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Gagino M, Katsikis G, Olcum S, Virot L, Cochet M, Thuaire A, Manalis SR, Agache V. Suspended Nanochannel Resonator Arrays with Piezoresistive Sensors for High-Throughput Weighing of Nanoparticles in Solution. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1230-1238. [PMID: 32233476 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the use of nanoparticles is expanding in many industrial sectors, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics among others, flow-through characterization techniques are often required for in-line metrology. Among the parameters of interest, the concentration and mass of nanoparticles can be informative for yield, aggregates formation or even compliance with regulation. The Suspended Nanochannel Resonator (SNR) can offer mass resolution down to the attogram scale precision in a flow-through format. However, since the readout has been based on the optical lever, operating more than a single resonator at a time has been challenging. Here we present a new architecture of SNR devices with piezoresistive sensors that allows simultaneous readout from multiple resonators. To enable this architecture, we push the limits of nanofabrication to create implanted piezoresistors of nanoscale thickness (∼100 nm) and implement an algorithm for designing SNRs with dimensions optimized for maintaining attogram scale precision. Using 8-in. processing technology, we fabricate parallel array SNR devices which contain ten resonators. While maintaining a precision similar to that of the optical lever, we demonstrate a throughput of 40 000 particles per hour-an order of magnitude improvement over a single device with an analogous flow rate. Finally, we show the capability of the SNR array device for measuring polydisperse solutions of gold particles ranging from 20 to 80 nm in diameter. We envision that SNR array devices will open up new possibilities for nanoscale metrology by measuring not only synthetic but also biological nanoparticles such as exosomes and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gagino
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Politecnico di Torino, 10138 Torino, Italy
- Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, 38031 Grenoble, France
| | - Georgios Katsikis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Selim Olcum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Travera, 700 North Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leopold Virot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martine Cochet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélie Thuaire
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Scott R. Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vincent Agache
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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A Hydrodynamic Model for Measuring Fluid Density and Viscosity by Using Quartz Tuning Forks. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010198. [PMID: 31905800 PMCID: PMC6982936 DOI: 10.3390/s20010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A hydrodynamic model of using quartz tuning forks (QTFs) for density and viscosity sensing, by measuring the resonance frequency and quality factor, has been established based on the cantilever beam theory applied to the atomic force microscope (AFM). Two examples are presented to verify the usability of this model. Then, the Sobol index method is chosen for explaining quantitatively how the resonance frequency and quality factor of the QTFs are affected by the fluid density and viscosity, respectively. The results show that the relative mean square error in viscosity of the eight solutions evaluated by the hydrodynamic model is reduced by an order of magnitude comparing with Butterworth–Van Dyke equivalent circuit method. When the measured resonance frequency and quality factor of the QTFs vary from 25,800–26,100 Hz and 28–41, the sensitivities of the quality factor affected by the fluid density increase. This model provides an idea for improving the accuracy of fluid component recognition in real time, and lays a foundation for the application of miniaturized and cost-effective downhole fluid density and viscosity sensors.
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Hsia FC, Tang DM, Jevasuwan W, Fukata N, Zhou X, Mitome M, Bando Y, Nordling TEM, Golberg D. Realization and direct observation of five normal and parametric modes in silicon nanowire resonators by in situ transmission electron microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1784-1790. [PMID: 36134225 PMCID: PMC9418527 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00373d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators have wide applications in sensing bio-chemical substances, and provide an accurate method to measure the intrinsic elastic properties of oscillating materials. A high resonance order with high response frequency and a small resonator mass are critical for enhancing the sensitivity and precision. Here, we report on the realization and direct observation of high-order and high-frequency silicon nanowire (Si NW) resonators. By using an oscillating electric-field for inducing a mechanical resonance of single-crystalline Si NWs inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM), we observed resonance up to the 5th order, for both normal and parametric modes at ∼100 MHz frequencies. The precision of the resonant frequency was enhanced, as the deviation reduced from 3.14% at the 1st order to 0.25% at the 5th order, correlating with the increase of energy dissipation. The elastic modulus of Si NWs was measured to be ∼169 GPa in the [110] direction, and size scaling effects were found to be absent down to the ∼20 nm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chun Hsia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University No. 1, University Road Tainan City 701 Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL) Science Park 106 Amsterdam 1098 XG The Netherlands
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Wipakorn Jevasuwan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Naoki Fukata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Xin Zhou
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Masanori Mitome
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong Wollongong New South Wales 2500 Australia
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University No. 11 Building, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Torbjörn E M Nordling
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University No. 1, University Road Tainan City 701 Taiwan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2nd George Str. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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Yan H, Zhang WM, Jiang HM, Hu KM. Pull-In Effect of Suspended Microchannel Resonator Sensor Subjected to Electrostatic Actuation. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010114. [PMID: 28075344 PMCID: PMC5298687 DOI: 10.3390/s17010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the pull-in instability and dynamic characteristics of electrostatically actuated suspended microchannel resonators are studied. A theoretical model is presented to describe the pull-in effect of suspended microchannel resonators by considering the electrostatic field and the internal fluid. The results indicate that the system is subjected to both the pull-in instability and the flutter. The former is induced by the applied voltage which exceeds the pull-in value while the latter occurs as the velocity of steady flow get closer to the critical velocity. The statically and dynamically stable regions are presented by thoroughly studying the two forms of instability. It is demonstrated that the steady flow can remarkably extend the dynamic stable range of pull-in while the applied voltage slightly decreases the critical velocity. It is also shown that the dc voltage and the steady flow can adjust the resonant frequency while the ac voltage can modulate the vibrational amplitude of the resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wen-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Kai-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Sader JE, Burg TP, Lee J, Manalis SR. Energy dissipation in microfluidic beam resonators: effect of Poisson's ratio. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:026304. [PMID: 21929087 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.026304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation of mechanical energy underlies the sensitivity of many nanomechanical devices, with environmental effects often having a significant effect. One case of practical relevance is the interaction of elastic beam resonators with fluid, which is known to dramatically increase energy dissipation. Recently, we investigated energy dissipation in a different class of elastic beam resonator that embeds a microfluidic channel in its interior. In this paper, we examine the effect of the beam material Poisson ratio on these devices and discover that it can strongly affect energy dissipation--this is in direct contrast to conventional cantilever beams immersed in fluid. Increasing the Poisson ratio in these microfluidic devices is found to decrease energy dissipation, with the incompressible material limit providing minimum energy dissipation. Our paper establishes that, in this limit, placement of the fluid channel away from the beam neutral axis has negligible effect on energy dissipation in many cases of practical interest. The physical implications of these findings are discussed, and a detailed comparison with available experimental results is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Sader
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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