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Fan R, Aboljadayel ROM, Alsaeed K, Bencok P, Burn DM, Hindmarch AT, Steadman P. Measuring magnetic hysteresis curves with polarized soft X-ray resonant reflectivity. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:493-507. [PMID: 38597745 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752400119x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Calculations and measurements of polarization-dependent soft X-ray scattering intensity are presented during a magnetic hysteresis cycle. It is confirmed that the dependence of the intensity on the magnetic moment can be linear, quadratic or a combination of both, depending on the polarization of the incident X-ray beam and the direction of the magnetic moment. With a linearly polarized beam, the scattered intensity will have a purely quadratic dependence on the magnetic moment when the magnetic moment is parallel to the scattering plane. However, with the magnetic moment perpendicular to the scattering plane, there is also a linear component. This means that, when measuring the hysteresis with linear polarization during a hysteresis cycle, the intensity will be an even function of the applied field when the change in the magnetic moment (and field) is confined within the scattering plane but becomes more complicated when the magnetic moment is out of the scattering plane. Furthermore, with circular polarization, the dependence of the scattered intensity on the moment is a combination of linear and quadratic. With the moment parallel to the scattering plane, the linear component changes with the helicity of the incident beam. Surprisingly, in stark contrast to absorption studies, even when the magnetic moment is perpendicular to the scattering plane there is still a dependence on the moment with a linear component. This linear component is completely independent of the helicity of the beam, meaning that the hysteresis loops will not be inverted with helicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Fan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Razan O M Aboljadayel
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Kalel Alsaeed
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bencok
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - David M Burn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan T Hindmarch
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Steadman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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2
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Burn DM, Zhang S, Zhai K, Chai Y, Sun Y, van der Laan G, Hesjedal T. Mode-Resolved Detection of Magnetization Dynamics Using X-ray Diffractive Ferromagnetic Resonance. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:345-352. [PMID: 31855436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collective spin excitations of ordered magnetic structures offer great potential for the development of novel spintronic devices. The present approach relies on micromagnetic models to explain the origins of dynamic modes observed by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) studies, since experimental tools to directly reveal the origins of the complex dynamic behavior are lacking. Here we demonstrate a new approach which combines resonant magnetic X-ray diffraction with FMR, thereby allowing for a reconstruction of the real-space spin dynamics of the system. This new diffractive FMR technique builds on X-ray detected FMR that allows for element-selective dynamic studies, giving unique access to specific wave components of static and dynamic coupling in magnetic heterostructures. In combination with diffraction, FMR is elevated to the level of a modal spectroscopy technique, potentially opening new pathways for the development of spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burn
- Magnetic Spectroscopy Group , Diamond Light Source , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Shilei Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai , 201210 , China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics , ShanghaiTech University , Shanghai 200031 , China
| | - Kun Zhai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Physical Science , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Yisheng Chai
- Low Temperature Physics Laboratory, College of Physics, and Center of Quantum Materials and Devices , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Young Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Physical Science , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Gerrit van der Laan
- Magnetic Spectroscopy Group , Diamond Light Source , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Hesjedal
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PU , United Kingdom
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Ciatto G, Aubert N, Lecroard M, Engblom C, Fontaine P, Dubuisson JM, Abiven YM, Janolin PE, Kiat JM, Dumont Y, Berini B, Fouchet A, Keller N. FORTE - a multipurpose high-vacuum diffractometer for tender X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy at the SIRIUS beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1374-1387. [PMID: 31274467 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new high-vacuum multipurpose diffractometer (called FORTE from the French acronyms of the project) has recently been installed at the tender/hard X-ray SIRIUS beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL, France. The geometry chosen allows one to work either in the classical Eulerian four-circle geometry for bulk X-ray diffraction (XRD) or in the z-axis geometry for surface XRD. The diffractometer nicely fits the characteristics of the SIRIUS beamline, optimized to work in the 1.1-4.5 keV range, and allows one to perform unprecedented diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS) experiments in the tender X-ray region, also around non-specular reflections, covering a large reciprocal-space volume. Installation of an X-ray fluorescence detector on a dedicated flange allows simultaneous DAFS and X-ray absorption (XAS) measurements. The access to the tender X-ray region paves the way to resonant investigations around the L-edges of second-row transition elements which are constituents of functional oxide materials. It also enables access to several edges of interest for semiconductors. Finally, the control architecture based on synchronized Delta Tau units opens up exciting perspectives for improvement of the mechanical sphere of confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ciatto
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - N Aubert
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - M Lecroard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - C Engblom
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - P Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - J M Dubuisson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Y M Abiven
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48 F-91192 Gif sur Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - P E Janolin
- Laboratoire SPMS, UMR CNRS-CentraleSupélec, Bâtiment Gustave Eiffel - MB.105, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - J M Kiat
- Laboratoire SPMS, UMR CNRS-CentraleSupélec, Bâtiment Gustave Eiffel - MB.105, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-Sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Y Dumont
- Groupe d'Etudes de la Matière Condensée (GEMaC), Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines - CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - B Berini
- Groupe d'Etudes de la Matière Condensée (GEMaC), Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines - CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - A Fouchet
- Groupe d'Etudes de la Matière Condensée (GEMaC), Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines - CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - N Keller
- Groupe d'Etudes de la Matière Condensée (GEMaC), Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines - CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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Abstract
Chiral magnets are promising materials for the realisation of high-density and low-power spintronic memory devices. For these future applications, a key requirement is the synthesis of appropriate materials in the form of thin films ordering well above room temperature. Driven by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, the cubic compound FeGe exhibits helimagnetism with a relatively high transition temperature of 278 K in bulk crystals. We demonstrate that this temperature can be enhanced significantly in thin films. Using x-ray scattering and ferromagnetic resonance techniques, we provide unambiguous experimental evidence for long-wavelength helimagnetic order at room temperature and magnetic properties similar to the bulk material. We obtain αintr = 0.0036 ± 0.0003 at 310 K for the intrinsic damping parameter. We probe the dynamics of the system by means of muon-spin rotation, indicating that the ground state is reached via a freezing out of slow dynamics. Our work paves the way towards the fabrication of thin films of chiral magnets that host certain spin whirls, so-called skyrmions, at room temperature and potentially offer integrability into modern electronics.
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Zhang SL, Bauer A, Burn DM, Milde P, Neuber E, Eng LM, Berger H, Pfleiderer C, van der Laan G, Hesjedal T. Multidomain Skyrmion Lattice State in Cu2OSeO3. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3285-3291. [PMID: 27070961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions in chiral magnets are nanoscale, topologically protected magnetization swirls that are promising candidates for spintronics memory carriers. Therefore, observing and manipulating the skyrmion state on the surface level of the materials are of great importance for future applications. Here, we report a controlled way of creating a multidomain skyrmion state near the surface of a Cu2OSeO3 single crystal, observed by soft resonant elastic X-ray scattering. This technique is an ideal tool to probe the magnetic order at the L3 edge of 3d metal compounds giving an average depth sensitivity of ∼50 nm. The single-domain 6-fold-symmetric skyrmion lattice can be broken up into domains, overcoming the propagation directions imposed by the cubic anisotropy by applying the magnetic field in directions deviating from the major cubic axes. Our findings open the door to a new way to manipulate and engineer the skyrmion state locally on the surface or on the level of individual skyrmions, which will enable applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Zhang
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Bauer
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München , 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D M Burn
- Diamond Light Source , Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - P Milde
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden , 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - E Neuber
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden , 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - L M Eng
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, TU Dresden , 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Berger
- Crystal Growth Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Pfleiderer
- Physik Department, Technische Universität München , 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G van der Laan
- Magnetic Spectroscopy Group, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - T Hesjedal
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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6
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Abrudan R, Brüssing F, Salikhov R, Meermann J, Radu I, Ryll H, Radu F, Zabel H. ALICE—An advanced reflectometer for static and dynamic experiments in magnetism at synchrotron radiation facilities. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:063902. [PMID: 26133845 DOI: 10.1063/1.4921716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on significant developments of a high vacuum reflectometer (diffractometer) and spectrometer for soft x-ray synchrotron experiments which allows conducting a wide range of static and dynamic experiments. Although the chamber named ALICE was designed for the analysis of magnetic hetero- and nanostructures via resonant magnetic x-ray scattering, the instrument is not limited to this technique. The versatility of the instrument was testified by a series of pilot experiments. Static measurements involve the possibility to use scattering and spectroscopy synchrotron based techniques (photon-in photon-out, photon-in electron-out, and coherent scattering). Dynamic experiments require either laser or magnetic field pulses to excite the spin system followed by x-ray probe in the time domain from nano- to femtosecond delay times. In this temporal range, the demagnetization/remagnetization dynamics and magnetization precession in a number of magnetic materials (metals, alloys, and magnetic multilayers) can be probed in an element specific manner. We demonstrate here the capabilities of the system to host a variety of experiments, featuring ALICE as one of the most versatile and demanded instruments at the Helmholtz Center in Berlin-BESSY II synchrotron center in Berlin, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abrudan
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - F Brüssing
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Salikhov
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Meermann
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - I Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin for Materials and Energy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Ryll
- Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin for Materials and Energy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin for Materials and Energy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Zabel
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Radaelli PG, Dhesi SS. The contribution of Diamond Light Source to the study of strongly correlated electron systems and complex magnetic structures. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2013.0148. [PMID: 25624510 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We review some of the significant contributions to the field of strongly correlated materials and complex magnets, arising from experiments performed at the Diamond Light Source (Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK) during the first few years of operation (2007-2014). We provide a comprehensive overview of Diamond research on topological insulators, multiferroics, complex oxides and magnetic nanostructures. Several experiments on ultrafast dynamics, magnetic imaging, photoemission electron microscopy, soft X-ray holography and resonant magnetic hard and soft X-ray scattering are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Radaelli
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S S Dhesi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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8
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Braicovich L, Minola M, Dellea G, Le Tacon M, Moretti Sala M, Morawe C, Peffen JC, Supruangnet R, Yakhou F, Ghiringhelli G, Brookes NB. The simultaneous measurement of energy and linear polarization of the scattered radiation in resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:115104. [PMID: 25430146 DOI: 10.1063/1.4900959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering (RIXS) in the soft x-ray range is an element-specific energy-loss spectroscopy used to probe the electronic and magnetic excitations in strongly correlated solids. In the recent years, RIXS has been progressing very quickly in terms of energy resolution and understanding of the experimental results, but the interpretation of spectra could further improve, sometimes decisively, from a full knowledge of the polarization of incident and scattered photons. Here we present the first implementation, in a high resolution soft-RIXS spectrometer used to analyze the scattered radiation, of a device allowing the measurement of the degree of linear polarization. The system, based on a graded W/B4C multilayer mirror installed in proximity of the CCD detector, has been installed on the AXES spectrometer at the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility); it has been fully characterized and it has been used for a demonstration experiment at the Cu L3 edge on a high-Tc superconducting cuprate. The loss in efficiency suffered by the spectrometer equipped with this test facility was a factor 17.5. We propose also a more advanced version, suitable for a routine use on the next generation of RIXS spectrometers and with an overall efficiency up to 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Braicovich
- CNR-SPIN and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - M Minola
- CNR-SPIN and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - G Dellea
- CNR-SPIN and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - M Le Tacon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Moretti Sala
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - C Morawe
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - J-Ch Peffen
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - R Supruangnet
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - F Yakhou
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - G Ghiringhelli
- CNR-SPIN and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - N B Brookes
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38043, France
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9
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Fink J, Schierle E, Weschke E, Geck J. Resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:056502. [PMID: 23563216 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant (elastic) soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) offers a unique element, site and valence specific probe to study spatial modulations of charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom in solids on the nanoscopic length scale. It is not only used to investigate single-crystalline materials. This method also enables one to examine electronic ordering phenomena in thin films and to zoom into electronic properties emerging at buried interfaces in artificial heterostructures. During the last 20 years, this technique, which combines x-ray scattering with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, has developed into a powerful probe to study electronic ordering phenomena in complex materials and furthermore delivers important information on the electronic structure of condensed matter. This review provides an introduction to the technique, covers the progress in experimental equipment, and gives a survey on recent RSXS studies of ordering in correlated electron systems and at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fink
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Wang H, Bencok P, Steadman P, Longhi E, Zhu J, Wang Z. Complete polarization analysis of an APPLE II undulator using a soft X-ray polarimeter. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:944-948. [PMID: 23093753 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512034851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two APPLE II undulators installed on the Diamond I10 beamline have all four magnet arrays shiftable and thus can generate linear polarization at any arbitrary angle from 0° to 180°, as well as all other states of elliptical polarization. To characterize the emitted radiation polarization state from one APPLE II undulator, the complete polarization measurement was performed using a multilayer-based soft X-ray polarimeter. The measurement results appear to show that the linear polarization angle offset is about 6° compared with other measurements at 712 eV, equivalent to an undulator jaw phase offset of 1.1 mm. In addition, the polarization states of various ellipticities have also been measured as a function of the undulator row phase.
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12
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Doering D, Chuang YD, Andresen N, Chow K, Contarato D, Cummings C, Domning E, Joseph J, Pepper JS, Smith B, Zizka G, Ford C, Lee WS, Weaver M, Patthey L, Weizeorick J, Hussain Z, Denes P. Development of a compact fast CCD camera and resonant soft x-ray scattering endstation for time-resolved pump-probe experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:073303. [PMID: 21806178 DOI: 10.1063/1.3609862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The designs of a compact, fast CCD (cFCCD) camera, together with a resonant soft x-ray scattering endstation, are presented. The cFCCD camera consists of a highly parallel, custom, thick, high-resistivity CCD, readout by a custom 16-channel application specific integrated circuit to reach the maximum readout rate of 200 frames per second. The camera is mounted on a virtual-axis flip stage inside the RSXS chamber. When this flip stage is coupled to a differentially pumped rotary seal, the detector assembly can rotate about 100°/360° in the vertical/horizontal scattering planes. With a six-degrees-of-freedom cryogenic sample goniometer, this endstation has the capability to detect the superlattice reflections from the electronic orderings showing up in the lower hemisphere. The complete system has been tested at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and has been used in multiple experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Doering
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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13
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Hawthorn DG, He F, Venema L, Davis H, Achkar AJ, Zhang J, Sutarto R, Wadati H, Radi A, Wilson T, Wright G, Shen KM, Geck J, Zhang H, Novák V, Sawatzky GA. An in-vacuum diffractometer for resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:073104. [PMID: 21806169 DOI: 10.1063/1.3607438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, construction, and performance of a 4-circle in-vacuum diffractometer for resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. The diffractometer, installed on the resonant elastic and inelastic x-ray scattering beamline at the Canadian Light Source, includes 9 in-vacuum motions driven by in-vacuum stepper motors and operates in ultra-high vacuum at base pressure of 2 × 10(-10) Torr. Cooling to a base temperature of 18 K is provided with a closed-cycle cryostat. The diffractometer includes a choice of 3 photon detectors: a photodiode, a channeltron, and a 2D sensitive channelplate detector. Along with variable slit and filter options, these detectors are suitable for studying a wide range of phenomena having both weak and strong diffraction signals. Example measurements of diffraction and reflectivity in Nd-doped (La,Sr)(2)CuO(4) and thin film (Ga,Mn)As are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hawthorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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