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Cruse CA, Pu J, Goodpaster JV. Identifying Thermal Decomposition Products of Nitrate Ester Explosives Using Gas Chromatography-Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy: An Experimental and Computational Study. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1486-1495. [PMID: 32192365 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820915506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of nitrate ester explosives (e.g., nitroglycerine) using gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-VUV) results in their thermal decomposition into nitric oxide, water, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and formaldehyde. These decomposition products exhibit highly structured spectra in the VUV that is not seen in larger molecules. Computational analysis using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) was utilized to investigate the excited states and vibronic transitions of these decomposition products. The experimental and computational results are compared with those in previous literature using synchrotron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoabsorption spectroscopy, and other computational excited state methods. It was determined that a benchtop GC-VUV detector gives comparable results to those previously reported, and TDDFT could predict vibronic spacing and model molecular orbital diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Cruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jingzhi Pu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, USA
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, USA
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Xu X, Xu LQ, Xiong T, Chen T, Liu YW, Zhu LF. Oscillator strengths and integral cross sections for the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide studied by fast electron impact. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044311. [PMID: 29390809 DOI: 10.1063/1.5019284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The generalized oscillator strengths for the valence-shell excitations of A2Σ+, C2Π, and D2Σ+ electronic-states of nitric oxide have been determined at an incident electron energy of 1500 eV with an energy resolution of 70 meV. The optical oscillator strengths for these transitions have been obtained by extrapolating the generalized oscillator strengths to the limit that the squared momentum transfer approaches to zero, which give an independent cross-check to the previous experimental and theoretical results. The integral cross sections for the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide have been determined systematically from the threshold to 2500 eV with the aid of the newly developed BE-scaling method for the first time. The present optical oscillator strengths and integral cross sections of the valence-shell excitations of nitric oxide play an important role in understanding many physics and chemistry of the Earth's upper atmosphere such as the radiative cooling, ozone destruction, day glow, aurora, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Quan Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wei Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Fan Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Brunger MJ. Electron scattering and transport in biofuels, biomolecules and biomass fragments. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1301030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Buckman SJ, Brunger MJ, Ratnavelu K. Atomic Scattering Data and Their Evaluation: Strategies for Obtaining Complete Cross-Section Sets for Electron Collision Processes. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a16446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Buckman
- Australian National University, Research School of Physics and Engineering Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
- University of Malaya, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Michael J. Brunger
- Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- University of Malaya, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kurunathan Ratnavelu
- University of Malaya, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Jones DB, Ellis-Gibbings L, García G, Nixon KL, Lopes MCA, Brunger MJ. Intermediate energy cross sections for electron-impact vibrational-excitation of pyrimidine. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:094304. [PMID: 26342367 DOI: 10.1063/1.4929907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report differential cross sections (DCSs) and integral cross sections (ICSs) for electron-impact vibrational-excitation of pyrimidine, at incident electron energies in the range 15-50 eV. The scattered electron angular range for the DCS measurements was 15°-90°. The measurements at the DCS-level are the first to be reported for vibrational-excitation in pyrimidine via electron impact, while for the ICS we extend the results from the only previous condensed-phase study [P. L. Levesque, M. Michaud, and L. Sanche, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 094701 (2005)], for electron energies ⩽12 eV, to higher energies. Interestingly, the trend in the magnitude of the lower energy condensed-phase ICSs is much smaller when compared to the corresponding gas phase results. As there is no evidence for the existence of any shape-resonances, in the available pyrimidine total cross sections [Baek et al., Phys. Rev. A 88, 032702 (2013); Fuss et al., ibid. 88, 042702 (2013)], between 10 and 20 eV, this mismatch in absolute magnitude between the condensed-phase and gas-phase ICSs might be indicative for collective-behaviour effects in the condensed-phase results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - L Ellis-Gibbings
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - K L Nixon
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Neves RFC, Jones DB, Lopes MCA, Blanco F, García G, Ratnavelu K, Brunger MJ. Integral cross sections for electron impact excitation of vibrational and electronic states in phenol. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:194305. [PMID: 26001459 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on measurements of integral cross sections (ICSs) for electron impact excitation of a series of composite vibrational modes and electronic-states in phenol, where the energy range of those experiments was 15-250 eV. There are currently no other results against which we can directly compare those measured data. We also report results from our independent atom model with screened additivity rule correction computations, namely, for the inelastic ICS (all discrete electronic states and neutral dissociation) and the total ionisation ICS. In addition, for the relevant dipole-allowed excited electronic states, we also report f-scaled Born-level and energy-corrected and f-scaled Born-level (BEf-scaled) ICS. Where possible, our measured and calculated ICSs are compared against one another with the general level of accord between them being satisfactory to within the measurement uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F C Neves
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - K Ratnavelu
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
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Chiari L, Duque HV, Jones DB, Thorn PA, Pettifer Z, da Silva GB, Limão-Vieira P, Duflot D, Hubin-Franskin MJ, Delwiche J, Blanco F, García G, Lopes MCA, Ratnavelu K, White RD, Brunger MJ. Differential cross sections for intermediate-energy electron scattering from α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: excitation of electronic-states. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:024301. [PMID: 25028013 DOI: 10.1063/1.4885856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on measurements of differential cross sections (DCSs) for electron impact excitation of a series of Rydberg electronic-states in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). The energy range of these experiments was 20-50 eV, while the scattered electron was detected in the 10°-90° angular range. There are currently no other experimental data or theoretical computations against which we can directly compare the present measured results. Nonetheless, we are able to compare our THFA DCSs with earlier cross section measurements for Rydberg-state electronic excitation for tetrahydrofuran, a similar cyclic ether, from Do et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 144302 (2011)]. In addition, "rotationally averaged" elastic DCSs, calculated using our independent atom model with screened additivity rule correction approach are also reported. Those latter results give integral cross sections consistent with the optical theorem, and supercede those from the only previous study of Milosavljević et al. [Eur. Phys. J. D 40, 107 (2006)].
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiari
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - H V Duque
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - P A Thorn
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Z Pettifer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - G B da Silva
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - D Duflot
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, UMR CNRS 8523, Université Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - M-J Hubin-Franskin
- Départment de Chimie, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie-Bât. B6C, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - J Delwiche
- Départment de Chimie, Université de Liège, Institut de Chimie-Bât. B6C, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - F Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - K Ratnavelu
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - R D White
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4810 Queensland, Australia
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Duque H, Chiari L, Jones D, Thorn P, Pettifer Z, da Silva G, Limão-Vieira P, Duflot D, Hubin-Franskin MJ, Delwiche J, Blanco F, García G, Lopes M, Ratnavelu K, White R, Brunger M. Cross sections for electron scattering from α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duque HV, Chiari L, Jones DB, Pettifer Z, da Silva GB, Limão-Vieira P, Blanco F, García G, White RD, Lopes MCA, Brunger MJ. Intermediate-energy differential and integral cross sections for vibrational excitation in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:214306. [PMID: 24908007 DOI: 10.1063/1.4879779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential and integral cross section measurements, for incident electron energies in the 20-50 eV range, are reported for excitation of several composite vibrational modes in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). Optimisation and frequency calculations, using GAUSSIAN 09 at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level, were also undertaken for the two most abundant conformers of THFA, with results being reported for their respective mode classifications and excitation energies. Those calculations assisted us in the experimental assignments of the composite features observed in our measured energy loss spectra. There are, to the best of our knowledge, no other experimental or theoretical data currently available in the literature against which we can compare the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Duque
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - L Chiari
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - D B Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Z Pettifer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - G B da Silva
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - F Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid E-28040, Spain
| | - G García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Madrid E-28006, Spain
| | - R D White
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, 4810 Queensland, Australia
| | - M C A Lopes
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - M J Brunger
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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Ristić M, Vojnović M, Poparić G, Belić D. Rate coefficients for electron impact excitation of the a3Π state of CO. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Campbell L, Allan M, Brunger MJ. Electron impact vibrational excitation of carbon monoxide in the upper atmospheres of Mars and Venus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja016848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Campbell
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - M. Allan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - M. J. Brunger
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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Kato H, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Limão-Vieira P, Ingólfsson O, Campbell L, Brunger MJ. A study of electron scattering from benzene: Excitation of the 1B1u, 3E2g, and 1E1u electronic states. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:134308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3575497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Suzuki D, Kato H, Ohkawa M, Anzai K, Tanaka H, Limão-Vieira P, Campbell L, Brunger MJ. Electron excitation of the Schumann–Runge continuum, longest band, and second band electronic states in O2. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3533442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kawahara H, Suzuki D, Kato H, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Ingólfsson O, Campbell L, Brunger MJ. Cross sections for electron impact excitation of the C Π1 and D Σ1+ electronic states in N2O. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:114307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3230150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Poparić GB, Ristić M, Belić DS. Resonant Vibrational Excitation and De-Excitation of CO( v) by Low Energy Electrons. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12296-302. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8054922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. Poparić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M. Ristić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D. S. Belić
- Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 368, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, and Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, P.O. Box 137, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Brunger MJ, Thorn PA, Campbell L, Kato H, Kawahara H, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Kim YK. Application of theBEf-scaling approach to electron impact excitation of diople-allowed electronic states in molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/115/1/012004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Thorn PA, Brunger MJ, Teubner PJO, Diakomichalis N, Maddern T, Bolorizadeh MA, Newell WR, Kato H, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Cho H, Kim YK. Cross sections and oscillator strengths for electron-impact excitation of the ÃB11 electronic state of water. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064306. [PMID: 17313214 DOI: 10.1063/1.2434166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report absolute differential and integral cross section measurements for electron-impact excitation of the A (1)B(1) electronic state of water. This is an important channel for the production of the OH (X (2)Pi) radical, as well as for understanding the origin of the atmospheric Meinel [Astrophys. J. 111, 555 (1950)] bands. The incident energy range of our measurements is 20-200 eV, while the angular range of the differential cross section data is 3.5 degrees -90 degrees . This is the first time such data are reported in the literature and, where possible, comparison to existing theoretical work, and new scaled Born cross sections calculated as a part of the current study, is made. The scaled Born cross sections are in good agreement with the integral cross sections deduced from the experimental differential cross sections. In addition they report (experimental) generalized oscillator strength data at the incident energies of 100 and 200 eV. These data are used to derive a value for the optical oscillator strength which is found to be in excellent agreement with that from an earlier dipole (e,e) experiment and an earlier photoabsorption experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Thorn
- ARC Centre for Antimatter-Matter Studies, SoCPES, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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Kim YK. Scaled Born cross sections for excitations of H2 by electron impact. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064305. [PMID: 17313213 DOI: 10.1063/1.2434163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the scaling of plane-wave Born cross sections for the excitation of the H(2) molecule to four low-lying electronic states (B (1)Sigma(u) (+), C (1)Pi(u), B(') (1)Sigma(u) (+), and D (1)Pi(u)) by electron impact. The same BE and BEf scaling methods used on atoms were found to be equally effective for H(2) in converting Born cross sections into cross sections in good agreement with available experiments. These scaling methods are applicable only to dipole-allowed excitations. The possibility of using these scaling methods, as was done in atoms, to estimate the contribution of inner-shell excitations to the total ionization cross section via the excitation-autoionization mechanism is discussed, though this type of indirect ionization in molecules is not as common as in atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ki Kim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8422, USA.
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