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Nemoto F, Kofu M, Nagao M, Ohishi K, Takata SI, Suzuki JI, Yamada T, Shibata K, Ueki T, Kitazawa Y, Watanabe M, Yamamuro O. Neutron scattering studies on short- and long-range layer structures and related dynamics in imidazolium-based ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:054502. [PMID: 30089384 DOI: 10.1063/1.5037217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkyl-methyl-imidazolium ionic liquids CnmimX (n: alkyl-carbon number, X: anion) have short-range layer structures consisting of ionic and neutral (alkylchain) domains. To investigate the temperature dependences of the interlayer, interionic group, and inter-alkylchain correlations, we have measured the neutron diffraction (ND) of C16mimPF6, C9.5mimPF6, and C8mimPF6 in the temperature region from 4 K to 470 K. The quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) of C16mimPF6 was also measured to study the dynamics of each correlation. C16mimPF6 shows a first-order transition between the liquid (L) and liquid crystalline (LC) phases at Tc = 394 K. C8mimPF6 exhibits a glass transition at Tg = 200 K. C9.5mimPF6, which is a 1:3 mixture between C8mimPF6 and C10mimPF6, has both transitions at Tc = 225 K and Tg = 203 K. In the ND experiments, all samples exhibit three peaks corresponding to the correlations mentioned above. The widths of the interlayer peak at ca. 0.2 Å-1 changed drastically at the L-LC transitions, while the interionic peaks at ca. 1 Å-1 exhibited a small jump at Tc. The peak position and area of the three peaks did not change much at the transition. The structural changes were minimal at Tg. The QENS experiments demonstrated that the relaxation time of the interlayer motion increased tenfold at Tc, while those of other motions were monotonous in the whole temperature region. The structural and dynamical changes mentioned above are characteristic of the L-LC transition in imidazolium-based ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Nemoto
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Maiko Kofu
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Michihiro Nagao
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, USA
| | - Kazuki Ohishi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), IQBRC Bldg., 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Takata
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Suzuki
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), IQBRC Bldg., 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), IQBRC Bldg., 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Kaoru Shibata
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueki
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamamuro
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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Zorębski E, Zorębski M, Musiał M, Dzida M. Ultrasonic Relaxation Spectra for Pyrrolidinium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides: A Comparison with Imidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9886-9894. [PMID: 28950058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound absorption spectra within the frequency range 10-300 MHz were determined for 1-propyl- and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides at ambient pressure and at temperatures in the ranges 293.15-313.15 and 293.15-323.15 K, respectively. For both compounds, a single Debye model (relaxation times between 0.451 and 0.778 ns) thoroughly describes the observed ultrasound absorption spectra in the investigated ranges. The spectra resemble those observed for imidazolium-based ionic liquids with the same anion. The ultrasound relaxation is dependent on the alkyl chain length of pyrrolidinium ring. In comparison to adequate imidazolium-based bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides, the relaxation in pyrrolidinium-based bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides is stronger; the pyrrolidinium cation causes clearly greater absorption than the imidazolium cation. Also, estimated ultrasound velocity dispersion is stronger in the case of pyrrolidinium imides in comparison to imidazolium imides. In turn, comparison of the ultrasonic data and literature data for the dielectric spectra exemplified for the 1-butyl- side chain in the cation indicates strong coupling in the case of imidazolium ring and weak coupling in the case of pyrrolidinium ring. The effect of absorption on the speed of sound is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Zorębski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia , Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zorębski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia , Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Musiał
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia , Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marzena Dzida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia , Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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Dzida M, Zorębski E, Zorębski M, Żarska M, Geppert-Rybczyńska M, Chorążewski M, Jacquemin J, Cibulka I. Speed of Sound and Ultrasound Absorption in Ionic Liquids. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3883-3929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Dzida
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Edward Zorębski
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zorębski
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Żarska
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Chorążewski
- University of Silesia, Institute of Chemistry, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/QUILL, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
- Université François Rabelais, Laboratoire PCM2E, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ivan Cibulka
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Department
of Physical Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zorębski M, Zorębski E, Dzida M, Skowronek J, Jężak S, Goodrich P, Jacquemin J. Ultrasonic Relaxation Study of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Probing the Role of Alkyl Chain Length in the Cation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3569-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zorębski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Edward Zorębski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marzena Dzida
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Justyna Skowronek
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Jężak
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Peter Goodrich
- QUILL
Research Centre, Queen’s University of Belfast, BT95AG Belfast, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- QUILL
Research Centre, Queen’s University of Belfast, BT95AG Belfast, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
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Kozlov DN, Kiefer J, Seeger T, Fröba AP, Leipertz A. Simultaneous Measurement of Speed of Sound, Thermal Diffusivity, and Bulk Viscosity of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Using Laser-Induced Gratings. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14493-501. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510186x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrii N. Kozlov
- A.M.
Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Johannes Kiefer
- Erlangen Graduate
School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Technische
Thermodynamik, Universität Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- School
of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Erlangen Graduate
School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Andreas P. Fröba
- Erlangen Graduate
School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfred Leipertz
- Erlangen Graduate
School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Uematsu T, Baba M, Oshima Y, Tsuda T, Torimoto T, Kuwabata S. Atomic resolution imaging of gold nanoparticle generation and growth in ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13789-97. [PMID: 25210806 DOI: 10.1021/ja506724w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques have provided unprecedented knowledge of chemical reactions from a microscopic viewpoint. To introduce volatile liquids, in which chemical reactions take place, use of sophisticated tailor-made fluid cells is a usual method. Herein, a very simple method is presented, which takes advantage of nonvolatile ionic liquids without any fluid cell. This method is successfully employed to investigate the essential steps in the generation of gold nanoparticles as well as the growth kinetics of individual particles. The ionic liquids that we select do not exhibit any anomalous effects on the reaction process as compared with recent in situ TEM studies using conventional solvents. Thus, obtained TEM movies largely support not only classical theory of nanoparticle generation but also some nonconventional phenomena that have been expected recently by some researchers. More noteworthy is the clear observation of lattice fringes by high-resolution TEM even in the ionic liquid media, providing intriguing information correlating coalescence with crystal states. The relaxation of nanoparticle shape and crystal structure after the coalescence is investigated in detail. The effect of crystal orientation upon coalescence is also analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Uematsu
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young Researchers, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Seitkalieva MM, Grachev AA, Egorova KS, Ananikov VP. Nanoscale organization of ionic liquids and their interaction with peptides probed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Yamaguchi T, Nakahara E, Koda S. Quantitative Analysis of Conductivity and Viscosity of Ionic Liquids in Terms of Their Relaxation Times. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5752-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502631q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinobu Koda
- Department of Molecular Design
and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho,
Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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10
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Fujii K, Shibayama M, Yamaguchi T, Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T, Seki S, Uchiyama H, Baron AQR, Umebayashi Y. Communication: Collective dynamics of room-temperature ionic liquids and their Li ion solutions studied by high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:151101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4802768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Penna TC, Faria LFO, Matos JR, Ribeiro MCC. Pressure and temperature effects on intermolecular vibrational dynamics of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:104503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4793760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Yoshida K, Iwata K, Nishiyama Y, Kimura Y, Hamaguchi HO. Local structures in ionic liquids probed and characterized by microscopic thermal diffusion monitored with picosecond time-resolved Raman spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:104504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3691839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Yasaka Y, Klein ML, Nakahara M, Matubayasi N. Rotational dynamics of benzene and water in an ionic liquid explored via molecular dynamics simulations and NMR T1 measurements. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:074508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3685100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Ribeiro MCC. Intermolecular vibrations and fast relaxations in supercooled ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:244507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3604533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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15
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Klein ML. Communication: Exploring the reorientation of benzene in an ionic liquid via molecular dynamics: Effect of temperature and solvent effective charge on the slow dynamics. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:191101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3592530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Sahu K, Berg MA. Thermal gratings and phase in high-order, transient-grating spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:144502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3572332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Demizu M, Harada M, Saijo K, Terazima M, Kimura Y. Transport Properties and Solvation Structure of Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Yamaguchi T, Koda S. Mode-coupling theoretical analysis of transport and relaxation properties of liquid dimethylimidazolium chloride. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:114502. [PMID: 20331300 DOI: 10.1063/1.3354117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mode-coupling theory for molecular liquids based on the interaction-site model is applied to a representative molecular ionic liquid, dimethylimidazolium chloride, and dynamic properties such as shear viscosity, self-diffusion coefficients, reorientational relaxation time, electric conductivity, and dielectric relaxation spectrum are analyzed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is also performed on the same system for comparison. The theory captures the characteristics of the dynamics of the ionic liquid qualitatively, although theoretical relaxation times are several times larger than those from the MD simulation. Large relaxations are found in the 100 MHz region in the dispersion of the shear viscosity and the dielectric relaxation, in harmony with various experiments. The relaxations of the self-diffusion coefficients are also found in the same frequency region. The dielectric relaxation spectrum is divided into the contributions of the translational and reorientational modes, and it is demonstrated that the relaxation in the 100 MHz region mainly stems from the translational modes. The zero-frequency electric conductivity is close to the value predicted by the Nernst-Einstein equation in both MD simulation and theoretical calculation. However, the frequency dependence of the electric conductivity is different from those of self-diffusion coefficients in that the former is smaller than the latter in the gigahertz-terahertz region, which is compensated by the smaller dispersion of the former in the 100 MHz region. The analysis of the theoretical calculation shows that the difference in their frequency dependence is due to the different contribution of the short- and long-range liquid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan.
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Yamaguchi T, Miyake S, Koda S. Shear Relaxation of Imidazolium-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8126-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1024137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan, and Chemical Engineering Course, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sho Miyake
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan, and Chemical Engineering Course, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinobu Koda
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan, and Chemical Engineering Course, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho B2-3(611), Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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Mizoshiri M, Nagao T, Mizoguchi Y, Yao M. Dielectric permittivity of room temperature ionic liquids: A relation to the polar and nonpolar domain structures. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:164510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3419906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Osada R, Hoshino T, Okada K, Ohmasa Y, Yao M. Surface tension of room temperature ionic liquids measured by dynamic light scattering. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:184705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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22
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Makino W, Kishikawa R, Mizoshiri M, Takeda S, Yao M. Viscoelastic properties of room temperature ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:104510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2950095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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DEMIZU M, TERAZIMA M, KIMURA Y. Transport Properties of Binary Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate Studied by Transient Grating Spectroscopy. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1329-34. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi DEMIZU
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Masahide TERAZIMA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| | - Yoshifumi KIMURA
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
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