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Kathmann SM. Electric fields and potentials in condensed phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23836-23849. [PMID: 34647950 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03571a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electric fields and potentials inside and at the interface of matter are relevant to many branches of physics, chemistry, and biology. Accurate quantification of these fields and/or potentials is essential to control and exploit chemical and physical transformations. Before we understand the response of matter to external fields, it is first important to understand the intrinsic interior and interfacial fields and potentials, both classically and quantum mechanically, as well as how they are probed experimentally. Here we compare and contrast, beginning with the hydrogen atom in vacuum and ending with concentrated aqueous NaCl electrolyte, both classical and quantum mechanical electric potentials and fields. We make contact with experimental vibrational Stark, electrochemical, X-ray, and electron spectroscopic probes of these potentials and fields, outline relevant conceptual difficulties, and underscore the advantage of electron holography as a basis to better understand electrostatics in matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Kathmann
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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2
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Onuki A. Long-range correlations of polarization and number densities in dilute electrolytes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:234501. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0030763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Onuki
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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3
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Chen Y, Okur HI, Dupertuis N, Dedic J, Wilkins DM, Ceriotti M, Roke S. Comment on "Water-water correlations in electrolyte solutions probed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering" [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 214505 (2017)]. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:167101. [PMID: 30384715 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The work by Shelton [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 214505 (2017)] discussed and interpreted differences with a previous study by Chen et al. [Sci. Adv. 2, e1501891 (2016)] regarding the influence of electrolytes on the structure of water. It is argued by Shelton [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 214505 (2017)] that impurities and hyper-Raman scattering contributions are the reasons for differences in the measured second harmonic intensity between the above two studies. Here, we show that these proposed effects are not relevant and discuss the influence of pulse parameters, focusing on pulse duration, since these two sets of experiments are performed with substantially different pulse durations, 100 ns and 190 fs, respectively. We show that inelastic higher-order effects play a role in the experiment with 100 ns laser pulses (the probed structure is that of the electrolyte solution that is modified by a laser pulse), while in the experiment with 190 fs laser pulses, only the elastic second-order response is measured (probing the unperturbed water structure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institutes of Bio-Engineering (IBI) and Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H I Okur
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institutes of Bio-Engineering (IBI) and Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Dupertuis
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institutes of Bio-Engineering (IBI) and Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Dedic
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institutes of Bio-Engineering (IBI) and Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D M Wilkins
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling (COSMO), Institute of Materials (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling (COSMO), Institute of Materials (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Roke
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institutes of Bio-Engineering (IBI) and Materials Science (IMX) and Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Borgis D, Belloni L, Levesque M. What Does Second-Harmonic Scattering Measure in Diluted Electrolytes? J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3698-3702. [PMID: 29902007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We derive a theoretical expression of the second harmonic scattering signal in diluted electrolytes compared with bulk water. We show that the enhancement of the signal with respect to pure water observed recently for electrolytes at very low dilution in the micromolar range is a mere manifestation of the Debye screening that makes the infinite-range dipole-dipole solvent correlations in 1/ r3 disappear as soon as the ionic concentration becomes finite. In q space, this translates into a correlation function having a well known singular behavior around q = 0, which drives the observed ionic effects. We find that the signal is independent of the ion-induced long-range behavior of the function ⟨cos ϕ( r)⟩ that has been recently discussed. We find also that the enhancement depends on the experimental geometry and occurs only for in-plane polarization detection, as observed experimentally. On the contrary, the measured isotope effect between light and heavy water cannot be fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borgis
- Maison de la Simulation , USR 3441 CNRS-CEA-Université Paris-Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Luc Belloni
- LIONS, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Maximilien Levesque
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure , PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS , 75005 Paris , France
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Abstract
Proteins interact with their aqueous surroundings, thereby modifying the physical properties of the solvent. The extent of this perturbation has been investigated by numerous methods in the past half-century, but a consensus has still not emerged regarding the spatial range of the perturbation. To a large extent, the disparate views found in the current literature can be traced to the lack of a rigorous definition of the perturbation range. Stating that a particular solvent property differs from its bulk value at a certain distance from the protein is not particularly helpful since such findings depend on the sensitivity and precision of the technique used to probe the system. What is needed is a well-defined decay length, an intrinsic property of the protein in a dilute aqueous solution, that specifies the length scale on which a given physical property approaches its bulk-water value. Based on molecular dynamics simulations of four small globular proteins, we present such an analysis of the structural and dynamic properties of the hydrogen-bonded solvent network. The results demonstrate unequivocally that the solvent perturbation is short-ranged, with all investigated properties having exponential decay lengths of less than one hydration shell. The short range of the perturbation is a consequence of the high energy density of bulk water, rendering this solvent highly resistant to structural perturbations. The electric field from the protein, which under certain conditions can be long-ranged, induces a weak alignment of water dipoles, which, however, is merely the linear dielectric response of bulk water and, therefore, should not be thought of as a structural perturbation. By decomposing the first hydration shell into polarity-based subsets, we find that the hydration structure of the nonpolar parts of the protein surface is similar to that of small nonpolar solutes. For all four examined proteins, the mean number of water-water hydrogen bonds in the nonpolar subset is within 1% of the value in bulk water, suggesting that the fragmentation and topography of the nonpolar protein-water interface has evolved to minimize the propensity for protein aggregation by reducing the unfavorable free energy of hydrophobic hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Persson
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pär Söderhjelm
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bertil Halle
- Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Rodriquez MB, Shelton DP. What is measured by hyper-Rayleigh scattering from a liquid? J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134504. [PMID: 29626871 DOI: 10.1063/1.5012901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization and angle dependence of hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measured for liquid acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is analyzed in terms of contributions from randomly oriented molecules and additional contributions produced during intermolecular collisions and induced by the electric field of dissolved ions. All three contributions show the effect of long-range correlation, and the correlation functions are determined using the HRS observations combined with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. HRS from acetonitrile is polarized transverse to the scattering vector. This is due to long-range molecular orientation correlation produced by the dipole-dipole interaction, and correlation at distances r > 100 nm must be included to account for the HRS observations. Analysis of the HRS measurements for acetonitrile determines the length scale a = 0.185 nm for the long-range longitudinal and transverse orientation correlation functions BL=-2BT=a3/r3. Transverse polarized collision-induced HRS is also observed for acetonitrile, indicating long-range correlation of intermolecular modes. Strong longitudinal HRS is induced by the radial electric field of dissolved ions in acetonitrile. For DMSO, the angle between the molecular dipole and the vector part of the first hyperpolarizability tensor is about 100°. As a result, HRS from the randomly oriented molecules in DMSO is nearly unaffected by dipole correlation, and ion-induced HRS is weak. The strong longitudinal polarized HRS observed for DMSO is due to the collision-induced contribution, indicating long-range correlation of intermolecular modes. The HRS observations require correlation that has r-3 long-range asymptotic form, for molecular orientation and for intermolecular vibration and libration, for both acetonitrile and DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal B Rodriquez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
| | - David P Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
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Shelton DP. Water-water correlations in electrolyte solutions probed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4998589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
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Jiao Y, Adams BW, Dohn AO, Møller KB, Jónsson H, Rose-Petruck C. Ultrafast X-ray absorption study of longitudinal-transverse phonon coupling in electrolyte aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27266-27274. [PMID: 28990021 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02978k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast X-ray absorption spectroscopy is applied to study the conversion of longitudinal to transverse phonons in aqueous solution. Permanganate solutes serve as X-ray probe molecules that permit the measurement of the conversion of 13.5 GHz, longitudinal phonons to 27 GHz, transverse phonons that propagate with high-frequency sound speed. The experimental results, combined with QM/MM MD simulations, show that the hydrogen bond network around the charged solutes has a glass-like stiffness that persists for at least tens of picoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuo Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, 324 Brook St., Box H, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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9
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Wilkins DM, Manolopoulos DE, Roke S, Ceriotti M. Communication: Mean-field theory of water-water correlations in electrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4983221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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10
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Shelton DP. Orientation correlation and local field in liquid nitrobenzene. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:234506. [PMID: 27334178 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
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Chen Y, Okur HI, Gomopoulos N, Macias-Romero C, Cremer PS, Petersen PB, Tocci G, Wilkins DM, Liang C, Ceriotti M, Roke S. Electrolytes induce long-range orientational order and free energy changes in the H-bond network of bulk water. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501891. [PMID: 27152357 PMCID: PMC4846452 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrolytes interact with water in many ways: changing dipole orientation, inducing charge transfer, and distorting the hydrogen-bond network in the bulk and at interfaces. Numerous experiments and computations have detected short-range perturbations that extend up to three hydration shells around individual ions. We report a multiscale investigation of the bulk and surface of aqueous electrolyte solutions that extends from the atomic scale (using atomistic modeling) to nanoscopic length scales (using bulk and interfacial femtosecond second harmonic measurements) to the macroscopic scale (using surface tension experiments). Electrolytes induce orientational order at concentrations starting at 10 μM that causes nonspecific changes in the surface tension of dilute electrolyte solutions. Aside from ion-dipole interactions, collective hydrogen-bond interactions are crucial and explain the observed difference of a factor of 6 between light water and heavy water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Chen
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Halil I. Okur
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nikolaos Gomopoulos
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Macias-Romero
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul S. Cremer
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Poul B. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gabriele Tocci
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David M. Wilkins
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Chungwen Liang
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics, Institutes of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Strong short-range intermolecular interactions result in position and orientation correlations between nearest neighbour molecules in isotropic liquids, but it is generally assumed that such correlations extend at most a few molecular diameters. Results from second-harmonic light scattering experiments presented here reveal long-range molecular orientation correlations in liquid water, where the molecular dipole orientation distribution has the form of a nearly pure transverse vector field. Spatial scales in the range 200-2000 nm are probed by the angle-dependent measurements and the observed correlations are thought to result from rotation-translation coupling in acoustic phonons in the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
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13
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Hidalgo Cardenuto M, Champagne B. QM/MM investigation of the concentration effects on the second-order nonlinear optical responses of solutions. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:234104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4903545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Unité de Chimie Physique
Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur, rue de
Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 66318, 05314-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Unité de Chimie Physique
Théorique et Structurale, University of Namur, rue de
Bruxelles, 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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Abstract
The polarization dependence of hyper-Rayleigh scattering has been calculated for spherical domains of orientation correlated molecules. Distributions with radial or azimuthal mean polar orientation of the molecules are found that give results consistent with experimental observations, and expressions for the polarization ratios in terms of the product of correlation strength and correlated domain size are derived for these distributions. Assuming a plausible correlation strength, it is estimated that the correlated domain size in typical polar liquids is of order 100 molecular diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA.
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Shelton DP. Orientation correlation of p-nitroaniline molecules in acetone solution observed by hyper-Rayleigh scattering. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:054502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4789480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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16
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Chan YC, Wong KY. Study of the pair correlations between p-nitroaniline molecules in solution by depolarized hyper-Rayleigh scattering. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:174514. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4712031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Shelton DP. Accurate hyper-Rayleigh scattering polarization measurements. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:113103. [PMID: 22128962 DOI: 10.1063/1.3658481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Apparatus and methods are described for measurement of the polarization dependence of hyper-Rayleigh scattering near 90° scattering angle with 0.1% accuracy for all four configurations where the incident and scattered light is linear polarized either parallel or perpendicular to the scattering plane. Measurements are made with large collection aperture and extrapolated to zero collection numerical aperture (NA = 0). Fiber coupling allows the system to be easily reconfigured for either polarization or spectral measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Shelton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4002, USA
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Zhu J, Lu C, Cui Y, Zhang C, Lu G. Two-photon resonant hyperpolarizability of an H-shaped molecule studied by wavelength-tunable hyper-Rayleigh scattering. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:244503. [PMID: 21197998 DOI: 10.1063/1.3506421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wavelength dependent hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements have been performed by using a fluorescence spectrometer. With this detection strategy, first molecular hyperpolarizability (β) of a dual charge-transfer (H-shaped) chromophore and its monomer have been measured in two-photon resonance range from 670 to 950 nm as well as at off-resonance of 1064 nm. The absorption and resonance hyper-Rayleigh profiles can be simulated reasonably well with a common set of parameters. In addition, both resonance and off-resonance results show that β(0) per chromophore has a remarkable enhancement for the H-shaped molecule as large as 1.7, compared with that of the monomer, which could be ascribed to two physical effects: (1) coherent enhancement of two chromophores and (2) intramolecular dipole-dipole interaction, which was confirmed by their fluorescence-decay behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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20
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Shelton DP. Long range dipole–dipole correlations in nitrobenzene–benzene solutions. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:234507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3517221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Shelton DP. Nonlocal hyper-Rayleigh scattering from liquid nitrobenzene. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:154506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3385893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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