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Izadi F, Arthur‐Baidoo E, Strover LT, Yu L, Coote ML, Moad G, Denifl S. Selective Bond Cleavage in RAFT Agents Promoted by Low-Energy Electron Attachment. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19128-19132. [PMID: 34214239 PMCID: PMC8456798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization with reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) has been successfully applied to generate polymers of well-defined architecture. For RAFT polymerization a source of radicals is required. Recent work has demonstrated that for minimal side-reactions and high spatio-temporal control these should be formed directly from the RAFT agent or macroRAFT agent (usually carbonothiosulfanyl compounds) thermally, photochemically or by electrochemical reduction. In this work, we investigated low-energy electron attachment to a common RAFT agent (cyanomethyl benzodithioate), and, for comparison, a simple carbonothioylsulfanyl compound (dimethyl trithiocarbonate, DMTTC) in the gas phase by means of mass spectrometry as well as quantum chemical calculations. We observe for both compounds that specific cleavage of the C-S bond is induced upon low-energy electron attachment at electron energies close to zero eV. This applies even in the case of a poor homolytic leaving group (. CH3 in DMTTC). All other dissociation reactions found at higher electron energies are much less abundant. The present results show a high control of the chemical reactions induced by electron attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Izadi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Eugene Arthur‐Baidoo
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Li‐Juan Yu
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikLeopold-Franzens Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstrasse 25A-6020InnsbruckAustria
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Izadi F, Arthur‐Baidoo E, Strover LT, Yu L, Coote ML, Moad G, Denifl S. Selektive Bindungsspaltung in RAFT Agenzien durch niederenergetische Elektronenanlagerung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Izadi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | - Eugene Arthur‐Baidoo
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
| | | | - Li‐Juan Yu
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT Australien
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT Australien
| | - Graeme Moad
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton VIC 3168 Australien
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck Technikerstrasse 25 A-6020 Innsbruck Österreich
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Zeng Z, Bernstein ER. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory studies of N-rich energetic materials. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4964944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Elliot R. Bernstein
- Department of Chemistry, NSF ERC for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Jeilani YA, Duncan KA, Newallo DS, Thompson AN, Bose NK. Tandem mass spectrometry and density functional theory of RDX fragmentation pathways: Role of ion-molecule complexes in loss of NO3 and lack of molecular ion peak. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:802-810. [PMID: 26377008 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is an explosive compound that finds a wide range of military and civilian applications. RDX has been a target in environmental matrices by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). MS/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode of RDX provides important fragmentation patterns that are useful for structural elucidation. The fragmentation patterns are needed for proper identification of precursor and product ions in analytical methods that depend on MS/MS approaches for a reliable identification of RDX. METHODS This study focuses on the MS fragmentation mechanisms of RDX in NCI mode using both MS/MS and density functional theory (DFT). The DFT studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. RESULTS The DFT results showed that NCI of RDX leads to the formation of an anion-molecule complex that was energetically more stable than the RDX anion. The fragmentation proceeds through two pathways, leading to the loss of NO(2) and NO(3). The loss of NO(3) takes place in an anion-molecule complex leading to the formation of characteristic nitroso group fragment ions. Using the fragmentation schemes, important ion structures are proposed including structures for m/z 160, 129, 102, and 86. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the importance of both charge-induced and charge-remote dissociations in RDX pathways. The ion structures identified along the pathways could be used as targets in analytical methods for reliable identification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin A Jeilani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Kameron A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Domnique S Newallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Albert N Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
| | - Nripendra K Bose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, N.W., Box 1134, Atlanta, GA, 30314-4399, USA
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Kuklja MM, Tsyshevsky RV, Sharia O. Effect of Polar Surfaces on Decomposition of Molecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13289-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maija M. Kuklja
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Roman V. Tsyshevsky
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Onise Sharia
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Tsyshevsky RV, Nguen Van B, Shamov AG, Khrapovskii GM. Study of geometry and electronic structure of molecules, cation-radicals, and anion-radicals of nitromethane, dimethylnitramine, and ethyl nitrate. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036321310006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pruitt CJM, Goebbert DJ. The C–N dissociation energies of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene radical anions and neutrals. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Postler J, Goulart MM, Matias C, Mauracher A, Ferreira da Silva F, Scheier P, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Dissociative electron attachment to the nitroamine HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:744-752. [PMID: 23483516 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, dissociative electron attachment (DEA) measurements with gas phase HMX, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, C4H8N8O8, have been performed by means of a crossed electron-molecular beam experiment. The most intense signals are observed at 46 and 176 u and assigned to NO2(-) and C3H6N5O4(-), respectively. Anion efficiency curves for 15 negatively charged fragments have been measured in the electron energy region from about 0-20 eV with an energy resolution of ~0.7 eV. Product anions are observed mainly in the low energy region, near 0 eV, arising from surprisingly complex reactions associated with multiple bond cleavages and structural and electronic rearrangement. The remarkable instability of HMX towards electron attachment with virtually zero kinetic energy reflects the highly explosive nature of this compound. Substantially different intensity ratios of resonances for common fragment anions allow distinguishing the nitroamines HMX and royal demolition explosive molecule (RDX) in negative ion mass spectrometry based on free electron capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Postler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstr. 25 / 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Edtbauer A, Denifl S, Vizcaino V, An der Lan L, Russell K, Taubitz J, Wille U, Feketeova L, O'Hair RAJ, Märk TD, Illenberger E, Scheier P. Very low energy electrons transform the cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer into a highly reactive intermediate. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:561-4. [PMID: 20033978 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Electrons with virtually no kinetic energy (close to 0 eV) trigger the decomposition of cytotoxic cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimer (CPD) into a surprisingly large variety of fragment ions plus their neutral counterparts. The response of CPD to low energy electrons is thus comparable to that of explosives like trinitrotoluene (TNT). The dominant unimolecular reaction is the splitting into two thymine like units, which can be considered as the essential molecular step in the photolyase of CPD. We find that CPD is significantly more sensitive towards low energy electrons than its thymine building blocks. It is proposed that electron attachment at very low energy proceeds via dipole bound states, supported by the large dipole moment of the molecule (6.2 D). These states act as effective doorways to dissociative electron attachment (DEA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Edtbauer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Edtbauer A, Sulzer P, Mauracher A, Mitterdorfer C, Ferreira da Silva F, Denifl S, Märk TD, Probst M, Nunes Y, Limão-Vieira P, Scheier P. Dissociative electron attachment to pentaerythritol tetranitrate: Significant fragmentation near 0 eV. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3386386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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