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Larsen AH, Brookes E, Pedersen MC, Kirkensgaard JJK. Shape2SAS: a web application to simulate small-angle scattering data and pair distance distributions from user-defined shapes. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1287-1294. [PMID: 37555217 PMCID: PMC10405587 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shape2SAS is a web application that allows researchers and students to build intuition about and understanding of small-angle scattering. It is available at https://somo.chem.utk.edu/shape2sas. The user defines a model of arbitrary shape by combining geometrical subunits, and Shape2SAS then calculates and displays the scattering intensity and the pair distance distribution, as well as a visualization of the user-defined shape. Simulated data with realistic noise are also generated. Here, it is demonstrated how Shape2SAS can calculate and display the different scattering patterns for various geometrical shapes, such as spheres and cylinders. It is also shown how the effect of structure factors can be visualized. Finally, it is indicated how multi-contrast particles can readily be generated, and how the calculated scattering may be used to validate and visualize analytical models generated in analysis software for fitting small-angle scattering data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacob Judas Kain Kirkensgaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Gradzielski M, Duvail M, de Molina PM, Simon M, Talmon Y, Zemb T. Using Microemulsions: Formulation Based on Knowledge of Their Mesostructure. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5671-5740. [PMID: 33955731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microemulsions, as thermodynamically stable mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, are known and have been studied for more than 70 years. However, even today there are still quite a number of unclear aspects, and more recent research work has modified and extended our picture. This review gives a short overview of how the understanding of microemulsions has developed, the current view on their properties and structural features, and in particular, how they are related to applications. We also discuss more recent developments regarding nonclassical microemulsions such as surfactant-free (ultraflexible) microemulsions or ones containing uncommon solvents or amphiphiles (like antagonistic salts). These new findings challenge to some extent our previous understanding of microemulsions, which therefore has to be extended to look at the different types of microemulsions in a unified way. In particular, the flexibility of the amphiphilic film is the key property to classify different microemulsion types and their properties in this review. Such a classification of microemulsions requires a thorough determination of their structural properties, and therefore, the experimental methods to determine microemulsion structure and dynamics are reviewed briefly, with a particular emphasis on recent developments in the field of direct imaging by means of electron microscopy. Based on this classification of microemulsions, we then discuss their applications, where the application demands have to be met by the properties of the microemulsion, which in turn are controlled by the flexibility of their amphiphilic interface. Another frequently important aspect for applications is the control of the rheological properties. Normally, microemulsions are low viscous and therefore enhancing viscosity has to be achieved by either having high concentrations (often not wished for) or additives, which do not significantly interfere with the microemulsion. Accordingly, this review gives a comprehensive account of the properties of microemulsions, including most recent developments and bringing them together from a united viewpoint, with an emphasis on how this affects the way of formulating microemulsions for a given application with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magali Duvail
- ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
| | - Paula Malo de Molina
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miriam Simon
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL-3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Zemb
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.,ICSM, Université Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, 30207 Marcoule, France
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Schneider K, Verkoyen P, Krappel M, Gardiner C, Schweins R, Frey H, Sottmann T. Efficiency Boosting of Surfactants with Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(alkyl glycidyl ether)s: A New Class of Amphiphilic Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9849-9866. [PMID: 32689803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, it was found that adding small amounts of amphiphilic block copolymers like poly(ethylene propylene)-co-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEP-b-PEO) to microemulsion systems strongly increases the efficiency of medium-chain surfactants to solubilize water and oil. Although being predestined to serve as a milestone in microemulsion research, the effect has only scarcely found its way into applications. In this work, we propose new types of efficiency boosters, namely, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(alkyl glycidyl ether carbonate)s (PEO-b-PAlkGE) and their "carbonated" poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(carbonate alkyl glycidyl ether) analogs. Their synthesis via anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) from commercially available long-chain alkyl glycidyl ethers (AlkGE) and monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)s as macroinitiators can be performed at low cost and on a large scale. We demonstrate that these new PEO-b-PAlkGE copolymers with dodecyl and hexadecyl side chains in the nonpolar block strongly increase the efficiency of both pure and technical-grade n-alkyl polyglycol ether surfactants to form microemulsions containing pure n-alkanes or even technical-grade waxes, a result that could be of interest for industrial applications where reduced surfactant needs would have significant economic and ecological implications. For n-decane microemulsions, the boosting effect of PEO-b-PAlkGE and PEP-b-PEO polymers can be scaled on top of each other, when plotting the efficiency semilogarithmically versus the polymeric coverage of the amphiphilic film. Interestingly, a somewhat different scaling behavior was observed for n-octacosane microemulsions at elevated temperatures, suggesting that the polymers show less self-avoidance and rather behave as almost ideal chains. A similar trend was found for the increase of the bending rigidity κ upon polymeric coverage of the amphiphilic film, which was obtained from the analysis of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Verkoyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Krappel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Gardiner
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Thater JC, Stubenrauch C, Glatter O, Klemmer H, Sottmann T. Microstructure of ionic liquid (EAN)-rich and oil-rich microemulsions studied by SANS. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 21:160-170. [PMID: 30515509 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we investigated the phase behavior of microemulsions consisting of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), an n-alkane and a nonionic alkyl polyglycolether (CiEj). We found the same general trends as for the aqueous counterparts, i.e. a transition from an oil-in-EAN microemulsion via a bicontinuous microemulsion to an EAN-in-oil microemulsion with increasing temperature. However, unlike what happens in the corresponding aqueous systems, in EAN-in-oil microemulsions only a very small amount of EAN was detected by NMR-measurements. This is why we investigated the phase behavior and microstructure of EAN-rich n-dodecane-in-EAN microemulsions and oil-rich EAN-in-n-octane microemulsions. We found that the ionic liquid emulsification failure boundary has an extraordinarily small slope, which suggests that the amphiphilic film loses its ability to solubilize EAN with an increase in temperature by only a few degrees. The analysis of the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) curves unambiguously shows that this behavior is due to the fact that the EAN molecules form a substructure with a characteristic length scale of Λ ≈ 8 Å inside the EAN-in-oil droplets. In more detail, the analysis of the SANS data with the GIFT method revealed a transition from spherical to cylindrical structures approaching the respective critical endpoint temperatures. By using the respective form factors and combining them with a Gaussian spatial intensity distribution to account for the EAN sub-structure we were able to describe the scattering curves nearly quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Thater
- Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hoffmann I, Hoffmann C, Farago B, Prévost S, Gradzielski M. Dynamics of small unilamellar vesicles. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:104901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5009424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hoffmann
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Claudia Hoffmann
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bela Farago
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Hoffmann I, Simon M, Farago B, Schweins R, Falus P, Holderer O, Gradzielski M. Structure and dynamics of polyelectrolyte surfactant mixtures under conditions of surfactant excess. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124901. [PMID: 27782635 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Hoffmann
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Miriam Simon
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bela Farago
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Peter Falus
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olaf Holderer
- JCNS Outstation at MLZ, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC 7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Müller A, Pütz Y, Oberhoffer R, Becker N, Strey R, Wiedenmann A, Sottmann T. Kinetics of pressure induced structural changes in super- or near-critical CO2-microemulsions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:18092-7. [PMID: 25061846 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53790k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CO2-microemulsions show strong pressure dependent properties. Using time-resolved SANS to investigate the kinetics of structural changes upon periodic pressure jumps of adjustable amplitude, we found that the compression-induced formation of cylinders occurs on a timescale of one second, whereas the expansion-induced disintegration into CO2 swollen spherical micelles is much faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Straße 116, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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Hoffmann I, de Molina PM, Farago B, Falus P, Herfurth C, Laschewsky A, Gradzielski M. Dynamics of microemulsions bridged with hydrophobically end-capped star polymers studied by neutron spin-echo. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4861894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Griesbeck AG, Uhlig J, Sottmann T, Belkoura L, Strey R. Singlet Oxygen Photo-Oxygenation in Water/Pluronic F-127 Hydrogels: Increased Reaction Efficiency Coupled with a Switch in Regioselectivity. Chemistry 2012; 18:16161-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Peltomäki M, Gompper G, Kroll DM. Scattering intensity of bicontinuous microemulsions and sponge phases. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134708. [PMID: 22482581 DOI: 10.1063/1.3701265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations of dynamically triangulated surfaces of variable topology are used to investigate the scattering intensities of bicontinuous microemulsions. The bulk scattering intensity is shown to follow the Teubner-Strey expression. The domain size and the correlation length are extracted from the scattering peaks as a function of the bending rigidity, saddle-splay modulus, and surfactant density. The results are compared to earlier theories based on Ginzburg-Landau and Gaussian random field models. The ratio of the two length scales is shown to be well described by a linear combination of logarithmically renormalized bending rigidity and saddle-splay modulus with universal prefactors. This is in contrast to earlier theoretical predictions in which the scattering intensity is independent of the saddle-splay modulus. The equation of state, and the asymptotics of the bulk and film scattering intensities for high and low wave vectors are determined from simulations and compared with theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Peltomäki
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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Foster T. Universal Analytical Scattering Form Factor for Shell–, Core–Shell, or Homogeneous Particles with Continuously Variable Density Profile Shape. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10207-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Foster
- University of Cologne, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Luxemburger Str. 16, 50939 Cologne, Germany
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Lee S, Arunagirinathan MA, Bates FS. Path-dependent morphologies in oil/water/diblock copolymer mixtures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1707-1715. [PMID: 19788275 DOI: 10.1021/la902671r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic block copolymer surfactants have been studied primarily in binary or pseudobinary systems, where they form a variety of dispersions, including micelles and vesicles, characterized by extremely low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). In this study, a poly(1,2-butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (OB) diblock copolymer (M(n) = 33 kg/mol, and 72 wt % PEO) was combined with water (W) and 1,5-cyclooctadiene (C) in binary (OB/W and OB/C) and ternary (OB/W/C and OB/C/W) mixtures, where the order of components indicates the mixing sequence. The resulting morphologies were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Addition of 1,5-cyclooctadiene to premicellized OB in water (OB/W) leads to swelling of the initially spherical hydrophobic micelle cores followed by micelle fusion leading to three-dimensional network structures. Combining water with premixed OB in 1,5-cyclooctadiene (OB/C) transforms a periodic sheet-like lamellar microstructure into a complex state of phase separation built on water-swollen poly(ethylene oxide) bilayers, which are manifested as uniformly sized small vesicles. Thus, two entirely different microstructures, which are stable for at least a month, have been prepared from a single three-component formulation. This pronounced nonequilibrium phase behavior, attributed to the non-ergodic character of amphiphilic block copolymers, may offer new processing strategies for the preparation of desirable self-assembled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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