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Alayed M, Naser MA, Aden-Ali I, Deen MJ. Time-resolved diffuse optical tomography system using an accelerated inverse problem solver. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:963-979. [PMID: 29401984 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A computationally efficient time-resolved diffuse optical tomography (TR-DOT) prototype was demonstrated using an accelerated inverse problem solver to reconstruct high quality 3D images of highly scattering media such as tissues. The inverse problem solver utilizes seven well-defined points on each experimentally recorded histogram of the distribution time-of-flight (DToF). In this work, the accuracy of the recovered optical properties, and the computational load and time of TR-DOT prototype were investigated using cylindrical turbid phantoms. These phantoms were measured using transmittance geometry under different conditions in multiple experiments to evaluate the performance of this prototype. Overall, the results of evaluation are important in the realization of a real-time and highly accurate TR-DOT system for diffuse optical imaging applications.
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Cai C, Cai W, Cheng J, Yang Y, Luo J. Self-guided reconstruction for time-domain fluorescence molecular lifetime tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:126012. [PMID: 27999862 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.126012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence probes have distinct yields and lifetimes when located in different environments, which makes the reconstruction of fluorescence molecular lifetime tomography (FMLT) challenging. To enhance the reconstruction performance of time-domain (TD) FMLT with heterogeneous targets, a self-guided L 1 regularization projected steepest descent (SGL1PSD) algorithm is proposed. Different from other algorithms performed in time domain, SGL1PSD introduces a time-resolved strategy into fluorescence yield reconstruction. The algorithm consists of four steps. Step 1 reconstructs the initial yield map with full time gate strategy; steps 2–4 reconstruct the inverse lifetime map, the yield map, and the inverse lifetime map again with time-resolved strategy, respectively. The reconstruction result of each step is used as a priori for the reconstruction of the next step. Projected iterated Tikhonov regularization algorithm is adopted for the yield map reconstructions in steps 1 and 3 to provide a solution with iterative refinement and nonnegative constraint. The inverse lifetime map reconstructions in steps 2 and 4 are based on L 1 regularization projected steepest descent algorithm, which employ the L 1 regularization to reduce the ill-posedness of the high-dimensional nonlinear problem. Phantom experiments with heterogeneous targets at different edge-to-edge distances demonstrate that SG
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangjian Cai
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaju Cheng
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianwen Luo
- Tsinghua University, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, ChinabTsinghua University, Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Beijing 100084, China
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Jermyn M, Kolste K, Pichette J, Sheehy G, Angulo-Rodríguez L, Paulsen KD, Roberts DW, Wilson BC, Petrecca K, Leblond F. Macroscopic-imaging technique for subsurface quantification of near-infrared markers during surgery. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036014. [PMID: 25793562 PMCID: PMC4367847 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining accurate quantitative information on the concentration and distribution of fluorescent markers lying at a depth below the surface of optically turbid media, such as tissue, is a significant challenge. Here, we introduce a fluorescence reconstruction technique based on a diffusion light transport model that can be used during surgery, including guiding resection of brain tumors, for depth-resolved quantitative imaging of near-infrared fluorescent markers. Hyperspectral fluorescence images are used to compute a topographic map of the fluorophore distribution, which yields structural and optical constraints for a three-dimensional subsequent hyperspectral diffuse fluorescence reconstruction algorithm. Using the model fluorophore Alexa Fluor 647 and brain-like tissue phantoms, the technique yielded estimates of fluorophore concentration within ±25% of the true value to depths of 5 to 9 mm, depending on the concentration. The approach is practical for integration into a neurosurgical fluorescence microscope and has potential to further extend fluorescence-guided resection using objective and quantified metrics of the presence of residual tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jermyn
- McGill University, Brain Tumour Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Kolbein Kolste
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Julien Pichette
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Sheehy
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Leticia Angulo-Rodríguez
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Dartmouth College, Thayer School of Engineering, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - David W. Roberts
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Neurosurgery, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, United States
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- University of Toronto/University Health Network, Department of Medical Biophysics, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- McGill University, Brain Tumour Research Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Frederic Leblond, E-mail:
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Abstract
Diffuse optical imaging is highly versatile and has a very broad range of applications in biology and medicine. It covers diffuse optical tomography, fluorescence diffuse optical tomography, bioluminescence, and a number of other new imaging methods. These methods of diffuse optical imaging have diversified instrument configurations but share the same core physical principle – light propagation in highly diffusive media, i.e., the biological tissue. In this review, the author summarizes the latest development in instrumentation and methodology available to diffuse optical imaging in terms of system architecture, light source, photo-detection, spectral separation, signal modulation, and lastly imaging contrast.
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Tichauer KM, Holt RW, El-Ghussein F, Zhu Q, Dehghani H, Leblond F, Pogue BW. Imaging workflow and calibration for CT-guided time-domain fluorescence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 2:3021-36. [PMID: 22076264 PMCID: PMC3207372 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.003021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, several key optimization steps are outlined for a non-contact, time-correlated single photon counting small animal optical tomography system, using simultaneous collection of both fluorescence and transmittance data. The system is presented for time-domain image reconstruction in vivo, illustrating the sensitivity from single photon counting and the calibration steps needed to accurately process the data. In particular, laser time- and amplitude-referencing, detector and filter calibrations, and collection of a suitable instrument response function are all presented in the context of time-domain fluorescence tomography and a fully automated workflow is described. Preliminary phantom time-domain reconstructed images demonstrate the fidelity of the workflow for fluorescence tomography based on signal from multiple time gates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M. Tichauer
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert W. Holt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Fadi El-Ghussein
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Qun Zhu
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brian W. Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
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Gao F, Li J, Zhang L, Poulet P, Zhao H, Yamada Y. Simultaneous fluorescence yield and lifetime tomography from time-resolved transmittances of small-animal-sized phantom. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:3163-72. [PMID: 20517387 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.003163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been recently a considerable interest in simultaneously reconstructing yield and lifetime distributions of fluorescent imaging agents inside a bulky tissue, since combined monitoring of these two parameters provides a potential means of in vivo interrogating quantitative and environmental information of specific molecules, as well as accessing interactions among them. It is widely accepted that an advantageous way of accomplishing the task in the context of small-animal imaging is to use a time-domain (TD) modality. In this paper, we present a full three-dimensional, featured-data algorithm for TD diffuse fluorescence tomography, which inverts the Laplace-transformed TD coupled photon diffusion equations and employs a pair of real-domain transform-factors to effectively separate the fluorescent yield and lifetime parameters. By use of a specifically designed 16x16 channel time-correlated single photon counting system and a normalized Born formulation for the inversion, the proposed scheme in a transmission mode is experimentally validated to achieve simultaneous reconstruction of the fluorescent yield and lifetime distributions with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Leblond F, Davis SC, Valdés PA, Pogue BW. Pre-clinical whole-body fluorescence imaging: Review of instruments, methods and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:77-94. [PMID: 20031443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence sampling of cellular function is widely used in all aspects of biology, allowing the visualization of cellular and sub-cellular biological processes with spatial resolutions in the range from nanometers up to centimeters. Imaging of fluorescence in vivo has become the most commonly used radiological tool in all pre-clinical work. In the last decade, full-body pre-clinical imaging systems have emerged with a wide range of utilities and niche application areas. The range of fluorescent probes that can be excited in the visible to near-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum continues to expand, with the most value for in vivo use being beyond the 630 nm wavelength, because the absorption of light sharply decreases. Whole-body in vivo fluorescence imaging has not yet reached a state of maturity that allows its routine use in the scope of large-scale pre-clinical studies. This is in part due to an incomplete understanding of what the actual fundamental capabilities and limitations of this imaging modality are. However, progress is continuously being made in research laboratories pushing the limits of the approach to consistently improve its performance in terms of spatial resolution, sensitivity and quantification. This paper reviews this imaging technology with a particular emphasis on its potential uses and limitations, the required instrumentation, and the possible imaging geometries and applications. A detailed account of the main commercially available systems is provided as well as some perspective relating to the future of the technology development. Although the vast majority of applications of in vivo small animal imaging are based on epi-illumination planar imaging, the future success of the method relies heavily on the design of novel imaging systems based on state-of-the-art optical technology used in conjunction with high spatial resolution structural modalities such as MRI, CT or ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Leblond
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Ziegler R, Nielsen T, Koehler T, Grosenick D, Steinkellner O, Hagen A, Macdonald R, Rinneberg H. Nonlinear reconstruction of absorption and fluorescence contrast from measured diffuse transmittance and reflectance of a compressed-breast-simulating phantom. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:4651-62. [PMID: 19696852 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.004651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the nonlinear reconstruction of local absorption and fluorescence contrast in tissuelike scattering media from measured time-domain diffuse reflectance and transmittance of laser as well as laser-excited fluorescence radiation. Measurements were taken at selected source-detector offsets using slablike diffusely scattering and fluorescent phantoms containing fluorescent heterogeneities. Such measurements simulate in vivo data that would be obtained employing a scanning, time-domain fluorescence mammograph, where the breast is gently compressed between two parallel glass plates, and source and detector optical fibers scan synchronously at various source-detector offsets, allowing the recording of laser and fluorescence mammograms. The diffusion equations modeling the propagation of the laser and fluorescence radiation were solved in frequency domain by the finite element method simultaneously for several modulation frequencies using Fourier transformation and preprocessed experimental data. To reconstruct the concentration of the fluorescent contrast agent, the Born approximation including higher-order reconstructed photon densities at the excitation wavelength was used. Axial resolution was determined that can be achieved by various detection schemes. We show that remission measurements increase the depth resolution significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Ziegler
- Philips Research Europe-Hamburg, Röntgenstrasse 24, 22335 Hamburg, Germany
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Leblond F, Dehghani H, Kepshire D, Pogue BW. Early-photon fluorescence tomography: spatial resolution improvements and noise stability considerations. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2009; 26:1444-57. [PMID: 19488184 PMCID: PMC3801162 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In vivo tissue imaging using near-infrared light suffers from low spatial resolution and poor contrast recovery because of highly scattered photon transport. For diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), the resolution is limited to about 5-10% of the diameter of the tissue being imaged, which puts it in the range of performance seen in nuclear medicine. This paper introduces the mathematical formalism explaining why the resolution of FMT can be significantly improved when using instruments acquiring fast time-domain optical signals. This is achieved through singular-value analysis of the time-gated inverse problem based on weakly diffused photons. Simulations relevant to mouse imaging are presented showing that, in stark contrast to steady-state imaging, early time-gated intensities (within 200 ps or 400 ps) can in principle be used to resolve small fluorescent targets (radii from 1.5 to 2.5 mm) separated by less than 1.5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Leblond
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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Gao F, Zhao H, Zhang L, Tanikawa Y, Marjono A, Yamada Y. A self-normalized, full time-resolved method for fluorescence diffuse optical tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:13104-13121. [PMID: 18711549 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A full time-resolved scheme that has been previously applied in diffuse optical tomography is extended to time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography regime, based on a finite-element-finite-time-difference photon diffusion modeling and a Newton-Raphson inversion framework. The merits of using full time-resolved data are twofold: it helps evaluate the intrinsic performance of time-domain mode for improvement of image quality and set up a valuable reference to the assessment of computationally efficient featured-data-based algorithms, and provides a self-normalized implementation to preclude the necessity of the scaling-factor calibration and spectroscopic-feature assessments of the system as well as to overcome the adversity of system instability. We validate the proposed methodology using simulated data, and evaluate its performances of simultaneous recovery of the fluorescent yield and lifetime as well as its superiority to the featured-data one in the fidelity of image reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- College of Precision Instrument and Optoeletronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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