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Yin Z, Zhang G, Xie Y, Chen Y, Chu S, Shao C, Song D, Zheng L, An P, Zhang J. A new mobile grazing-incidence X-ray absorption fine spectroscopy endstation at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. RADIATION DETECTION TECHNOLOGY AND METHODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41605-022-00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cząstka K, Oughli AA, Rüdiger O, DeBeer S. Enzymatic X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2022; 234:214-231. [PMID: 35142778 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to observe the changes that occur at an enzyme active site during electrocatalysis can provide very valuable information for understanding the mechanism and ultimately aid in catalyst design. Herein, we discuss the development of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in combination with electrochemistry for operando studies of enzymatic systems. XAS has had a long history of enabling geometric and electronic structural insights into the catalytic active sites of enzymes, however, XAS combined with electrochemistry (XA-SEC) has been exceedingly rare in bioinorganic applications. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of applying operando XAS to enzymatic electrocatalysts. The challenges due to the low concentration of the photoabsorber and the instability of the protein in the X-ray beam are discussed. Methods for immobilizing enzymes on the electrodes, while maintaining full redox control are highlighted. A case study of combined XAS and electrochemistry applied to a [NiFe] hydrogenase is presented. By entrapping the [NiFe] hydrogenase in a redox polymer, relatively high protein concentrations can be achieved on the electrode surface, while maintaining redox control. Overall, it is demonstrated that the experiments are feasible, but require precise redox control over the majority of the absorber atoms and careful controls to discriminate between electrochemically-driven changes and beam damage. Opportunities for future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Cząstka
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, DE, Germany.
| | - Alaa A Oughli
- Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Olaf Rüdiger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, DE, Germany.
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, DE, Germany.
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Gunduz S, Deka DJ, Kim J, Wilson M, Warren M, Ozkan US. Incident-angle dependent operando XAS cell design: investigation of the electrochemical cells under operating conditions at various incidence angles. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6456-6463. [PMID: 35423210 PMCID: PMC8694916 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09579f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An operando characterization of electrode materials under electrochemical reaction conditions is important for their further development. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) presents a unique opportunity in this regard as the absence of a vacuum chamber in this technique makes it possible to collect spectroscopy data using user-designed operando cells. In the current study, the design and performance of an operando XAS cell are evaluated for characterizing solid oxide electrolysis cell working electrodes under a reaction environment that mimics high-temperature ammonia production conditions from H2O and N2. Sr2FeMoO6−xNx (SFMON)-type double perovskite oxides were used as the cathode materials in these experiments. The operando cell contained a sample stage with a turnable head so that XAS data can be collected at different angles between the electrode and the X-ray beam with an accuracy of 0.5°. The mechanism to adjust the angle of incidence of the beam on the sample allows control over the depth of penetration of the X-ray photons into the electrode. At low angles, it becomes possible to collect surface sensitive data, which is of great importance as the electrochemical processes are believed to take place on the surface of the electrodes. Sr K-edge and Fe K-edge XAS collected at 2° and 45° angles showed that these the oxidation state changes occurring in these elements are different in the near-surface region compared to the bulk of the electrode. Such an ability to distinguish between the surface and bulk properties of the electrode during real reaction environment will help to understand the underlying phenomena better, which will enable electrode design targeted towards the reactions of interest. Bias and time-dependent changes in the oxidation state and the atomic environment of the atoms of a working electrode occur on the gas/electrode interface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seval Gunduz
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Dhruba J. Deka
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Jaesung Kim
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Mark Warren
- Dept. of Physics
- Illinois Institute of Technology
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Umit S. Ozkan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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Bardelli F, Giuli G, Di Benedetto F, Costagliola P, Montegrossi G, Rimondi V, Romanelli M, Pardi LA, Barone G, Mazzoleni P. Spectroscopic study of volcanic ashes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123213. [PMID: 32593939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic ashes particles are subjected to substantial modification during explosive eruptions. The mineralogical and compositional changes have important consequences on the environment and human health. Nevertheless, the relationship between the speciation of iron (Fe) and the mineralogical composition and particle granulometry of the ashes, along with their interaction with water, are largely unknown. In particular, the Fe oxidation state and the possible formation of new Fe-bearing phases in presence of S, Cl, and F in the plume are key points to assess the impact of the ashes. Fragmental material ejected during volcanic activity (tephra) in 2013, was collected on the Mt. Etna (Italy) and investigated using a multi-technique approach that included conventional Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), high field EPR (HFEPR), EchoEPR, and Fe K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). These element-selective techniques allowed obtaining a detailed information on the oxidation state and coordination environment of Fe, and of its speciation in the ash samples as a function of the granulometry. A complex mineralogical assemblage, consisting of variable amounts of nanometric crystalline Fe inclusions in a glass matrix, and of Fe-oxides and Fe-sulfur phases was revealed. A risk assessment of the ashes is attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bardelli
- CNR-Nanotec, c/o Department of Physics, La Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 - 00185 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Giuli
- School of Science and Technology-Geology Div., University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Benedetto
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4 - 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Pilar Costagliola
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4 - 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giordano Montegrossi
- CNR - Institute of Geosciences and Georesources, Via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Rimondi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4 - 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romanelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira, 4 - 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca A Pardi
- CNR - Institute of Chemical-Physical Processes. Via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Germana Barone
- Department of Geological, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 55 -95129 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Mazzoleni
- Department of Geological, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Corso Italia 55 -95129 Catania, Italy
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Abe H, Niwa Y, Kimura M. A surface sensitive hard X-ray spectroscopic method applied to observe the surface layer reduction reaction of Co oxide to Co metal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:24974-24977. [PMID: 33141129 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02155e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and easy surface sensitive spectroscopic method using hard X-rays has been developed and applied to observe the surface oxide reduction reaction. The method named TREXS, Total REflection X-ray Spectroscopy, records the total reflection of incident X-rays at sample surfaces. The surface reduction reaction of Co oxide (Co3O4) to Co metal was successfully observed by in situ TREXS measurements with a surface sensitivity of ∼2 nm. The in situ TREXS measurements were performed under H2 flow of N2 balanced atmospheric pressure with increasing temperature. This method, in situ TREXS, will be a suitable and powerful tool to observe a variety of surface chemical reactions and consequently to understand catalytic processes under realistic operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Abe
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
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Karydas AG, Czyzycki M, Leani JJ, Migliori A, Osan J, Bogovac M, Wrobel P, Vakula N, Padilla-Alvarez R, Menk RH, Gol MG, Antonelli M, Tiwari MK, Caliri C, Vogel-Mikuš K, Darby I, Kaiser RB. An IAEA multi-technique X-ray spectrometry endstation at Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste: benchmarking results and interdisciplinary applications. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:189-203. [PMID: 29271768 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) jointly with the Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (EST) operates a multipurpose X-ray spectrometry endstation at the X-ray Fluorescence beamline (10.1L). The facility has been available to external users since the beginning of 2015 through the peer-review process of EST. Using this collaboration framework, the IAEA supports and promotes synchrotron-radiation-based research and training activities for various research groups from the IAEA Member States, especially those who have limited previous experience and resources to access a synchrotron radiation facility. This paper aims to provide a broad overview about various analytical capabilities, intrinsic features and performance figures of the IAEA X-ray spectrometry endstation through the measured results. The IAEA-EST endstation works with monochromatic X-rays in the energy range 3.7-14 keV for the Elettra storage ring operating at 2.0 or 2.4 GeV electron energy. It offers a combination of different advanced analytical probes, e.g. X-ray reflectivity, X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements, grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence measurements, using different excitation and detection geometries, and thereby supports a comprehensive characterization for different kinds of nanostructured and bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Germanos Karydas
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Mateusz Czyzycki
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Juan José Leani
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Alessandro Migliori
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Janos Osan
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Mladen Bogovac
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Pawel Wrobel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Nikita Vakula
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Roman Padilla-Alvarez
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ralf Hendrik Menk
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA di Interesse Nazionale, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maryam Ghahremani Gol
- Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF), Larak Building (Garden), PO Box 19568-36484, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matias Antonelli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA di Interesse Nazionale, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manoj K Tiwari
- Synchrotrons Utilization Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Claudia Caliri
- Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN, Via Santa Sofia 62, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iain Darby
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ralf Bernd Kaiser
- Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Zhang X, Lourenço-Martins H, Meuret S, Kociak M, Haas B, Rouvière JL, Jouneau PH, Bougerol C, Auzelle T, Jalabert D, Biquard X, Gayral B, Daudin B. InGaN nanowires with high InN molar fraction: growth, structural and optical properties. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:195704. [PMID: 27041669 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/19/195704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The structural and optical properties of axial GaN/InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures with high InN molar fractions grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied at the nanoscale by a combination of electron microscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine structure and nano-cathodoluminescence techniques. InN molar fractions up to 50% have been successfully incorporated without extended defects, as evidence of nanowire potentialities for practical device realisation in such a composition range. Taking advantage of the N-polarity of the self-nucleated GaN NWs grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111), the N-polar InGaN stability temperature diagram has been experimentally determined and found to extend to a higher temperature than its metal-polar counterpart. Furthermore, annealing of GaN-capped InGaN NWs up to 800 °C has been found to result in a 20 times increase of photoluminescence intensity, which is assigned to point defect curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France. CEA, INAC-PHELIQS, 'Nanophysique et semiconducteurs' group, 38000 Grenoble, France. ALEDIA, 17 rue des martyrs, Bât. M23, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Cesca T, Kalinic B, Michieli N, Maurizio C, Trapananti A, Scian C, Battaglin G, Mazzoldi P, Mattei G. Au–Ag nanoalloy molecule-like clusters for enhanced quantum efficiency emission of Er3+ions in silica. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:28262-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01084e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
(Au–Ag)Nnanoalloy clusters made up ofN= 10–15 atoms increase by an order of magnitude the room temperature photoemission intensity of Er3+in silica, better than monometallic AuNclusters of the same size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cesca
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Boris Kalinic
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Niccolò Michieli
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Chiara Maurizio
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Angela Trapananti
- CNR-IOM-OGG c/o ESRF - The European Synchrotron
- CS 40220 F-38043 Grenoble
- France
| | - Carlo Scian
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Giancarlo Battaglin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice
- Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venice
- Italy
| | - Paolo Mazzoldi
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Mattei
- Physics and Astronomy Department and CNISM
- University of Padova
- I-35131 Padova
- Italy
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Pasquali L, Montecchi M, Nannarone S, Boscherini F. Atomic and electronic structure of ultrathin fluoride barrier layers at the oxide/Si interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:355003. [PMID: 21785187 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/35/355003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A SrF(2) ultrathin barrier layer on Si(001) is used to form a sharp interface and block reactivity and intermixing between the semiconductor and a Yb(2)O(3) overlayer. Yb(2)O(3)/Si(001) and Yb(2)O(3)/SrF(2)/Si(001) interfaces grown in ultra high vacuum by molecular beam epitaxy are studied by photoemission and x-ray absorption fine structure. Without the fluoride interlayer, Yb(2)O(3)/Si(001) presents an interface reacted region formed by SiO(x) and/or silicate compounds, which is about 9 Å thick and increases up to 14-15 Å after annealing at 500-700 °C. A uniform single layer of SrF(2) molecules blocks intermixing and reduces the oxidized Si region to 2.4 Å after deposition and to 3.5 Å after annealing at 500 °C. In both cases we estimate a conduction band offset and a valence band offset of ∼ 1.7 eV and 2.4 eV between the oxide and Si, respectively. X-ray absorption fine structure measurements at the Yb L(III) edge suggest that the Yb oxide films exhibit a significant degree of static disorder with and without the fluoride barrier. Sr K edge measurements indicate that the ultrathin fluoride films are reacted, with the formation of bonds between Si and Sr; the Sr-Sr and Sr-F interatomic distances in the ultrathin fluoride barrier film are relaxed to the bulk value.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pasquali
- Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vignolese 905, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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