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Liu A. Measuring Exciton Fine-Structure in Randomly Oriented Perovskite Nanocrystal Ensembles Using Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy: Theory. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050801. [PMID: 35269289 PMCID: PMC8912615 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) exhibit unique optoelectronic properties, many of which originate from a purported bright-triplet exciton fine-structure. A major impediment to measuring this fine-structure is inhomogeneous spectral broadening, which has limited most experimental studies to single-nanocrystal spectroscopies. It is shown here that the linearly polarized single-particle selection rules in PNCs are preserved in nonlinear spectroscopies of randomly oriented ensembles. Simulations incorporating rotational averaging demonstrate that techniques such as transient absorption and two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy are capable of resolving exciton fine-structure in PNCs, even in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening and orientation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Condensed Matter Dynamics Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bonato LG, Nagamine G, Zagonel LF, Nogueira AF, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy reveals triplet state coherences in cesium lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eabb3594. [PMID: 33523833 PMCID: PMC7775787 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in optoelectronics require materials with novel and engineered characteristics. A class of materials that has garnered tremendous interest is metal-halide perovskites, stimulated by meteoric increases in photovoltaic efficiencies of perovskite solar cells. In addition, recent advances have applied perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) in light-emitting devices. It was found recently that, for cesium lead-halide perovskite NCs, their unusually efficient light emission may be due to a unique excitonic fine structure composed of three bright triplet states that minimally interact with a proximal dark singlet state. To study this fine structure without isolating single NCs, we use multidimensional coherent spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures to reveal coherences involving triplet states of a CsPbI3 NC ensemble. Picosecond time scale dephasing times are measured for both triplet and inter-triplet coherences, from which we infer a unique exciton fine structure level ordering composed of a dark state energetically positioned within the bright triplet manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Luiz G Bonato
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Nagamine
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Zagonel
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana F Nogueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lazaro A Padilha
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - S T Cundiff
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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Wahlstrand JK, Wernsing GM, Paul J, Bristow AD. Automated polarization-dependent multidimensional coherent spectroscopy phased using transient absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31790-31799. [PMID: 31684404 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An experimental apparatus is described for multidimensional optical spectroscopy with fully automated polarization control, based on liquid crystal variable retarders. Polarization dependence of rephasing two-dimensional coherent spectra are measured in a single scan, with absolute phasing performed for all polarization configurations through a single automated auxiliary measurement at the beginning of the scan. A factor of three improvement in acquisition time is demonstrated, compared to the apparatus without automated polarization control. Results are presented for a GaAs quantum well sample and an InGaAs quantum well embedded in a microcavity.
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4
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Non-Markovian Exciton-Phonon Interactions in Core-Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots at Femtosecond Timescales. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:057403. [PMID: 31491330 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.057403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We perform two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy on CdSe/CdZnS core-shell colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. In the two-dimensional spectra, sidebands due to electronic coupling with CdSe lattice LO-phonon modes are observed to have evolutions deviating from the exponential dephasing expected from Markovian spectral diffusion, which is instantaneous and memoryless. Comparison to simulations provides evidence that LO-phonon coupling induces energy-gap fluctuations on the finite timescales of nuclear motion. The femtosecond resolution of our technique probes exciton dynamics directly on the timescales of phonon coupling in nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liu
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - D B Almeida
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - W K Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - L A Padilha
- Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S T Cundiff
- Physics Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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5
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of CdSe colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920503011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One-quantum and zero-quantum multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy are used to study CdSe colloidal quantum dots at cryogenic temperatures. Each technique reveals unique aspects of the electron-phonon coupling dynamics in the material.
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6
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Abstract
Optical multdimensional coherent spectroscopy has recently been the subject of significant activity. While two-dimensional spectroscopy is most common, it is possible to extend the method into three dimensions. This perspective reviews the different approaches to three-dimensional spectroscopy and the systems that have been studied with it. The advantages of adding an additional dimension are discussed and compared to the resulting experimental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cundiff
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology & University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0440 USA.
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7
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Tollerud JO, Hall CR, Davis JA. Isolating quantum coherence using coherent multi-dimensional spectroscopy with spectrally shaped pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6719-6733. [PMID: 24664021 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how spectral shaping in coherent multidimensional spectroscopy can isolate specific signal pathways and directly access quantitative details. By selectively exciting pathways involving a coherent superposition of exciton states we are able to identify, isolate and analyse weak coherent coupling between spatially separated excitons in an asymmetric double quantum well. Analysis of the isolated signal elucidates details of the coherent interactions between the spatially separated excitons. With a dynamic range exceeding 10(4) in electric field amplitude, this approach facilitates quantitative comparisons of different signal pathways and a comprehensive description of the electronic states and their interactions.
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8
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Nardin G, Moody G, Singh R, Autry TM, Li H, Morier-Genoud F, Cundiff ST. Coherent excitonic coupling in an asymmetric double InGaAs quantum well arises from many-body effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:046402. [PMID: 24580472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.046402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study an asymmetric double InGaAs quantum well using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. The collection of zero-quantum, one-quantum, and two-quantum two-dimensional spectra provides a unique and comprehensive picture of the double well coherent optical response. Coherent and incoherent contributions to the coupling between the two quantum well excitons are clearly separated. An excellent agreement with density matrix calculations reveals that coherent interwell coupling originates from many-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nardin
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Rohan Singh
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Travis M Autry
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - François Morier-Genoud
- Laboratory of Quantum Optoelectronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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9
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Li H, Bristow AD, Siemens ME, Moody G, Cundiff ST. Unraveling quantum pathways using optical 3D Fourier-transform spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1390. [PMID: 23340430 PMCID: PMC3562465 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting and controlling quantum mechanical phenomena require knowledge of the system Hamiltonian. A detailed understanding of the quantum pathways used to construct the Hamiltonian is essential for deterministic control and improved performance of coherent control schemes. In complex systems, parameters characterizing the pathways, especially those associated with inter-particle interactions and coupling to the environment, can only be identified experimentally. Quantitative insight can be obtained provided the quantum pathways are isolated and independently analysed. Here we demonstrate this possibility in an atomic vapour using optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. By unfolding the system’s nonlinear response onto three frequency dimensions, three-dimensional spectra unambiguously reveal transition energies, relaxation rates and dipole moments of each pathway. The results demonstrate the unique capacity of this technique as a powerful tool for resolving the complex nature of quantum systems. This experiment is a critical step in the pursuit of complete experimental characterization of a system’s Hamiltonian. Knowledge of the Hamiltonian of a quantum system is essential for predicting and controlling its behaviour. Li et al. use optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy to separate and study each pathway, gaining quantitative insight into the quantum pathways of an atomic vapour Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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10
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Dey P, Paul J, Bylsma J, Deminico S, Karaiskaj D. Continuously tunable optical multidimensional Fourier-transform spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:023107. [PMID: 23464195 DOI: 10.1063/1.4792378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A multidimensional optical nonlinear spectrometer (MONSTR) is a robust, ultrastable platform consisting of nested and folded Michelson interferometers that can be actively phase stabilized. The MONSTR provides output pulses for nonlinear excitation of materials and phase-stabilized reference pulses for heterodyne detection of the induced signal. This platform generates a square of identical laser pulses that can be adjusted to have arbitrary time delays between them while maintaining phase stability. This arrangement is ideal for performing coherent optical experiments, such as multidimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The present work reports on overcoming some important limitations on the original design of the MONSTR apparatus. One important advantage of the MONSTR is the fact that it is a closed platform, which provides the high stability. Once the optical alignment is performed, it is desirable to maintain the alignment over long periods of time. The previous design of the MONSTR was limited to a narrow spectral range defined by the optical coating of the beam splitters. In order to achieve tunability over a broad spectral range the internal optics needed to be changed. By using broadband coated and wedged beam splitters and compensator plates, combined with modifications of the beam paths, continuous tunability can be achieved from 520 nm to 1100 nm without changing any optics or performing alignment of the internal components of the MONSTR. Furthermore, in order to achieve continuous tunability in the spectral region between 520 nm and 720 nm, crucially important for studies on numerous biological molecules, a single longitudinal mode laser at 488.5 nm was identified and used as a metrology laser. The shorter wavelength of the metrology laser as compared to the usual HeNe laser has also increased the phase stability of the system. Finally, in order to perform experiments in the reflection geometry, a simple method to achieve active phase stabilization between the signal and the reference beams has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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11
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Turner DB, Dinshaw R, Lee KK, Belsley MS, Wilk KE, Curmi PMG, Scholes GD. Quantitative investigations of quantum coherence for a light-harvesting protein at conditions simulating photosynthesis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:4857-74. [PMID: 22374579 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23670b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent measurements using two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D ES) have shown that the initial dynamic response of photosynthetic proteins can involve quantum coherence. We show how electronic coherence can be differentiated from vibrational coherence in 2D ES. On that basis we conclude that both electronic and vibrational coherences are observed in the phycobiliprotein light-harvesting complex PC645 from Chroomonas sp. CCMP270 at ambient temperature. These light-harvesting antenna proteins of the cryptophyte algae are suspended in the lumen, where the pH drops significantly under sustained illumination by sunlight. Here we measured 2D ES of PC645 at increasing levels of acidity to determine if the change in pH affects the quantum coherence; quantitative analysis reveals that the dynamics are insensitive to the pH change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Optical Sciences, and Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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12
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Turner DB, Stone KW, Gundogdu K, Nelson KA. Invited article: The coherent optical laser beam recombination technique (COLBERT) spectrometer: coherent multidimensional spectroscopy made easier. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:081301. [PMID: 21895226 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient spectrometer capable of performing a wide variety of coherent multidimensional measurements at optical wavelengths. The two major components of the largely automated device are a spatial beam shaper which controls the beam geometry and a spatiotemporal pulse shaper which controls the temporal waveform of the femtosecond pulse in each beam. We describe how to construct, calibrate, and operate the device, and we discuss its limitations. We use the exciton states of a semiconductor nanostructure as a working example. A series of complex multidimensional spectra-displayed in amplitude and real parts-reveals increasingly intricate correlations among the excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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13
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Davis JA, Hall CR, Dao LV, Nugent KA, Quiney HM, Tan HH, Jagadish C. Three-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of excitons in asymmetric double quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:044510. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3613679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - C. R. Hall
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - L. V. Dao
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - K. A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-Ray Science, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - H. H. Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - C. Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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14
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Karadimitriou ME, Kavousanaki EG, Dani KM, Fromer NA, Perakis IE. Strong electronic correlation effects in coherent multidimensional nonlinear optical spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5634-47. [PMID: 21395320 DOI: 10.1021/jp1118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We discuss a many-body theory of the coherent ultrafast nonlinear optical response of systems with a strongly correlated electronic ground state that responds unadiabatically to photoexcitation. We introduce a truncation of quantum kinetic density matrix equations of motion that does not rely on an expansion in terms of the interactions and thus applies to strongly correlated systems. For this we expand in terms of the optical field, separate out contributions to the time-evolved many-body state due to correlated and uncorrelated multiple optical transitions, and use "Hubbard operator" density matrices to describe the exact dynamics of the individual contributions within a subspace of strongly coupled states, including "pure dephasing". Our purpose is to develop a quantum mechanical tool capable of exploring how, by coherently photoexciting selected modes, one can trigger nonlinear dynamics of strongly coupled degrees of freedom. Such dynamics could lead to photoinduced phase transitions. We apply our theory to the nonlinear response of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a magnetic field. We coherently photoexcite the two lowest Landau level (LL) excitations using three time-delayed optical pulses. We identify some striking temporal and spectral features due to dynamical coupling of the two LLs facilitated by inter-Landau-level magnetoplasmon and magnetoroton excitations and compare to three-pulse four-wave-mixing (FWM) experiments. We show that these features depend sensitively on the dynamics of four-particle correlations between an electron-hole pair and a magnetoplasmon/magnetoroton, reminiscent of exciton-exciton correlations in undoped semiconductors. Our results shed light into unexplored coherent dynamics and relaxation of the quantum Hall system (QHS) and can provide new insight into non-equilibrium co-operative phenomena in strongly correlated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Karadimitriou
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71003, Greece
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15
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Davis JA, Calhoun TR, Nugent KA, Quiney HM. Ultrafast optical multidimensional spectroscopy without interferometry. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3528985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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16
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Mukamel S, Nagata Y. Quantum field, interference, and entanglement effects in nonlinear optical spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Kuehn W, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T, Hey R. Two-dimensional terahertz correlation spectra of electronic excitations in semiconductor quantum wells. J Phys Chem B 2010; 115:5448-55. [PMID: 21171588 DOI: 10.1021/jp1099046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We discuss a novel approach for nonlinear two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy in the terahertz (THz) frequency range which is based on a collinear interaction geometry of a sequence of THz pulses with the sample. The nonlinear polarization is determined by a phase-resolved measurement of the electric field transmitted through the sample as a function of the delay τ between two phase-locked pulses and the "real" time t. The information provided by a single 2D scan along the τ and t axes is equivalent to that from a noncollinear photon-echo setup equipped with four local oscillators, each interacting with a different diffracted order. We address basic concepts of collinear 2D THz spectroscopy, in particular data analysis and phasing issues. Different rephasing and nonrephasing contributions to the third-order response are separated and 2D correlation spectra derived. As a prototype application, 2D correlation spectra of intersubband excitations of electrons in semiconductor quantum wells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuehn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Nemeth A, Milota F, Mančal T, Pullerits T, Sperling J, Hauer J, Kauffmann HF, Christensson N. Double-quantum two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of a three-level system: Experiments and simulations. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:094505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3474995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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19
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Richter M, Mukamel S. Ultrafast double-quantum-coherence spectroscopy of excitons with entangled photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2010; 28:138201-138207. [PMID: 21804748 PMCID: PMC3144520 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.82.013820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We calculate the four-wave-mixing signal of excitons generated at k(4) = k(1) + k(2) - k(3) by two pulsed entangled photon pairs (k(1), k(2))and(k(3), k(4)), where all four modes are chronologically ordered. Entangled photons offer an unusual combination of bandwidths and temporal resolution not possible by classical beams. Contributions from different resonances can be selected by varying the parameters of the photon wave function. The signal scales linearly rather than quadratically with the laser field intensity, which allows performance of the measurements at low powers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Richter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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20
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Turner DB, Stone KW, Gundogdu K, Nelson KA. Three-dimensional electronic spectroscopy of excitons in GaAs quantum wells. J Chem Phys 2010; 131:144510. [PMID: 19831455 DOI: 10.1063/1.3245964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) electronic Fourier transform spectroscopy of GaAs quantum wells using four fully phase-coherent, noncollinear optical fields. Since the full complex signal field is measured as a function of all three time intervals, nearly every peak in the resulting 3D spectral solid arises from a distinguishable sequence of transitions represented by a single Feynman pathway. We use the 3D spectral peaks to separate two pathways involving weakly bound mixed biexcitons generated in different time orders. In the process, we reveal a peak that was previously obscured by a correlated but unbound exciton pair coherence. We also demonstrate a calibration procedure for the carrier frequency which yields biexciton binding energy values with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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21
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Miller RJD, Paarmann A, Prokhorenko VI. Diffractive optics based four-wave, six-wave, ..., nu-wave nonlinear spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1442-51. [PMID: 19469495 DOI: 10.1021/ar900040f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of chemical processes requires information about both structure and dynamics. By definition, a reaction involves nonstationary states and is a dynamic process. Structure describes the atomic positions at global minima in the nuclear potential energy surface. Dynamics are related to the anharmonicities in this potential that couple different minima and lead to changes in atomic positions (reactions) and correlations. Studies of molecular dynamics can be configured to directly access information on the anharmonic interactions that lead to chemical reactions and are as central to chemistry as structural information. In this regard, nonlinear spectroscopies have distinct advantages over more conventional linear spectroscopies. Because of this potential, nonlinear spectroscopies could eventually attain a comparable level of importance for studying dynamics on the relevant time scales to barrier crossings and reactive processes as NMR has for determining structure. Despite this potential, nonlinear spectroscopy has not attained the same degree of utility as linear spectroscopy largely because nonlinear studies are more technically challenging. For example, unlike the linear spectrometers that exist in almost all chemistry departments, there are no "black box" four-wave mixing spectrometers. This Account describes recent advances in the application of diffractive optics (DOs) to nonlinear spectroscopy, which reduces the complexity level of this technology to be closer to that of linear spectroscopy. The combination of recent advances in femtosecond laser technology and this single optic approach could bring this form of spectroscopy out of the exclusive realm of specialists and into the general user community. However, the real driving force for this research is the pursuit of higher sensitivity limits, which would enable new forms of nonlinear spectroscopy. This Account chronicles the research that has now extended nonlinear spectroscopy to six-wave processes and to a completely generalized "nu-wave" mixing form to fully control state preparation and coherences. For example, direct observation of global protein motions and energetics has led to the collective mode coupling model to understand structure-function correlations in biological systems. Direct studies of the hydrogen bond network of liquid H(2)O have recently shown that both intramolecular and intermolecular degrees of freedom are strongly coupled so that the primary excitations of water have an excitonic-like character. This fundamentally different view of liquid water has now resolved a 100-year-old problem of homogeneous versus inhomogeneous broadening of the vibrational line shapes. By adding programmable pulse shaping, we can access new information about the many-body interactions directly relevant to chemical reaction dynamics. We can also steer the course of the reaction along multidimensional surfaces to provide information about fluctuations far from the equilibrium, which are most relevant to chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Dwayne Miller
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexander Paarmann
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Valentyn I. Prokhorenko
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, 80 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Cundiff ST, Zhang T, Bristow AD, Karaiskaj D, Dai X. Optical two-dimensional fourier transform spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum wells. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1423-32. [PMID: 19555068 DOI: 10.1021/ar9000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coherent light-matter interactions of direct-gap semiconductor nanostructures provide a great test system for fundamental research into quantum electronics and many-body physics. The understanding gained from studying these interactions can facilitate the design of optoelectronic devices. Recently, we have used optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy to explore coherent light-matter interactions in semiconductor quantum wells. Using three laser pulses to generate a four-wave-mixing signal, we acquire spectra by tracking the phase of the signal with respect to two time axes and then Fourier transforming them. In this Account, we show several two-dimensional projections and demonstrate techniques to isolate different contributions to the coherent response of semiconductors. The low-temperature spectrum of semiconductor quantum wells is dominated by excitons, which are electron-hole pairs bound through Coulombic interactions. Excitons are sensitive to their electronic and structural environment, which influences their optical resonance energies and line widths. In near perfect quantum wells, a small fluctuation of the quantum well thickness leads to spatial localization of the center-of-mass wave function of the excitons and inhomogeneous broadening of the optical resonance. The inhomogeneous broadening often masks the homogeneous line widths associated with the scattering of the excitons. In addition to forming excitons, Coulombic correlations also form excitonic molecules, called biexcitons. Therefore, the coherent response of the quantum wells encompasses the intra-action and interaction of both excitons and biexcitons in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening. Transient four-wave-mixing studies combined with microscopic theories have determined that many-body interactions dominate the strong coherent response from quantum wells. Although the numerous competing interactions cannot be easily separated in either the spectral or temporal domains, they can be separated using two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. The most common two-dimensional Fourier spectra are S(I)(omega(tau),T,omega(t)) in which the second time period is held fixed. The result is a spectrum that unfolds congested one-dimensional spectra, separates excitonic pathways, and shows which excitons are coherently coupled. This method also separates the biexciton contributions and isolates the homogeneous and inhomogeneous line widths. For semiconductor excitons, the line shape in the real part of the spectrum is sensitive to the many-body interactions, which we can suppress by exploiting polarization selection rules. In an alternative two-dimensional projection, S(I)(tau,omega(Tau),omega(t)), the nonradiative Raman coherent interactions are isolated. Finally, we show S(III)(tau,omega(Tau),omega(t)) spectra that isolate the two-quantum coherences associated with the biexciton. These spectra reveal previously unobserved many-body correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Cundiff
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390
| | - Alan D. Bristow
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
| | - Denis Karaiskaj
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
| | - Xingcan Dai
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440
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Kuehn W, Reimann K, Woerner M, Elsaesser T. Phase-resolved two-dimensional spectroscopy based on collinear n-wave mixing in the ultrafast time domain. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:164503. [PMID: 19405590 DOI: 10.1063/1.3120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel approach for femtosecond two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy in the midinfrared combining a collinear beam geometry and phase-resolved detection. Two phase-locked pulses of variable time delay tau interact with the sample. The transmitted electric fields are measured in real time t by electro-optic sampling. 2D spectra are generated by Fourier transforming the signal along the two time axes tau and t. In the 2D spectra, nonlinear signals originating from different orders n in the electric field are separated. Such decomposition of the overall response is demonstrated by mapping the nonlinear response of intersubband transitions in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple quantum wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kuehn
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Bristow AD, Karaiskaj D, Dai X, Zhang T, Carlsson C, Hagen KR, Jimenez R, Cundiff ST. A versatile ultrastable platform for optical multidimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:073108. [PMID: 19655944 DOI: 10.1063/1.3184103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The JILA multidimensional optical nonlinear spectrometer (JILA-MONSTR) is a robust, ultrastable platform consisting of nested and folded Michelson interferometers that can be actively phase stabilized. This platform generates a square of identical laser pulses that can be adjusted to have arbitrary time delay between them while maintaining phase stability. The JILA-MONSTR provides output pulses for nonlinear excitation of materials and phase-stabilized reference pulses for heterodyne detection of the induced signal. This arrangement is ideal for performing coherent optical experiments, such as multidimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy, which records the phase of the nonlinear signal as a function of the time delay between several of the excitation pulses. The resulting multidimensional spectrum is obtained from a Fourier transform. This spectrum can resolve, separate, and isolate coherent contributions to the light-matter interactions associated with electronic excitation at optical frequencies. To show the versatility of the JILA-MONSTR, several demonstrations of two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy are presented, including an example of a phase-cycling scheme that reduces noise. Also shown is a spectrum that accesses two-quantum coherences, where all excitation pulses require phase locking for detection of the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bristow
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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