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Ren K, Wu J, Dong J, Li Y, Huang T, Zhao H, Liu Y, Cao Z, Zhang J, Mu B, Yan J, Jiang W, Pu Y, Li Y, Peng X, Xu T, Yang J, Lan K, Ding Y, Jiang S, Wang F. Quantitative observation of monochromatic X-rays emitted from implosion hotspot in high spatial resolution in inertial confinement fusion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14492. [PMID: 34262058 PMCID: PMC8280192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In inertial confinement fusion, quantitative and high-spatial resolution (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$< 10\,\upmu $$\end{document}<10μm) measurements of the X-rays self-emitted by the hotspot are critical for studying the physical processes of the implosion stagnation stage. Herein, the 8 ± 0.39-keV monochromatic X-ray distribution from the entire hotspot is quantitatively observed in 5-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μm spatial resolution using a Kirkpatrick–Baez microscope, with impacts from the responses of the diagnosis system removed, for the first time, in implosion experiments at the 100 kJ laser facility in China. Two-dimensional calculations along with 2.5% P2 drive asymmetry and 0.3 ablator self-emission are congruent with the experimental results, especially for the photon number distribution, hotspot profile, and neutron yield. Theoretical calculations enabled a better understanding of the experimental results. Furthermore, the origins of the 17.81% contour profile of the deuterium-deuterium hotspot and the accurate Gaussian source approximation of the core emission area in the implosion capsule are clarified in detail. This work is significant for quantitatively exploring the physical conditions of the hotspot and updating the theoretical model of capsule implosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Ren
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yaran Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tianxuan Huang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yaoyuan Liu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Zhurong Cao
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jiyan Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Baozhong Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd., Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ji Yan
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yudong Pu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiaoshi Peng
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jiamin Yang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Ke Lan
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China.,CAPT, HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongkun Ding
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing, 100088, China.,CAPT, HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaoen Jiang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China. .,CAPT, HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China.
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Carpenter KR, Mancini RC, Harding EC, Harvey-Thompson AJ, Geissel M, Weis MR, Hansen SB, Peterson KJ, Rochau GA. Temperature distributions and gradients in laser-heated plasmas relevant to magnetized liner inertial fusion. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:023209. [PMID: 32942382 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.023209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present two-dimensional temperature measurements of magnetized and unmagnetized plasma experiments performed at Z relevant to the preheat stage in magnetized liner inertial fusion. The deuterium gas fill was doped with a trace amount of argon for spectroscopy purposes, and time-integrated spatially resolved spectra and narrow-band images were collected in both experiments. The spectrum and image data were included in two separate multiobjective analysis methods to extract the electron temperature spatial distribution T_{e}(r,z). The results indicate that the magnetic field increases T_{e}, the axial extent of the laser heating, and the magnitude of the radial temperature gradients. Comparisons with simulations reveal that the simulations overpredict the extent of the laser heating and underpredict the temperature. Temperature gradient scale lengths extracted from the measurements also permit an assessment of the importance of nonlocal heat transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Carpenter
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - E C Harding
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A J Harvey-Thompson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M R Weis
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K J Peterson
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G A Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Nagayama T, Mancini RC, Mayes D, Tommasini R, Florido R. Understanding reliability and some limitations of the images and spectra reconstructed from a multi-monochromatic x-ray imager. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:113505. [PMID: 26628133 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and density asymmetry diagnosis is critical to advance inertial confinement fusion (ICF) science. A multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (MMI) is an attractive diagnostic for this purpose. The MMI records the spectral signature from an ICF implosion core with time resolution, 2-D space resolution, and spectral resolution. While narrow-band images and 2-D space-resolved spectra from the MMI data constrain temperature and density spatial structure of the core, the accuracy of the images and spectra depends not only on the quality of the MMI data but also on the reliability of the post-processing tools. Here, we synthetically quantify the accuracy of images and spectra reconstructed from MMI data. Errors in the reconstructed images are less than a few percent when the space-resolution effect is applied to the modeled images. The errors in the reconstructed 2-D space-resolved spectra are also less than a few percent except those for the peripheral regions. Spectra reconstructed for the peripheral regions have slightly but systematically lower intensities by ∼6% due to the instrumental spatial-resolution effects. However, this does not alter the relative line ratios and widths and thus does not affect the temperature and density diagnostics. We also investigate the impact of the pinhole size variation on the extracted images and spectra. A 10% pinhole size variation could introduce spatial bias to the images and spectra of ∼10%. A correction algorithm is developed, and it successfully reduces the errors to a few percent. It is desirable to perform similar synthetic investigations to fully understand the reliability and limitations of each MMI application.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R C Mancini
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - D Mayes
- Physics Department, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - R Tommasini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Florido
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Jones B, Ruiz CL. Basis set expansion for inverse problems in plasma diagnostic analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:073510. [PMID: 23902066 DOI: 10.1063/1.4815983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A basis set expansion method [V. Dribinski, A. Ossadtchi, V. A. Mandelshtam, and H. Reisler, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73, 2634 (2002)] is applied to recover physical information about plasma radiation sources from instrument data, which has been forward transformed due to the nature of the measurement technique. This method provides a general approach for inverse problems, and we discuss two specific examples relevant to diagnosing fast z pinches on the 20-25 MA Z machine [M. E. Savage, L. F. Bennett, D. E. Bliss, W. T. Clark, R. S. Coats, J. M. Elizondo, K. R. LeChien, H. C. Harjes, J. M. Lehr, J. E. Maenchen, D. H. McDaniel, M. F. Pasik, T. D. Pointon, A. C. Owen, D. B. Seidel, D. L. Smith, B. S. Stoltzfus, K. W. Struve, W. A. Stygar, L. K. Warne, J. R. Woodworth, C. W. Mendel, K. R. Prestwich, R. W. Shoup, D. L. Johnson, J. P. Corley, K. C. Hodge, T. C. Wagoner, and P. E. Wakeland, in Proceedings of the Pulsed Power Plasma Sciences Conference (IEEE, 2007), p. 979]. First, Abel inversion of time-gated, self-emission x-ray images from a wire array implosion is studied. Second, we present an approach for unfolding neutron time-of-flight measurements from a deuterium gas puff z pinch to recover information about emission time history and energy distribution. Through these examples, we discuss how noise in the measured data limits the practical resolution of the inversion, and how the method handles discontinuities in the source function and artifacts in the projected image. We add to the method a propagation of errors calculation for estimating uncertainties in the inverted solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jones
- Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA.
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Schmitt M, Bradley P, Cobble J, Hsu S, Krasheninnikova N, Kyrala G, Magelssen G, Murphy T, Obrey K, Tregillis I, Wysocki F, Finnegan S. Defect-induced mix experiment for NIF. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135904005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nagayama T, Bailey JE, Rochau GA, Hansen SB, Mancini RC, MacFarlane JJ, Golovkin I. Investigation of iron opacity experiment plasma gradients with synthetic data analyses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:10E128. [PMID: 23126949 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have been performed at Sandia National Laboratories Z-facility to validate iron opacity models relevant to the solar convection/radiation zone boundary. Sample conditions were measured by mixing Mg with the Fe and using Mg K-shell line transmission spectra, assuming that the plasma was uniform. We develop a spectral model that accounts for hypothetical gradients, and compute synthetic spectra to quantitatively evaluate the plasma gradient size that can be diagnosed. Two sample designs are investigated, assuming linear temperature and density gradients. First, Mg uniformly mixed with Fe enables temperature gradients greater than 10% to be detected. The second design uses Mg mixed into one side and Al mixed into the other side of the sample in an attempt to more accurately infer the sample gradient. Both temperature and density gradients as small as a few percent can be detected with this design. Experiments have successfully recorded spectra with the second design. In future research, the spectral model will be used to place bounds on gradients that exist in Z opacity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagayama
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Florido R, Mancini RC, Nagayama T, Tommasini R, Delettrez JA, Regan SP, Yaakobi B. Measurements of core and compressed-shell temperature and density conditions in thick-wall target implosions at the OMEGA laser facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:066408. [PMID: 21797499 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.066408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A spectroscopic method is discussed to measure core and compressed-shell conditions in thick-wall plastic-shell implosions filled with deuterium and a tracer amount of argon. Simultaneous observation over a broad photon energy range of the argon line emission and the attenuation and self-emission effects of the compressed shell confining the core yields enough information to extract average temperature and density conditions in both core and compressed shell. The spectroscopic analysis also provides an estimate of the target areal density which is an important characteristic of inertial confinement fusion implosions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Florido
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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Florido R, Rodríguez R, Gil JM, Rubiano JG, Martel P, Mínguez E, Mancini RC. Modeling of population kinetics of plasmas that are not in local thermodynamic equilibrium, using a versatile collisional-radiative model based on analytical rates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:056402. [PMID: 20365078 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.056402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the modeling of population kinetics of nonequilibrium steady-state plasmas using a collisional-radiative model and code based on analytical rates (ABAKO). ABAKO can be applied to low-to-high Z ions for a wide range of laboratory plasma conditions: coronal, local thermodynamic equilibrium or nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium, and optically thin or thick plasmas. ABAKO combines a set of analytical approximations to atomic rates, which yield substantial savings in computer running time, still comparing well with more elaborate codes and experimental data. A simple approximation to calculate the electron capture cross section in terms of the collisional excitation cross section has been adapted to work in a detailed-configuration-accounting approach, thus allowing autoionizing states to be explicitly included in the kinetics in a fast and efficient way. Radiation transport effects in the atomic kinetics due to line trapping in the plasma are taken into account via geometry-dependent escape factors. Since the kinetics problem often involves very large sparse matrices, an iterative method is used to perform the matrix inversion. In order to illustrate the capabilities of the model, we present a number of results which show that the ABAKO compares well with customized models and simulations of ion population distribution. The utility of ABAKO for plasma spectroscopic applications is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Florido
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35017, Spain
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