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Mutneja A, Karmakar S. Method to probe the pronounced growth of correlation lengths in active glass-forming liquids using an elongated probe. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:L022601. [PMID: 37723727 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.l022601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The growth of correlation lengths in equilibrium glass-forming liquids near the glass transition is considered a critical finding in the quest to understand the physics of glass formation. These understandings helped us understand various dynamical phenomena observed in supercooled liquids. It is known that at least two different length scales exist; one is of thermodynamic origin, while the other is dynamical in nature. Recent observations of glassy dynamics in biological and synthetic systems where the external or internal driving source controls the dynamics, apart from the usual thermal noise, lead to the emergence of the field of active glassy matter. A question of whether the physics of glass formation in these active systems is also accompanied by growing dynamic and static lengths is indeed timely. In this article, we probe the growth of dynamic and static lengths in a model active glass system using rod-like elongated probe particles, an experimentally viable method. We show that the dynamic and static lengths in these nonequilibrium systems grow much more rapidly than their passive counterparts. We then offer an understanding of the violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation and Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation using these lengths via a scaling theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Mutneja
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal,Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500107, India
| | - Smarajit Karmakar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal,Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, Telangana 500107, India
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2
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Orrit M. Dynamic Heterogeneity in the Optical Signals from Single Nano-Objects. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3982-3989. [PMID: 37115719 PMCID: PMC10184125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c09055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to ensemble-averaged measurements, single-molecule experiments directly display the heterogeneity of molecular properties in space and time. In many complex systems, spatial heterogeneity is regularly accompanied by temporal or dynamic heterogeneity; if a property differs from molecule to molecule, it will often vary in time for one and the same molecule. In this short paper, we discuss a few examples of complex systems where dynamical heterogeneity was observed in single-molecule or single-particle optical signals. For single biomolecules, the first demonstration of dynamic heterogeneity in a single enzyme was provided by Xie and colleagues. Other examples are found in glassy systems, and very recently in the magnetic relaxation of single superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The ubiquity of this phenomenon suggests that, rather than an exception, dynamic heterogeneity is the rule in complex systems with multiple degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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3
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Single molecule demonstration of Debye-Stokes-Einstein breakdown in polystyrene near the glass transition temperature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3580. [PMID: 35739122 PMCID: PMC9226357 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31318-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotational-translational decoupling, in which translational motion is apparently enhanced over rotational motion in violation of Stokes-Einstein (SE) and Debye-Stokes-Einstein (DSE) predictions, has been observed in materials near their glass transition temperatures (Tg). This has been posited to result from ensemble averaging in the context of dynamic heterogeneity. In this work, ensemble and single molecule experiments are performed in parallel on a fluorescent probe in high molecular weight polystyrene near its Tg. Ensemble results show decoupling onset at approximately 1.15Tg, increasing to over three orders of magnitude at Tg. Single molecule measurements also show a high degree of decoupling, with typical molecules at Tg showing translational diffusion coefficients nearly 400 times higher than expected from SE/DSE predictions. At the single molecule level, higher degree of breakdown is associated with particularly mobile molecules and anisotropic trajectories, providing support for anomalous diffusion as a critical driver of rotational-translational decoupling and SE/DSE breakdown. Experiments with high-molecular-weight polystyrene provide insights into the mechanisms behind rotational-translational decoupling in glassy systems. Specifically, particularly mobile molecules exhibiting anisotropic trajectories are found to play a key role in Debye-Stokes-Einstein breakdown.
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4
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Adhikari S, Orrit M. Progress and perspectives in single-molecule optical spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:160903. [PMID: 35489995 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review some of the progress of single-molecule optical experiments in the past 20 years and propose some perspectives for the coming years. We particularly focus on methodological advances in fluorescence, super-resolution, photothermal contrast, and interferometric scattering and briefly discuss a few of the applications. These advances have enabled the exploration of new emitters and quantum optics; the chemistry and biology of complex heterogeneous systems, nanoparticles, and plasmonics; and the detection and study of non-fluorescing and non-absorbing nano-objects. We conclude by proposing some ideas for future experiments. The field will move toward more and better signals of a broader variety of objects and toward a sharper view of the surprising complexity of the nanoscale world of single (bio-)molecules, nanoparticles, and their nano-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Comparing Microscopic and Macroscopic Dynamics in a Paradigmatic Model of Glass-Forming Molecular Liquid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073556. [PMID: 35408916 PMCID: PMC8998722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glass transition is a most intriguing and long-standing open issue in the field of molecular liquids. From a macroscopic perspective, glass-forming systems display a dramatic slowing-down of the dynamics, with the inverse diffusion coefficient and the structural relaxation times increasing by orders of magnitude upon even modest supercooling. At the microscopic level, single-molecule motion becomes strongly intermittent, and can be conveniently described in terms of “cage-jump” events. In this work, we investigate a paradigmatic glass-forming liquid, the Kob–Andersen Lennard–Jones model, by means of Molecular Dynamics simulations, and compare the macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of its dynamics on approaching the glass-transition. We find that clear changes in the relations between macroscopic timescales and cage-jump quantities occur at the crossover temperature where Mode Coupling-like description starts failing. In fact, Continuous Time Random Walk and lattice model predictions based on cage-jump statistics are also violated below the crossover temperature, suggesting the onset of a qualitative change in cage-jump motion. Interestingly, we show that a fully microscopic relation linking cage-jump time- and length-scales instead holds throughout the investigated temperature range.
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6
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Mutneja A, Karmakar S. Translational dynamics of a rod-like probe in supercooled liquids: an experimentally realizable method to study Stokes-Einstein breakdown, dynamic heterogeneity, and amorphous order. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5738-5746. [PMID: 34018543 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of probe molecules to extract the local dynamical and structural properties of complex dynamical systems is an age-old technique both in simulations and in experiments. A lot of important information which is not immediately accessible from bulk measurements can be accessed via these local measurements. Still, a detailed understanding of how a probe particle dynamics is affected by the surrounding liquid medium is lacking, especially in the supercooled temperature regime. This work shows how the translational dynamics of a rod-like particle immersed in a supercooled liquid can give us information on the growth of the correlation length scales associated with dynamical heterogeneity and the multi-body static correlations in the medium. This work also provides an understanding of the breakdown of Stokes-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein-Debye relations in supercooled liquids along with a unified scaling theory that rationalizes all the observed results. Finally, this work proposes a novel yet simple method accessible in experiments to measure the growth of these important length scales in molecular glass-forming liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Mutneja
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P,Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107, India.
| | - Smarajit Karmakar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P,Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107, India.
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7
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Musiał M, Cheng S, Wojnarowska Z, Paluch M. Magnitude of Dynamically Correlated Molecules as an Indicator for a Dynamical Crossover in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4141-4147. [PMID: 33857379 PMCID: PMC8154596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we show how the structure and intermolecular interactions affect the dynamic heterogeneity of aprotic ionic liquids. Using calorimetric data for 30 ionic samples, we examine the influence of the strength of van der Waals and Coulombic interactions on dynamic heterogeneity. We show that the dynamic length scale of spatially heterogeneous dynamics decreases significantly with decreasing intermolecular distances. Additionally, we assume that the magnitude of the number of dynamically correlated molecules at the liquid-glass transition temperature can be treated as an indicator for a dynamical crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Musiał
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Shinian Cheng
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Zaneta Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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8
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Das N, Sen P. Dynamic heterogeneity and viscosity decoupling: origin and analytical prediction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15749-15757. [PMID: 34286756 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular-level structure and dynamics decide the functionality of solvent media. Therefore, a significant amount of effort is being dedicated continually over time in understanding their structural and dynamical features. One intriguing aspect of solvent structure and dynamics is heterogeneity. In these systems, the dynamics follow , where p is the measure of viscosity decoupling. We analytically predicted that in such cases, the Stokes-Einstein relationship is modified to due to microdomain formation, and the second term on the right-hand side leads to viscosity decoupling. We validated our prediction by estimating the p values of a few solvents, and they matched well with the literature. Overall, we believe that our approach gives a simple yet unique physical picture to help us understand the heterogeneity of solvent media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilimesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur - 208 016, UP, India.
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur - 208 016, UP, India.
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9
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Hou T, Yang J, Wang W, Zhao J. Polymeric liquid layer densified by surface acoustic wave. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:224901. [PMID: 32534545 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating densified and stable liquid is a straightforward strategy for the fabrication of strong and ultra-stable amorphous or glassy materials. The current study has discovered that a liquid polymeric thin film is densified under the application of a high frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW). The experimental evidence is the decrease in film thickness and the increase in refractive index, measured by ellipsometry, of polyisobutylene thin films deposited on the solid substrates, when a high frequency SAW (39.5 MHz) is applied to the system. Further investigations by polarization-resolved single molecule fluorescence microscopy have demonstrated that the rotational motion of fluorescent probes doped inside the liquid film is retarded and the dynamical heterogeneity is reduced. The results demonstrate that the application of SAW of high frequency makes the thin polymeric liquid film densified and more dynamically homogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Hou
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Bhowmik BP, Tah I, Karmakar S. Non-Gaussianity of the van Hove function and dynamic-heterogeneity length scale. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022122. [PMID: 30253524 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Non-Gaussian nature of the probability distribution of particles' displacements in the supercooled temperature regime in glass-forming liquids are believed to be one of the major hallmarks of glass transition. It has already been established that this probability distribution, which is also known as the van Hove function, shows universal exponential tail. The origin of such an exponential tail in the distribution function is attributed to the hopping motion of particles observed in the supercooled regime. The non-Gaussian nature can also be explained if one assumes that the system has heterogeneous dynamics in space and time. Thus exponential tail is the manifestation of dynamic heterogeneity. In this work we directly show that non-Gaussianity of the distribution of particles' displacements occur over the dynamic heterogeneity length scale and the dynamical behavior course grained over this length scale becomes homogeneous. We study the non-Gaussianity of the van Hove function by systematically coarse graining at different length scales and extract the length scale of dynamic heterogeneity at which the shape of the van Hove function crosses over from non-Gaussian to Gaussian. The obtained dynamic heterogeneity scale is found to be in very good agreement with the scale obtained from other conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Prasad Bhowmik
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107 Telangana, India
| | - Indrajit Tah
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107 Telangana, India
| | - Smarajit Karmakar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad, 500107 Telangana, India
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11
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Manz AS, Paeng K, Kaufman LJ. Single molecule studies reveal temperature independence of lifetime of dynamic heterogeneity in polystyrene. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:204508. [PMID: 29865823 DOI: 10.1063/1.5031131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric systems close to their glass transition temperature are known to exhibit heterogeneous dynamics that evolve both over time and space, comparable to the dynamics of small molecule glass formers. It remains unclear how temperature influences the degree of heterogeneous dynamics in such systems. In the following report, a fluorescent perylene dicarboximide probe molecule that reflects the full breadth of heterogeneity of the host was used to examine the temperature dependence of the dynamic heterogeneity lifetime in polystyrene at several temperatures ranging from the glass transition to 10 K above this temperature via single molecule microscopy. Contrary to prior reports, no apparent temperature dependence of time scales associated with dynamic heterogeneity was detected; indeed, the probe molecules report characteristic dynamic heterogeneity lifetimes 100-300 times the average alpha-relaxation time (τα) of the polystyrene host at all temperatures studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Manz
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Laura J Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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12
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Połatyńska A, Tomczyk K, Pochylski M, Meier G, Gapinski J, Banachowicz E, Śliwa T, Patkowski A. Temperature dependent FCS studies using a long working distance objective: Viscosities of supercooled liquids and particle size. J Chem Phys 2018; 146:084506. [PMID: 28249427 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe new experimental setups for Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) where a long working distance objective is used. Using these setups, FCS measurements in a broad temperature range for a small sample volume of about 50 μl can be performed. The use of specially designed cells and a dry long working distance objective was essential for avoiding temperature gradients in the sample. The performance of the new setups and a traditional FCS setup with immersion objectives is compared. The FCS data in combination with the Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation were used to obtain the values of the nanoviscosity of a fluid. We show for selected molecular van der Waals supercooled liquids that despite the fact that in these systems, a characteristic length scale can be defined, the nanoviscosity obtained from FCS is in a very good agreement with the macroscopic (rheometric) viscosity of the sample in a broad temperature range. This result corroborates the applicability of the SE relation to supercooled liquids at temperatures above 1.2 Tg. We also show that the temperature dependent size of thermoresponsive microgel particles can be determined by FCS using the designed cells and a long working distance objective in a broader size range without a need to use the correction procedure since the size correction is proportional to the square of the ratio of the hydrodynamic radius to the confocal volume size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Połatyńska
- Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Tomczyk
- Institute of Complex Systems, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikołaj Pochylski
- Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gerd Meier
- Institute of Complex Systems, Soft Condensed Matter, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jacek Gapinski
- Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Banachowicz
- Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Śliwa
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Patkowski
- Molecular Biophysics Division, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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13
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Zhang H, Li D, Wu K, Wang F, Yang J, Zhao J. Retarded local dynamics of single fluorescent probes in polymeric glass due to interaction strengthening. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Paeng K, Kaufman LJ. Single Molecule Experiments Reveal the Dynamic Heterogeneity and Exchange Time Scales of Polystyrene near the Glass Transition. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keewook Paeng
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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15
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Koperwas K, Grzybowski A, Grzybowska K, Wojnarowska Z, Paluch M. Effects of dynamic heterogeneity and density scaling of molecular dynamics on the relationship among thermodynamic coefficients at the glass transition. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:024502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4923005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Koperwas
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - K. Grzybowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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16
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Ideal probe single-molecule experiments reveal the intrinsic dynamic heterogeneity of a supercooled liquid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4952-7. [PMID: 25825739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424636112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of dynamic heterogeneity and the picture of the supercooled liquid as a mosaic of environments with distinct dynamics that interchange in time have been invoked to explain the nonexponential relaxations measured in these systems. The spatial extent and temporal persistence of these regions of distinct dynamics have remained challenging to identify. Here, single-molecule fluorescence measurements using a probe similar in size and mobility to the host o-terphenyl unambiguously reveal exponential relaxations distributed in time and space and directly demonstrate ergodicity of the system down to the glass transition temperature. In the temperature range probed, at least 200 times the structural relaxation time of the host is required to recover ensemble-averaged relaxation at every spatial region in the system.
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17
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Abstract
Much of the interesting behavior that has been observed in supercooled liquids appears to be related to dynamic heterogeneity, the presence of distinct dynamic environments - with no apparent underlying structural basis - in these systems. To most directly interrogate these environments, proposed to span regions just a few nanometers across, molecular length scale probes are required. Single molecule fluorescent microscopy was introduced to the field a decade ago and has provided strong evidence of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled systems. However, only more recently has the full set of challenges associated with interpreting results of these experiments been described. With a fuller understanding of these challenges in hand, single molecule measurements can be employed to provide a more precise picture of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled liquids and other complex systems. In this tutorial review, experimental and data analysis details are presented for the most commonly employed single molecule approach to studying supercooled liquids, the measurement of rotational dynamics of single molecule probes. Guidance is provided in experimental set-up and probe selection, with a focus on choices that affect data interpretation and probe sensitivity to dynamic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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18
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Hoang DT, Paeng K, Park H, Leone LM, Kaufman LJ. Extraction of Rotational Correlation Times from Noisy Single Molecule Fluorescence Trajectories. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9322-9. [PMID: 25151855 DOI: 10.1021/ac502575k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dat Tien Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Heungman Park
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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19
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A multi-property fluorescent probe for the investigation of polymer dynamics near the glass transition. OPEN CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-014-0544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn addition to the commonly observed single molecule fluorescence intensity fluctuations due to molecular reorientation dynamics, a perylene bisimide-calixarene compound (1) shows additional on-off fluctuations due to its ability to undergo intramolecular excited state electron transfer (PET). This quenching process is turned on rather sharply when a film of poly(vinylacetate) containing 1 is heated above its glass transition temperature (T
g), which indicates that the electron transfer process depends on the availability of sufficient free volume. Spatial heterogeneities cause different individual molecules to reach the electron transfer regime at different temperatures, but these heterogeneities also fluctuate in time: in the matrix above T
g molecules that are mostly nonfluorescent due to PET can become fluorescent again on timescales of seconds to minutes.The two different mechanisms for intensity fluctuation, rotation and PET, thus far only observed in compound 1, make it a unique probe for the dynamics of supercooled liquids.
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20
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Grebenkin S, Bol’shakov B, Syutkin VM. Study of Molecular Dynamics in Poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) by Light Induced Absorption Anisotropy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9800-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504276y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Grebenkin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - B. Bol’shakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - V. M. Syutkin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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21
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Khatua S, Paulo PMR, Yuan H, Gupta A, Zijlstra P, Orrit M. Resonant plasmonic enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence by individual gold nanorods. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4440-9. [PMID: 24684549 DOI: 10.1021/nn406434y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the fluorescence of a weak emitter is important to further extend the reach of single-molecule fluorescence imaging to many unexplored systems. Here we study fluorescence enhancement by isolated gold nanorods and explore the role of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on the observed enhancements. Gold nanorods can be cheaply synthesized in large volumes, yet we find similar fluorescence enhancements as literature reports on lithographically fabricated nanoparticle assemblies. The fluorescence of a weak emitter, crystal violet, can be enhanced more than 1000-fold by a single nanorod with its SPR at 629 nm excited at 633 nm. This strong enhancement results from both an excitation rate enhancement of ∼130 and an effective emission enhancement of ∼9. The fluorescence enhancement, however, decreases sharply when the SPR wavelength moves away from the excitation laser wavelength or when the SPR has only a partial overlap with the emission spectrum of the fluorophore. The reported measurements of fluorescence enhancement by 11 nanorods with varying SPR wavelengths are consistent with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyakanti Khatua
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Universiteit Leiden , 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Kaufman LJ. Heterogeneity in Single-Molecule Observables in the Study of Supercooled Liquids. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2013; 64:177-200. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040412-110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bulk approaches to studying heterogeneous systems obscure important details, as they report average behavior rather than the distribution of behaviors in such environments. Small-molecule and polymeric supercooled liquids, which display heterogeneity in their dynamics without an underlying structural heterogeneity that sets those dynamics, are important constituents of this category of condensed matter systems. A variety of approaches have been devised to unravel ensemble averaging in supercooled liquids. This review focuses on the ultimate subensemble approach, single-molecule measurements, as they have been applied to the study of supercooled liquids. We detail how three key experimental observables (single-molecule probe rotation, translation, and fluorescence lifetime) have been employed to provide detail on dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled liquids. Special attention is given to the potential for, but also the challenges in, discriminating spatial and temporal heterogeneity and detailing the length scales and timescales of heterogeneity in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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23
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Leone LM, Kaufman LJ. Single molecule probe reports of dynamic heterogeneity in supercooled ortho-terphenyl. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A524. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4773889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Kim K, Saito S. Multiple length and time scales of dynamic heterogeneities in model glass-forming liquids: A systematic analysis of multi-point and multi-time correlations. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:12A506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4769256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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25
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Orrit M. Ein molekularer Blick auf die Heterogenität in Gläsern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Yuan H, Khatua S, Zijlstra P, Orrit M. Individual gold nanorods report on dynamical heterogeneity in supercooled glycerol. Faraday Discuss 2013; 167:515-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00091e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Orrit M. Towards a Molecular View of Glass Heterogeneity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:163-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Syutkin VM, Vyazovkin VL, Korolev VV, Grebenkin SY. Length and time scales of structural heterogeneities in deeply supercooled propylene carbonate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:137801. [PMID: 23030120 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.137801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Deactivation of excited phenanthrene by molecular oxygen is utilized to probe the structural heterogeneity of supercooled propylene carbonate. The diffusion rate of oxygen molecules in different regions varies over two orders of magnitude. The size of the regions of different oxygen mobility was determined to be 1.5 nm. Values from 0.2 to 30 s have been obtained for the lifetime of these regions over a temperature range from T(g)-1 to T(g)+4 K (T(g)=158 K). The heterogeneity lifetime is in close agreement with the α-relaxation time determined by dielectric spectroscopy. The obtained results argue in favor of the statement that the heterogeneous cooperative dynamics of host molecules (so-called dynamical heterogeneity) is of structural origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Syutkin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peter Harrowell
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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30
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King JT, Ross MR, Kubarych KJ. Ultrafast α-like relaxation of a fragile glass-forming liquid measured using two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:157401. [PMID: 22587280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy is used to study the picosecond dynamics of a vibrational probe molecule dissolved in a fragile glass former. The spectral dynamics are observed as the system is cooled to within a few degrees of the glass transition temperature (T(g)). We observe nonexponential relaxation of the frequency-frequency correlation function, similar to what has been reported for other dynamical correlation functions. In addition, we see evidence for α-like relaxation, typically associated with long-time, cooperative molecular motion, on the ultrafast time scale. The data suggests that the spectral dynamics are sensitive to cooperative motion occurring on time scales that are necessarily longer than the observation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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31
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Chen C, Li WZ, Song YC, Weng LD, Zhang N. Concentration dependence of water self-diffusion coefficients in dilute glycerol–water binary and glycerol–water–sodium chloride ternary solutions and the insights from hydrogen bonds. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.641602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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32
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Yuan HF, Xia T, Plazanet M, Demé B, Orrit M. Communication: Crystallite nucleation in supercooled glycerol near the glass transition. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:041102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3681292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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33
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Rzoska SJ, Drozd-Rzoska A. Dual field nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy in a glass forming EPON 828 epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:035101. [PMID: 22142595 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/3/035101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Results of the dual field nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy (NDS) studies in supercooled glass forming epoxy resin EPON 828 are presented. For the NDS, changes of dielectric permittivity induced by DC (rectangular) or AC (sine-wave) pulses of a strong electric field were probed by a weak radio frequency electric field. A clear stretched exponential (x < 1) decay after switching off the DC pulse and a single exponential decay (x = 1) after switching off the AC pulse were found. The same results are presented for preliminary studies in superpressed low molecular glass former di-isobutyl phthalate. This observation may be considered as an argument for the heterogeneous picture of supercooled glass forming materials. The temperature dependences of the stationary responses related to DC and AC strong electric field excitations are also shown. The sensitivity of the applied set up made it possible to detect NDS outputs even for electric fields E(strong) < 10 kV cm(-1), qualitatively weaker than in similar 'nonlinear, dielectric' experimental studies on glass forming materials carried out so far.
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34
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Yoo H, Bahng HW, Wasielewski MR, Kim D. Polymer matrix dependence of conformational dynamics within a π-stacked perylenediimide dimer and trimer revealed by single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2001-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22377e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Mackowiak SA, Noble JM, Kaufman LJ. Manifestations of probe presence on probe dynamics in supercooled liquids. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:214503. [PMID: 22149798 DOI: 10.1063/1.3664125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies that follow behavior of single probes embedded in heterogeneous systems are increasingly common. The presence of probes may perturb the system, and such perturbations may or may not affect interpretation of host behavior from the probe observables typically measured. In this study, the manifestations of potential probe-induced changes to host dynamics in supercooled liquids are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that probe dynamics do not necessarily mirror host dynamics as they exist either in the probe-free or probe-bearing systems. In particular, for a binary supercooled liquid, we find that smooth probes larger than the host particles induce increased translational diffusion in the host system; however, the diffusion is anisotropic and enhances caging of the probe, suppressing probe translational diffusion. This in turn may lead experiments that follow probe diffusion to suggest Stokes-Einstein behavior of the system even while both the probe-free and probe-bearing systems exhibit deviations from that behavior.
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36
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37
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Grebenkin SY, Syutkin VM. Evolution of the Environment of Guest Molecules in Dynamically Heterogeneous Matrices of Poly(ethyl methacrylate) and Poly(n-butyl methacrylate) Far below Tg. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Yu. Grebenkin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - V. M. Syutkin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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38
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Mackowiak SA, Kaufman LJ. When the Heterogeneous Appears Homogeneous: Discrepant Measures of Heterogeneity in Single Molecule Observables. J Phys Chem Lett 2011; 2:438-442. [PMID: 21423879 PMCID: PMC3059264 DOI: 10.1021/jz1016872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Supercooled liquids demonstrate stretched exponential relaxations consistent with the presence of spatially heterogeneous dynamics. Many experimental results are consistent with this picture, but differences in experimental approach may lead to different conclusions about the degree of heterogeneity in a given system. Here, we investigate whether observables accessible with single molecule (SM) approaches are consistent with each other and with ensemble measurements. In particular, the distribution of rotational relaxation times, τ(c), obtained from SM measurements is compared with the stretching exponent determined from a quasi-ensemble treatment of the same data. It is shown that the time-limited trajectories typical of SM experiments can lead to a stretching exponent that suggests homogeneous dynamics even in the presence of heterogeneous dynamics. After correction for the time-limited trajectories, additional discrepancy remains between stretching exponents measured via SM experiments and ensemble techniques. The remaining difference is attributed to the limited dynamic range of the SM experiments.
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39
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Bingemann D, Allen RM, Olesen SW. Single molecules reveal the dynamics of heterogeneities in a polymer at the glass transition. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024513. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3516516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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40
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Mackowiak SA, Leone LM, Kaufman LJ. Probe dependence of spatially heterogeneous dynamics in supercooled glycerol as revealed by single molecule microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1786-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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41
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Adhikari S, Selmke M, Cichos F. Temperature dependent single molecule rotational dynamics in PMA. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1849-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01959c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Abstract
In recent years it has become widely accepted that a dynamical length scale ξ(α) plays an important role in supercooled liquids near the glass transition. We examine the implications of the interplay between the growing ξ(α) and the size of the crystal nucleus, ξ(M), which shrinks on cooling. We argue that at low temperatures where ξ(α) > ξ(M) a new crystallization mechanism emerges, enabling rapid development of a large scale web of sparsely connected crystallinity. Though we predict this web percolates the system at too low a temperature to be easily seen in the laboratory, there are noticeable residual effects near the glass transition that can account for several previously observed unexplained phenomena of deeply supercooled liquids including Fischer clusters and anomalous crystal growth near T(g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Stevenson
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Flier BMI, Baier M, Huber J, Müllen K, Mecking S, Zumbusch A, Wöll D. Single molecule fluorescence microscopy investigations on heterogeneity of translational diffusion in thin polymer films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:1770-5. [PMID: 21152591 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Translational diffusion of single perylene diimide molecules in 25 nm thin polymer films was investigated by single molecule widefield fluorescence microscopy. Spatial heterogeneities in single molecule motion were detected and analyzed by a new, quantitative method which draws a comparison of log-Gaussian fits of experimentally determined diffusion coefficient-distributions and diffusion coefficient-distributions from Monte Carlo random walk simulations. Heterogeneities could be observed close to the glass transition temperature, but disappear at ca. 1.1 × T(g). At higher temperatures, heterogeneities do not exist or they average out on the time and length scales of observation. The observed heterogeneities also explain why the dependency of diffusion coefficients on temperature does not follow Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente M I Flier
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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44
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Kim K, Saito S. Multi-time density correlation functions in glass-forming liquids: Probing dynamical heterogeneity and its lifetime. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:044511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3464331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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