. We directly compare this sequential excitation in liquid phase detecting S2 fluorescence and in a molecular beam detecting photoionized cations, using the S2 anomalous emission to our advantage. We complement the 2DES study by pump-probe measurements of S1 excitation dynamics, including vibrational relaxation and passage through a conical intersection. The direct comparison of liquid and gas phase allows us to assess the effect of the solvent and the interplay of intra- and inter-molecular energy relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut fuer Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. NAC-TDDFT: Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory for Nonadiabatic Couplings. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3288-3297. [PMID: 34448566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
First-order nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) matrix elements (fo-NACMEs) are the basic quantities in theoretical descriptions of electronically nonadiabatic processes that are ubiquitous in molecular physics and chemistry. Given the large size of systems of chemical interests, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is usually the first choice of methods. However, the lack of many-electron wave functions in TDDFT renders the formulation of NAC-TDDFT for fo-NACMEs conceptually difficult. Because of this, various variants of NAC-TDDFT have been proposed in the literature from different standing points, including the Hellmann-Feynman-like expression and auxiliary/pseudo-wave function (AWF)-, equation-of-motion (EOM)-, and time-dependent perturbation theory (TDPT)-based formulations. Based on critical analyses, the following conclusions are made here: (1) The Hellmann-Feynman-like expression, which is rooted in exact wave function theory, is hardly useful due to huge demand on basis sets. (2) Although most popular, the AWF variants of NAC-TDDFT are not theoretically founded and become ambiguous particularly for the fo-NACMEs between two excited states, although they do agree with the EOM and TDPT variants under the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. (3) The TDPT variant of NAC-TDDFT is theoretically most rigorous but suffers from numerical instabilities on the one hand and does not differ to a significant extent from the EOM variant on the other hand. (4) As such, the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT for the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states is solely the right choice in practice. These formal analyses are fully supported by numerical experimentations, taking azulene as a showcase. The proper implementation of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT is also highlighted, showing that the fo-NACMEs between the ground and excited states and between two excited states are computationally very much the same as the analytic energy gradients of DFT and TDDFT, respectively. Possible future developments of the EOM variant of NAC-TDDFT are also highlighted. Its extensions to spin-adapted open-shell TDDFT and proper treatment of spin-orbit couplings (which are another source of force for electronically nonadiabatic processes) are particularly warranted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikuan Wang
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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Farfan CA, Turner DB. A systematic model study quantifying how conical intersection topography modulates photochemical reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20265-20283. [PMID: 32966428 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite their important role in photochemistry and expected presence in most polyatomic molecules, conical intersections have been thoroughly characterized in a comparatively small number of systems. Conical intersections can confer molecular photoreactivity or photostability, often with remarkable efficacy, due to their unique structure: at a conical intersection, the adiabatic potential energy surfaces of two or more electronic states are degenerate, enabling ultrafast decay from an excited state without radiative emission, known as nonadiabatic transfer. Furthermore, the precise conical intersection topography determines fundamental properties of photochemical processes, including excited-state decay rate, efficacy, and molecular products that are formed. However, these relationships have yet to be defined comprehensively. In this article, we use an adaptable computational model to investigate a variety of conical intersection topographies, simulate resulting nonadiabatic dynamics, and calculate key photochemical observables. We varied the vibrational mode frequencies to modify conical intersection topography systematically in four primary classes of conical intersections and quantified the resulting rate, total yield, and product yield of nonadiabatic decay. The results reveal that higher vibrational mode frequencies reduce nonadiabatic transfer, but increase the transfer rate and resulting photoproduct formation. These trends can inform progress toward experimental control of photochemical reactions or tuning of molecules' photochemical properties based on conical intersections and their topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Farfan
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Prlj A, Begušić T, Zhang ZT, Fish GC, Wehrle M, Zimmermann T, Choi S, Roulet J, Moser JE, Vaníček J. Semiclassical Approach to Photophysics Beyond Kasha's Rule and Vibronic Spectroscopy Beyond the Condon Approximation. The Case of Azulene. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:2617-2626. [PMID: 32119547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Azulene is a prototypical molecule with an anomalous fluorescence from the second excited electronic state, thus violating Kasha's rule, and with an emission spectrum that cannot be understood within the Condon approximation. To better understand the photophysics and spectroscopy of azulene and other nonconventional molecules, we developed a systematic, general, and efficient computational approach combining the semiclassical dynamics of nuclei with ab initio electronic structure. First, to analyze the nonadiabatic effects, we complement the standard population dynamics by a rigorous measure of adiabaticity, estimated with the multiple-surface dephasing representation. Second, we propose a new semiclassical method for simulating non-Condon spectra, which combines the extended thawed Gaussian approximation with the efficient single-Hessian approach. S1 ← S0 and S2 ← S0 absorption and S2 → S0 emission spectra of azulene, recorded in a new set of experiments, agree very well with our calculations. We find that accuracy of the evaluated spectra requires the treatment of anharmonicity, Herzberg-Teller, and mode-mixing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Prlj
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Tong Zhang
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Cameron Fish
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marius Wehrle
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seonghoon Choi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Roulet
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques-Edouard Moser
- Photochemical Dynamics Group, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Vaníček
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mikheev YA, Guseva LN, Ershov YA. Nature of the aromaticity of azulene and the dimers responsible for its chromaticity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412120151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Förster S, Hahn T, Loose C, Röder C, Liebing S, Seichter W, Eißmann F, Kortus J, Weber E. Synthesis and characterization of new derivatives of azulene, including experimental and theoretical studies of electronic and spectroscopic behavior. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Förster
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Torsten Hahn
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 23 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Claudia Loose
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 23 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Christian Röder
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 23 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Simon Liebing
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 23 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Wilhelm Seichter
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Frank Eißmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Jens Kortus
- Institut für Theoretische Physik; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 23 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
| | - Edwin Weber
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 D-09596 Freiberg Germany
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Metal-organic charge transfer can produce biradical states and is mediated by conical intersections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:19139-45. [PMID: 21037111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010287107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper illustrates key features of charge transfer between calcium atoms and prototype conjugated hydrocarbons (ethylene, benzene, and coronene) as elucidated by electronic structure calculations. One- and two-electron charge transfer is controlled by two sequential conical intersections. The two lowest electronic states that undergo a conical intersection have closed-shell and open-shell dominant configurations correlating with the 4s(2) and 4s(1)3d(1) states of Ca, respectively. Unlike the neutral-ionic state crossing in, for example, hydrogen halides or alkali halides, the path from separated reactants to the conical intersection region is uphill and the charge-transferred state is a biradical. The lowest-energy adiabatic singlet state shows at least two minima along a single approach path of Ca to the π system: (i) a van der Waals complex with a doubly occupied highest molecular orbital, denoted Φ(2)(1), and a small negative charge on Ca and (ii) an open-shell singlet (biradical) at intermediate approach (Ca...C ≈2.5-2.7 Å) with molecular orbital structure (1)(2), where (2) is an orbital showing significant charge transfer form Ca to the π-system, leading to a one-electron multicentered bond. A third minimum (iii) at shorter distances along the same path corresponding to a closed-shell state with molecular orbital structure has also been found; however, it does not necessarily represent the ground state at a given CaC distance in all three systems. The topography of the lowest adiabatic singlet potential energy surface is due to the one- and two-electron bonding patterns in Ca-π complexes.
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Mikheev YA, Guseva LN, Ershov YA. The nature of chromaticity of triphenylmethane, xanthene, phthalocyanine, and thiazine dyes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441010016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Amatatsu Y. Theoretical characterizations of electronically excited silaazulene skeletons. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Korichi H, Zouchoune F, Zendaoui SM, Zouchoune B, Saillard JY. The Coordination Chemistry of Azulene: A Comprehensive DFT Investigation. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om901089z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Korichi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, du Contrôle de l’Environnement et des Mesures Physico-Chimiques, Université Mentouri-Constantine, 25000 Algeria
| | - Fairouz Zouchoune
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, du Contrôle de l’Environnement et des Mesures Physico-Chimiques, Université Mentouri-Constantine, 25000 Algeria
| | - Saber-Mustapha Zendaoui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, du Contrôle de l’Environnement et des Mesures Physico-Chimiques, Université Mentouri-Constantine, 25000 Algeria
| | - Bachir Zouchoune
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, du Contrôle de l’Environnement et des Mesures Physico-Chimiques, Université Mentouri-Constantine, 25000 Algeria
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Technologie des Matériaux, Université Larbi Ben M'Hidi, Oum-el-Bouaghi, 04000 Algéria
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- UMR 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes-Cedex, France
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 5 bd Laënnec, 35000 Rennes, France
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Mikheev YA, Guseva LN, Ershov YA. Reversible isomerization of chromogenic dimers and the nature of azulene chromaticity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Semba Y, Yoshida K, Kasahara S, Ni CK, Hsu YC, Lin SH, Ohshima Y, Baba M. Rotationally resolved ultrahigh-resolution laser spectroscopy of the S2 A11←S0 A11 transition of azulene. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:024303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3168394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nonadiabatic Excited-State Dynamics of Aromatic Heterocycles: Toward the Time-Resolved Simulation of Nucleobases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8184-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Liu CL, Hsu HC, Hsu YC, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited naphthalene. I. Translational collision energy dependence. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:104311. [PMID: 17867751 DOI: 10.1063/1.2764077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy transfer between highly vibrationally excited naphthalene and Kr atom in a series of translational collision energies (108-847 cm(-1)) was studied separately using a crossed-beam apparatus along with time-sliced velocity map ion imaging techniques. Highly vibrationally excited naphthalene in the triplet state (vibrational energy: 16,194 cm(-1); electronic energy: 21,400 cm(-1)) was formed via the rapid intersystem crossing of naphthalene initially excited to the S(2) state by 266 nm photons. The collisional energy transfer probability density functions were measured directly from the scattering results of highly vibrationally excited naphthalene. At low collision energies a short-lived naphthalene-Kr complex was observed, resulting in small amounts of translational to vibrational-rotational (T-->VR) energy transfer. The complex formation probability decreases as the collision energy increases. T-->VR energy transfer was found to be quite efficient at all collision energies. In some instances, nearly all of the translational energy is transferred to vibrational-rotational energy. On the other hand, only a small fraction of vibrational energy is converted to translational energy. The translational energy gained from vibrational energy extend to large energy transfer (up to 3000 cm(-1)) as the collision energy increases to 847 cm(-1). Substantial amounts of large V-->T energy transfer were observed in the forward and backward directions at large collision energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Amatatsu Y. Theoretical Prediction of the S1−S0 Internal Conversion of 6-Cyanoazulene. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5327-32. [PMID: 17530829 DOI: 10.1021/jp071092i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and second-order Multireference Möller-Plesset perturbation (MRMP2) calculations were performed to examine the S1-S0 internal conversion of 6-cyanoazulene (6CNAZ). The azulene skeletons of 6CNAZ in S0 and S1 have features that resemble those of azulene. The stable geometry in S0 is characterized by (i) a C2v structure, (ii) an aromatic bond-equalized structure in which all the peripheral skeletal bond distances resemble an aromatic CC bond distance, and (iii) a single bond character of the transannular bond. The stable geometry in S1 is characterized by a nonaromatic C2v structure. Contrary to similarities of the stable geometries in S0 and S1 between 6CNAZ and azulene, the conical intersection (S1/S0-CIX) of 6CNAZ is different from that of azulene. The S1/S0-CIX of 6CNAZ takes a planar structure, whereas that of azulene takes a nonplanar structure in the seven-membered ring (Amatatsu, Y.; Komura, K. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 174311/1-8). On the basis of those computational findings, we predict the photochemical behavior of 6CNAZ in the S1-S0 internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Amatatsu
- Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
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