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Suendo V, Lau Y, Hidayat F, Reza M, Qadafi A, Rochliadi A. Effect of face-to-face and side-to-side interchain interactions on the electron transport in emeraldine salt polyaniline. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7190-7199. [PMID: 33734245 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06194h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that has been studied intensively due to its high conductivity, ease of synthesis, fascinating doping mechanism, and a broad spectrum of applications. Polyaniline doped HCl was synthesized by a common direct-oxidation method of aniline using ammonium persulfate as the oxidant in HCl solution at various temperatures. This study focused on conductivity alteration of PANI-ES (emeraldine salt) due to the interchain interaction observed at different reaction temperatures from room temperature down to -15 °C. The molecular structure of PANI-ES was determined by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. At low reaction temperature, the electronic transport properties improve significantly as reflected by its conductivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the value d{(110)} and β play an important role in electron transport through face-to-face and side-to-side interactions, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the morphology of the synthesized PANI-ES consists of granules that are interconnected by nanofibers. Here, the correlation between electronic transport properties, structure, and morphology induced by reaction temperature was analyzed and discussed in detail. Moreover, PANI ES synthesized at 0 °C was applied as an electrocatalytic active layer in the DSSC's counter-electrode with a promising result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veinardi Suendo
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.
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First-principles study of the effect of functional groups on polyaniline backbone. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16907. [PMID: 26584671 PMCID: PMC4653613 DOI: 10.1038/srep16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a first-principles density functional theory study focused on how the chemical and electronic properties of polyaniline are adjusted by introducing suitable substituents on a polymer backbone. Analyses of the obtained energy barriers, reaction energies and minimum energy paths indicate that the chemical reactivity of the polyaniline derivatives is significantly enhanced by protonic acid doping of the substituted materials. Further study of the density of states at the Fermi level, band gap, HOMO and LUMO shows that both the unprotonated and protonated states of these polyanilines are altered to different degrees depending on the functional group. We also note that changes in both the chemical and electronic properties are very sensitive to the polarity and size of the functional group. It is worth noting that these changes do not substantially alter the inherent chemical and electronic properties of polyaniline. Our results demonstrate that introducing different functional groups on a polymer backbone is an effective approach to obtain tailored conductive polymers with desirable properties while retaining their intrinsic properties, such as conductivity.
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Canales M, Torras J, Fabregat G, Meneguzzi A, Alemán C. Polyaniline Emeraldine Salt in the Amorphous Solid State: Polaron versus Bipolaron. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11552-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5067583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manel Canales
- Departament
de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Nord-Edifici B4−B5, Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Juan Torras
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria de Igualada (EEI), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Pla de la Massa 8, Igualada 08700, Spain
| | - Georgina Fabregat
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
- Centre
for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C′, C/Pasqual i Vila s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Alvaro Meneguzzi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
- Departamento
de Materiais, Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves, 9500, 91509-900, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Barcelona School of Industrial Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Diagonal 647, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
- Centre
for Research in Nano-Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Campus Sud, Edifici C′, C/Pasqual i Vila s/n, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Byshkin MS, Correa A, Buonocore F, Di Matteo A, Milano G. A united event grand canonical Monte Carlo study of partially doped polyaniline. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:244906. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4848697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Konoshchuk NV, Khazieieva AA. Effect of sonication on the structure and properties of polyaniline doped with organic sulfonic acids. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-013-9322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Petrova J, Romanova J, Madjarova G, Ivanova A, Tadjer A. Absorption Spectra of Model Single Chains of Conducting Polyaniline. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:6543-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301814u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Petrova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julia Romanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Galia Madjarova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alia Tadjer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Long YZ, Li MM, Gu C, Wan M, Duvail JL, Liu Z, Fan Z. Recent advances in synthesis, physical properties and applications of conducting polymer nanotubes and nanofibers. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Petrova JN, Romanova JR, Madjarova GK, Ivanova AN, Tadjer AV. Fully Doped Oligomers of Emeraldine Salt: Polaronic versus Bipolaronic Configuration. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3765-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111914n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina N. Petrova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julia R. Romanova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Galia K. Madjarova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela N. Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alia V. Tadjer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lin YF, Chen CH, Xie WJ, Yang SH, Hsu CS, Lin MT, Jian WB. Nano approach investigation of the conduction mechanism in polyaniline nanofibers. ACS NANO 2011; 5:1541-1548. [PMID: 21280617 DOI: 10.1021/nn103525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A nanotechnological approach is applied to measurements of the electric field dependence of resistance under a high electric field while in low voltage. With this technique, the conduction mechanism on a mesoscopic scale is explored in a single, nonagglomerated nanofiber. Polyaniline nanofibers are prepared by vigorous mixing of aniline and oxidation agent ammonium persulfate in acid solution. They exhibit a uniform nanoscale morphology rather than agglomeration as that produced via conventional chemical oxidation. The as-synthesized polyaniline nanofibers are doped (dedoped) with a HCl acid (NH(3) base), and their temperature behaviors of resistances follow an exponential function with an exponent of T(-1/2). To measure the conduction mechanism in a single nanofiber, the dielectrophoresis technique is implemented to position nanofibers on top of two electrodes with a nanogap of 100-600 nm, patterned by electron-beam lithography. After the devices are irradiated by electron beam to reduce contact resistances, their temperature behaviors and electric field dependences are unveiled. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical model of charging energy limited tunneling. Other theoretical models such as Efros-Shklovskii and Mott's one-dimensional hopping conduction are excluded after comparisons and arguments. Through fitting, the size of the conductive grain, separation distance between two grains, and charging energy per grain in a single polyaniline nanofiber are estimated to be about 4.9 nm, 2.8 nm, and 78 meV, respectively. The nanotechnological approach, where the nanogap and the dielectrophoresis technique are used for single nanofiber device fabrication, is applied for determination of mesoscopic charge transport in a polyaniline conducting polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Fu Lin
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Udeh CU, Fey N, Faul CFJ. Functional block-like structures from electroactive tetra(aniline) oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12557e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stejskal J, Bogomolova OE, Blinova NV, Trchová M, Šeděnková I, Prokeš J, Sapurina I. Mixed electron and proton conductivity of polyaniline films in aqueous solutions of acids: beyond the 1000 S cm−1
limit. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Antonel PS, Andrade EM, Molina FV. Copolymerization of aniline and m-chloroaniline. Chlorine addition and structure of the resulting material. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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