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Spence C, Carvalho FM, Howes D. Metallic: A Bivalent Ambimodal Material Property? Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211037710. [PMID: 34540193 PMCID: PMC8447111 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211037710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many metallic visual stimuli, especially the so-called precious metals, have long had a rich symbolic meaning for humans. Intriguingly, however, while metallic is used to describe sensations associated with pretty much every sensory modality, the descriptor is normally positively valenced in the case of vision while typically being negatively valenced in the case of those metallic sensations that are elicited by the stimulation of the chemical senses. In fact, outside the visual modality, metallic would often appear to be used to describe those sensations that are unfamiliar and unpleasant as much as to refer to any identifiable perceptual quality (or attribute). In this review, we assess those sensory stimuli that people choose to refer to as metallic, summarising the multiple, often symbolic, meanings of (especially precious) metals. The evidence of positively valenced sensation transference from metallic serviceware (e.g., plates, cups, and cutlery) to the food and drink with which it comes into contact is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Centre for Sensory Studies, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - David Howes
- Centre for Sensory Studies, Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Picosecond Acoustics Technique to Measure the Sound Velocities of Fe-Si Alloys and Si Single-Crystals at High Pressure. MINERALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/min10030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a time resolved pump-probe laser technique—picosecond interferometry—which has been combined with diamond anvil cells (DAC). This method enables the measurement of the longitudinal sound velocity up to Mbar pressure for any kind of material (solids, liquids, metals, insulators). We also provide a description of picosecond acoustics data analysis in order to determine the complete set of elastic constants for single crystals. To illustrate such capabilities, results are given on the pressure dependence of the acoustic properties for prototypical cases: polycrystal (hcp-Fe-5 wt% Si up to 115 GPa) and single-crystal (Si up to 10 GPa).
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Zinin PV, Prakapenka VB, Burgess K, Odake S, Chigarev N, Sharma SK. Combined laser ultrasonics, laser heating, and Raman scattering in diamond anvil cell system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:123908. [PMID: 28040973 DOI: 10.1063/1.4972588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multi-functional in situ measurement system under high pressure equipped with a laser ultrasonics (LU) system, Raman device, and laser heating system (LU-LH) in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). The system consists of four components: (1) a LU-DAC system (probe and pump lasers, photodetector, and oscilloscope) and DAC; (2) a fiber laser, which is designed to allow precise control of the total power in the range from 2 to 100 W by changing the diode current, for heating samples; (3) a spectrometer for measuring the temperature of the sample (using black body radiation), fluorescence spectrum (spectrum of the ruby for pressure measurement), and Raman scattering measurements inside a DAC under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions; and (4) an optical system to focus laser beams on the sample and image it in the DAC. The system is unique and allows us to do the following: (a) measure the shear and longitudinal velocities of non-transparent materials under HPHT; (b) measure temperature in a DAC under HPHT conditions using Planck's law; (c) measure pressure in a DAC using a Raman signal; and (d) measure acoustical properties of small flat specimens removed from the DAC after HPHT treatment. In this report, we demonstrate that the LU-LH-DAC system allows measurements of velocities of the skimming waves in iron at 2580 K and 22 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Zinin
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Katherine Burgess
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Shoko Odake
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Nikolay Chigarev
- Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Maine, UMR-CNRS 6613, Université du Maine, Le Mans, France
| | - Shiv K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Ayrinhac S, Gauthier M, Le Marchand G, Morand M, Bergame F, Decremps F. Thermodynamic properties of liquid gallium from picosecond acoustic velocity measurements. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:275103. [PMID: 26061830 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/27/275103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to discrepancies in the literature data the thermodynamic properties of liquid gallium are still in debate. Accurate measurements of adiabatic sound velocities as a function of pressure and temperature have been obtained by the combination of laser picosecond acoustics and surface imaging on sample loaded in diamond anvil cell. From these results the thermodynamic parameters of gallium have been extracted by a numerical procedure up to 10 GPa and 570 K. It is demonstrated that a Murnaghan equation of state accounts well for the whole data set since the isothermal bulk modulus BT has been shown to vary linearly with pressure in the whole temperature range. No evidence for a previously reported liquid-liquid transition has been found in the whole pressure and temperature range explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ayrinhac
- Institut de Minéralogie de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD UMR 206, BC 115, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS Cedex 05 France
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Kono Y, Kenney-Benson C, Shibazaki Y, Park C, Wang Y, Shen G. X-ray imaging for studying behavior of liquids at high pressures and high temperatures using Paris-Edinburgh press. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:072207. [PMID: 26233347 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several X-ray techniques for studying structure, elastic properties, viscosity, and immiscibility of liquids at high pressures have been integrated using a Paris-Edinburgh press at the 16-BM-B beamline of the Advanced Photon Source. Here, we report the development of X-ray imaging techniques suitable for studying behavior of liquids at high pressures and high temperatures. White X-ray radiography allows for imaging phase separation and immiscibility of melts at high pressures, identified not only by density contrast but also by phase contrast imaging in particular for low density contrast liquids such as silicate and carbonate melts. In addition, ultrafast X-ray imaging, at frame rates up to ∼10(5) frames/second (fps) in air and up to ∼10(4) fps in Paris-Edinburgh press, enables us to investigate dynamics of liquids at high pressures. Very low viscosities of melts similar to that of water can be reliably measured. These high-pressure X-ray imaging techniques provide useful tools for understanding behavior of liquids or melts at high pressures and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kono
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Curtis Kenney-Benson
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yuki Shibazaki
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki aza Aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Changyong Park
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yanbin Wang
- GeoSoilEnviroCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Guoyin Shen
- HPCAT, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Decremps F, Gauthier M, Ayrinhac S, Bove L, Belliard L, Perrin B, Morand M, Le Marchand G, Bergame F, Philippe J. Picosecond acoustics method for measuring the thermodynamical properties of solids and liquids at high pressure and high temperature. ULTRASONICS 2015; 56:129-140. [PMID: 24852260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on the original combination of picosecond acoustics and diamond anvils cell, recent improvements to accurately measure hypersonic sound velocities of liquids and solids under extreme conditions are described. To illustrate the capability of this technique, results are given on the pressure and temperature dependence of acoustic properties for three prototypical cases: polycrystal (iron), single-crystal (silicon) and liquid (mercury) samples. It is shown that such technique also enables the determination of the density as a function of pressure for liquids, of the complete set of elastic constants for single crystals, and of the melting curve for any kind of material. High pressure ultrafast acoustic spectroscopy technique clearly opens opportunities to measure thermodynamical properties under previously unattainable extreme conditions. Beyond physics, this state-of-the-art experiment would thus be useful in many other fields such as nonlinear acoustics, oceanography, petrology, in of view. A brief description of new developments and future directions of works conclude the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Decremps
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France.
| | - M Gauthier
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - S Ayrinhac
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - L Bove
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France; Ecole Polytech. Fed. Lausanne, Inst. Condensed Matter Phys., EPSL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Belliard
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - B Perrin
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - M Morand
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - G Le Marchand
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - F Bergame
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
| | - J Philippe
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75252 Paris, France
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Ayrinhac S, Gauthier M, Bove LE, Morand M, Le Marchand G, Bergame F, Philippe J, Decremps F. Equation of state of liquid mercury to 520 K and 7 GPa from acoustic velocity measurements. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:244201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4882695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kono Y, Park C, Sakamaki T, Kenny-Benson C, Shen G, Wang Y. Simultaneous structure and elastic wave velocity measurement of SiO2 glass at high pressures and high temperatures in a Paris-Edinburgh cell. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:033905. [PMID: 22462936 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An integration of multi-angle energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction and ultrasonic elastic wave velocity measurements in a Paris-Edinburgh cell enabled us to simultaneously investigate the structures and elastic wave velocities of amorphous materials at high pressure and high temperature conditions. We report the first simultaneous structure and elastic wave velocity measurement for SiO(2) glass at pressures up to 6.8 GPa at around 500°C. The first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the structure factor S(Q) evidently shifted to higher Q with increasing pressure, reflecting the shrinking of intermediate-range order, while the Si-O bond distance was almost unchanged up to 6.8 GPa. In correlation with the shift of FSDP position, compressional wave velocity (Vp) and Poisson's ratio increased markedly with increasing pressure. In contrast, shear wave velocity (Vs) changed only at pressures below 4 GPa, and then remained unchanged at ~4.0-6.8 GPa. These observations indicate a strong correlation between the intermediate range order variations and Vp or Poisson's ratio, but a complicated behavior for Vs. The result demonstrates a new capability of simultaneous measurement of structures and elastic wave velocities at high pressure and high temperature conditions to provide direct link between microscopic structure and macroscopic elastic properties of amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kono
- High Pressure Collaborative Access Team, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Song W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Gong C, Guo J, Zhou W, Xie H. Note: Measurement method for sound velocity of melts in large volume press and its application to liquid sodium up to 2.0 GPa. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:086108. [PMID: 21895286 DOI: 10.1063/1.3625267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Based on large volume press and conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic technique, we have overcome the difficulty in determining the length of liquid specimen under high pressure, and the sound velocity in liquid Na has been measured up to 2 GPa. The P-V data deduced by our sound velocity results through equation of state is in an excellent agreement with previous data directly determined by piezometer method. This new experimental technique is convenient and ready for use, being expected to advance investigation on thermodynamic properties of liquid metals and other melts under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Institute of Geochemistry of Earth's Deep Interior Materials and Fluid Interaction, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
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