1
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Gleißner R, Beck EE, Chung S, Semione GDL, Mukharamova N, Gizer G, Pistidda C, Renner D, Noei H, Vonk V, Stierle A. Operando reaction cell for high energy surface sensitive x-ray diffraction and reflectometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:073902. [PMID: 35922329 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A proof of concept is shown for the design of a high pressure heterogeneous catalysis reaction cell suitable for surface sensitive x-ray diffraction and x-ray reflectometry over planar samples using high energy synchrotron radiation in combination with mass spectrometry. This design enables measurements in a pressure range from several tens to hundreds of bars for surface investigations under realistic industrial conditions in heterogeneous catalysis or gaseous corrosion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gleißner
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E E Beck
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Chung
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G D L Semione
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Mukharamova
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Gizer
- Institute of Hydrogen Technology, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - C Pistidda
- Institute of Hydrogen Technology, Materials Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - D Renner
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Noei
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V Vonk
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Stierle
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Marks SD, Quan P, Liu R, Highland MJ, Zhou H, Kuech TF, Stephenson GB, Evans PG. Instrument for in situ hard x-ray nanobeam characterization during epitaxial crystallization and materials transformations. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:023908. [PMID: 33648142 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase epitaxy (SPE) and other three-dimensional epitaxial crystallization processes pose challenging structural and chemical characterization problems. The concentration of defects, the spatial distribution of elastic strain, and the chemical state of ions each vary with nanoscale characteristic length scales and depend sensitively on the gas environment and elastic boundary conditions during growth. The lateral or three-dimensional propagation of crystalline interfaces in SPE has nanoscale or submicrometer characteristic distances during typical crystallization times. An in situ synchrotron hard x-ray instrument allows these features to be studied during deposition and crystallization using diffraction, resonant scattering, nanobeam and coherent diffraction imaging, and reflectivity. The instrument incorporates a compact deposition system allowing the use of short-working-distance x-ray focusing optics. Layers are deposited using radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and evaporation sources. The deposition system provides control of the gas atmosphere and sample temperature. The sample is positioned using a stable mechanical design to minimize vibration and drift and employs precise translation stages to enable nanobeam experiments. Results of in situ x-ray characterization of the amorphous thin film deposition process for a SrTiO3/BaTiO3 multilayer illustrate implementation of this instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peiyu Quan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew J Highland
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Thomas F Kuech
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Brian Stephenson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Paul G Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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3
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Roelsgaard M, Dippel AC, Borup KA, Nielsen IG, Broge NLN, Röh JT, Gutowski O, Iversen BB. Time-resolved grazing-incidence pair distribution functions during deposition by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. IUCRJ 2019; 6:299-304. [PMID: 30867927 PMCID: PMC6400190 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of local order in thin films is challenging with pair distribution function (PDF) analysis because of the minute mass of the scattering material. Here, it is demonstrated that reliable high-energy grazing-incidence total X-ray scattering data can be obtained in situ during thin-film deposition by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. A benchmark system of Pt was investigated in a novel sputtering chamber mounted on beamline P07-EH2 at the PETRA III synchrotron. Robust and high-quality PDFs can be obtained from films as thin as 3 nm and atomistic modelling of the PDFs with a time resolution of 0.5 s is possible. In this way, it was found that a polycrystalline Pt thin film deposits with random orientation at 8 W and 2 × 10-2 mbar at room temperature. From the PDF it was found that the coherent-scattering domains grow with time. While the first layers are formed with a small tensile strain this relaxes towards the bulk value with increasing film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roelsgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Kasper Andersen Borup
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida Gjerlevsen Nielsen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nils Lau Nyborg Broge
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Torben Röh
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olof Gutowski
- PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Wolny JA, Schünemann V, Németh Z, Vankó G. Spectroscopic techniques to characterize the spin state: Vibrational, optical, Mössbauer, NMR, and X-ray spectroscopy. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Nicklin C, Martinez-Hardigree J, Warne A, Green S, Burt M, Naylor J, Dorman A, Wicks D, Din S, Riede M. MINERVA: A facility to study Microstructure and INterface Evolution in Realtime under VAcuum. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:103901. [PMID: 29092474 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sample environment to enable real-time X-ray scattering measurements to be recorded during the growth of materials by thermal evaporation in vacuum is presented. The in situ capabilities include studying microstructure development with time or during exposure to different environmental conditions, such as temperature and gas pressure. The chamber provides internal slits and a beam stop, to reduce the background scattering from the X-rays passing through the entrance and exit windows, together with highly controllable flux rates of the evaporants. Initial experiments demonstrate some of the possibilities by monitoring the growth of bathophenanthroline (BPhen), a common molecule used in organic solar cells and organic light emitting diodes, including the development of the microstructure with time and depth within the film. The results show how BPhen nanocrystal structures coarsen at room temperature under vacuum, highlighting the importance of using real time measurements to understand the as-deposited pristine film structure and its development with time. More generally, this sample environment is versatile and can be used for investigation of structure-property relationships in a wide range of vacuum deposited materials and their applications in, for example, optoelectronic devices and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Nicklin
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Warne
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Green
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Burt
- Diamond Light Source, Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - John Naylor
- Kurt J. Lesker Company, Hastings TN35 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Dorman
- Kurt J. Lesker Company, Hastings TN35 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Wicks
- Kurt J. Lesker Company, Hastings TN35 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Salahud Din
- Kurt J. Lesker Company, Hastings TN35 4NR, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Riede
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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6
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Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV. Investigating Polymer-Metal Interfaces by Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Gradients to Real-Time Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E239. [PMID: 28335367 PMCID: PMC5302712 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the polymer-metal interface is crucial for advanced material design. Vacuum deposition methods for metal layer coating are widely used in industry and research. They allow for installing a variety of nanostructures, often making use of the selective interaction of the metal atoms with the underlying polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may eventually be nanostructured, too, in order to create a hierarchy in length scales. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering is an advanced method to characterize and investigate polymer-metal interfaces. Being non-destructive and yielding statistically relevant results, it allows for deducing the detailed polymer-metal interaction. We review the use of grazing incidence X-ray scattering to elucidate the polymer-metal interface, making use of the modern synchrotron radiation facilities, allowing for very local studies via in situ (so-called "stop-sputter") experiments as well as studies observing the nanostructured metal nanoparticle layer growth in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Schroeder JL, Thomson W, Howard B, Schell N, Näslund LÅ, Rogström L, Johansson-Jõesaar MP, Ghafoor N, Odén M, Nothnagel E, Shepard A, Greer J, Birch J. Industry-relevant magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc ultra-high vacuum deposition system for in situ x-ray diffraction studies of thin film growth using high energy synchrotron radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:095113. [PMID: 26429486 DOI: 10.1063/1.4930243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an industry-relevant, large-scale, ultra-high vacuum (UHV) magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc deposition system purposefully designed for time-resolved in situ thin film deposition/annealing studies using high-energy (>50 keV), high photon flux (>10(12) ph/s) synchrotron radiation. The high photon flux, combined with a fast-acquisition-time (<1 s) two-dimensional (2D) detector, permits time-resolved in situ structural analysis of thin film formation processes. The high-energy synchrotron-radiation based x-rays result in small scattering angles (<11°), allowing large areas of reciprocal space to be imaged with a 2D detector. The system has been designed for use on the 1-tonne, ultra-high load, high-resolution hexapod at the P07 High Energy Materials Science beamline at PETRA III at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron in Hamburg, Germany. The deposition system includes standard features of a typical UHV deposition system plus a range of special features suited for synchrotron radiation studies and industry-relevant processes. We openly encourage the materials research community to contact us for collaborative opportunities using this unique and versatile scientific instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schroeder
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - W Thomson
- PVD Products Inc., 35 Upton Dr., Suite 200, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - B Howard
- PVD Products Inc., 35 Upton Dr., Suite 200, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - N Schell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute for Materials Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - L-Å Näslund
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - L Rogström
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - N Ghafoor
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - M Odén
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Nothnagel
- PVD Products Inc., 35 Upton Dr., Suite 200, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - A Shepard
- PVD Products Inc., 35 Upton Dr., Suite 200, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - J Greer
- PVD Products Inc., 35 Upton Dr., Suite 200, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
| | - J Birch
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Walter P, Dippel AC, Pflaum K, Wernecke J, van den Hurk J, Blume J, Klemradt U. A compact and low-weight sputtering unit for in situ investigations of thin film growth at synchrotron radiation beamlines. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:053906. [PMID: 26026535 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on a highly variable, compact, and light high-vacuum sputter deposition unit designed for in situ experiments using synchrotron radiation facilities. The chamber can be mounted at various synchrotron beamlines for scattering experiments in grazing incidence geometry. The sample position and the large exit window allow to perform x-ray experiments up to large q values. The sputtering unit is easy to mount on existing experimental setups and can be remote-controlled. In this paper, we describe in detail the design and the performance of the new sputtering chamber and present the installation of the apparatus at different 3rd generation light sources. Furthermore, we describe the different measurement options and present some selected results. The unit has been successfully commissioned and is now available for users at PETRA III at DESY.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Walter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A-C Dippel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Pflaum
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Wernecke
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J van den Hurk
- Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik II (IWE II) and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 24, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Blume
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Klemradt
- 2nd. Institute of Physics B and JARA-FIT, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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9
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Santoro G, Buffet A, Döhrmann R, Yu S, Körstgens V, Müller-Buschbaum P, Gedde U, Hedenqvist M, Roth SV. Use of intermediate focus for grazing incidence small and wide angle x-ray scattering experiments at the beamline P03 of PETRA III, DESY. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:043901. [PMID: 24784620 DOI: 10.1063/1.4869784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the new experimental possibilities of the micro- and nanofocus X-ray scattering beamline P03 of the synchrotron source PETRA III at DESY, Hamburg (Germany), which arise from experiments with smaller beam sizes in the micrometer range. This beamline has been upgraded recently to perform new kinds of experiments. The use of an intermediate focus allows for reducing the beam size of microfocused hard X-rays while preserving a large working distance between the focusing elements and the focus position. For the first time, this well-known methodology has been employed to grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS/GIWAXS). As examples, we highlight the applications to in situ studies using microfluidic devices in GISAXS geometry as well as the investigation of the crystallinity of thin films in GIWAXS geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Santoro
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Buffet
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Döhrmann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Yu
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V Körstgens
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - U Gedde
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hedenqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Recoil effects of a motional scatterer on single-photon scattering in one dimension. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3144. [PMID: 24220217 PMCID: PMC3826102 DOI: 10.1038/srep03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The scattering of a single photon with sufficiently high energy can cause a recoil of a motional scatterer. We study its backaction on the photon's coherent transport in one dimension by modeling the motional scatterer as a two-level system, which is trapped in a harmonic potential. While the reflection spectrum is of a single peak in the Lamb-Dicke limit, multi-peaks due to phonon excitations can be observed in the reflection spectrum as the trap becomes looser or the mass of the two-level system becomes smaller.
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11
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Metwalli E, Körstgens V, Schlage K, Meier R, Kaune G, Buffet A, Couet S, Roth SV, Röhlsberger R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Cobalt nanoparticles growth on a block copolymer thin film: a time-resolved GISAXS study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6331-6340. [PMID: 23679799 DOI: 10.1021/la400741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt sputter deposition on a nanostructured polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), P(S-b-EO), template is followed in real time with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). The polymer template consists of highly oriented parallel crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) domains that are sandwiched between two polystyrene (PS) domains. In-situ GISAXS shows that cobalt atoms selectively decorate the PS domains of the microphase-separated polymer film and then aggregate to form surface metal nanopatterns. The polymer template is acting as a directing agent where cobalt metal nanowires are formed. At high metal load, the characteristic selectivity of the template is lost, and a uniform metal layer forms on the polymer surface. During the early stage of cobalt metal deposition, a highly asymmetric nanoparticles agglomeration is dominating structure formation. The cobalt nanoparticles mobility in combination with the high tendency of the nanoparticles to coalescence and to form immobile large-sized particles at the PS domains are discussed as mechanisms of structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin Metwalli
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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12
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Slobodskyy T, Schroth P, Grigoriev D, Minkevich AA, Hu DZ, Schaadt DM, Baumbach T. A portable molecular beam epitaxy system for in situ x-ray investigations at synchrotron beamlines. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:105112. [PMID: 23126809 DOI: 10.1063/1.4759495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A portable synchrotron molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system is designed and applied for in situ investigations. The growth chamber is equipped with all the standard MBE components such as effusion cells with shutters, main shutter, cooling shroud, manipulator, reflection high energy electron diffraction setup, and pressure gauges. The characteristic feature of the system is the beryllium windows which are used for in situ x-ray measurements. An UHV sample transfer case allows in vacuo transfer of samples prepared elsewhere. We describe the system design and demonstrate its performance by investigating the annealing process of buried InGaAs self-organized quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Slobodskyy
- Institute for Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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13
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Kaune G, Metwalli E, Meier R, Körstgens V, Schlage K, Couet S, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Growth and morphology of sputtered aluminum thin films on P3HT surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1055-62. [PMID: 21384828 DOI: 10.1021/am101195m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth and morphology of an aluminum (Al) contact on a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film are investigated with X-ray methods and related to the interactions at the Al:P3HT interface. Grazing incidence small-angle scattering (GISAXS) is applied in situ during Al sputter deposition to monitor the growth of the layer. A growth mode is found, in which the polymer surface is wetted and rapidly covered with a continuous layer. This growth type results in a homogeneous film without voids and is explained by the strong chemical interaction between Al and P3HT, which suppresses the formation of three-dimensional cluster structures. A corresponding three stage growth model (surface bonding, agglomeration, and layer growth) is derived. X-ray reflectivity shows the penetration of Al atoms into the P3HT film during deposition and the presence of a 2 nm thick intermixing layer at the Al:P3HT interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunar Kaune
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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14
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Abul Kashem MM, Kaune G, Diethert A, Wang W, Schlage K, Couet S, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Selective Doping of Block Copolymer Nanodomains by Sputter Deposition of Iron. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102690b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mottakin M. Abul Kashem
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunar Kaune
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Alexander Diethert
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Weinan Wang
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couet
- HASYLAB at DESY, Notke Str. 85, Hamburg, Germany
- Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica and INPAC, Celestijnenlaan 200D, K.U. Leuven, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department E13, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Buffet A, Abul Kashem MM, Schlage K, Couet S, Röhlsberger R, Rothkirch A, Herzog G, Metwalli E, Meier R, Kaune G, Rawolle M, Müller-Buschbaum P, Gehrke R, Roth SV. Time-resolved ultrathin cobalt film growth on a colloidal polymer template. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:343-346. [PMID: 21117670 DOI: 10.1021/la102900v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt (Co) sputter deposition onto a colloidal polymer template is investigated using grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). SEM and AFM data picture the sample topography, GISAXS the surface and near-surface film structure. A two-phase model is proposed to describe the time evolution of the Co growth. The presence of the colloidal template results in the correlated deposition of an ultrathin Co film on the sample surface and thus in the creation of Co capped polystyrene (PS) colloids. Well below the percolation threshold, the radial growth is restricted and only height growth is observed.
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16
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Wang W, Kaune G, Perlich J, Papadakis CM, Bivigou Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Cubitt R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Swelling and switching kinetics of gold coated end-capped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) thin films. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Wang
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - G. Kaune
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Perlich
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. M. Papadakis
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - A. M. Bivigou Koumba
- Institut für Chemie, Potsdam Universität, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - A. Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Potsdam Universität, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - K. Schlage
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Röhlsberger
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. V. Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Cubitt
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 6 Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Müller-Buschbaum
- TU München, Physik-Department LS E13, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Kaune G, Ruderer MA, Metwalli E, Wang W, Couet S, Schlage K, Röhlsberger R, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. In situ GISAXS study of gold film growth on conducting polymer films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:353-360. [PMID: 20353223 DOI: 10.1021/am8000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a thin gold film on a conducting polymer surface from nucleation to formation of a continuous layer with a thickness of several nanometers is investigated in situ with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Time resolution is achieved by performing the experiment in cycles of gold deposition on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and subsequently recording the GISAXS data. The 2D GISAXS patterns are simulated, and morphological parameters of the gold film on PVK such as the cluster size, shape, and correlation distance are extracted. For the quantitative description of the cluster size evolution, scaling laws are applied. The time evolution of the cluster morphology is explained with a growth model, suggesting a cluster growth proceeding in four steps, each dominated by a characteristic kinetic process: nucleation, lateral growth, coarsening, and vertical growth. A very limited amount of 6.5 wt % gold is observed to be incorporated inside a 1.2-nm-thick enrichment layer in the PVK film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunar Kaune
- Physik Department LS E13, Technische Universität Munchen, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching, Germany
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