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Chen Q, Hu X, Guo H, Xie D. Theoretical H + O 3 rate coefficients from ring polymer molecular dynamics on an accurate global potential energy surface: assessing experimental uncertainties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3300-3310. [PMID: 33506830 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal rate coefficients and kinetic isotope effects have been calculated for an important atmospheric reaction H/D + O3 → OH/OD + O2 based on an accurate permutation invariant polynomial-neural network potential energy surface, using ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD), quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) and variational transition-state theory (VTST) with multidimensional tunneling. The RPMD approach yielded results that are generally in better agreement with experimental rate coefficients than the VTST and QCT ones, especially at low temperatures, attributable to its capacity to capture quantum effects such as tunneling and zero-point energy. The theoretical results support one group of existing experiments over the other. In addition, rate coefficients for the D + O3 → OD + O2 reaction are also reported using the same methods, which will allow a stringent assessment of future experimental measurements, thus helping to reduce the uncertainty in the recommended rate coefficients of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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2
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Zuo J, Chen Q, Hu X, Guo H, Xie D. Theoretical Investigations of Rate Coefficients for H + O3 and HO2 + O Reactions on a Full-Dimensional Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6427-6437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Zuo
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Qixin Chen
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xixi Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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3
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Trabelsi T, Francisco JS. Spectroscopic characterization of the first excited state and photochemistry of the HO 3 radical. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:064304. [PMID: 32061237 DOI: 10.1063/1.5134838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the one-dimensional cuts of the six-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) of the ground and lowest doublet and quartet electronic states of trans-HO3 at the MRCI-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Theoretical calculations predict that the first excited state (A2A) presents a real minimum on its PES and possesses a nonplanar structure. The adiabatic excitation energy at the MRCI+Q and MRCI-F12 levels shows that the A2A state lies in the near-infrared region. Both the transition dipole moment and the oscillator strength were predicted to be weak, which suggests that photodissociation of HO3 to produce OH and O2 after UV-Vis absorption is not a plausible mechanism. The harmonic vibrational frequencies and rotational constants of the weakly bound complex OH-O2 in the two electronic states were predicted to help in its detection. Our PES shows that the reactions of H + O3 or HO2 + O in their ground states do not lead to trans-HO3 in its ground electronic state if one of the component fragments, i.e., HO2(A2A') + O(3P) or H(2S) + O3(3B2), is excited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environment Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environment Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6243, USA
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4
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Bartlett MA, Kazez AH, Schaefer HF, Allen WD. Riddles of the structure and vibrational dynamics of HO 3 resolved near the ab initio limit. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:094304. [PMID: 31492062 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydridotrioxygen (HO3) radical has been investigated in many previous theoretical and experimental studies over several decades, originally because of its possible relevance to the tropospheric HOx cycle but more recently because of its fascinating chemical bonding, geometric structure, and vibrational dynamics. We have executed new, comprehensive research on this vexing molecule via focal point analyses (FPA) to approach the ab initio limit of optimized geometric structures, relative energies, complete quartic force fields, and the entire reaction path for cis-trans isomerization. High-order coupled cluster theory was applied through the CCSDT(Q) and even CCSDTQ(P) levels, and CBS extrapolations were performed using cc-pVXZ (X = 2-6) basis sets. The cis isomer proves to be higher than trans by 0.52 kcal mol-1, but this energetic ordering is achieved only after the CCSDT(Q) milestone is reached; the barrier for cis → trans isomerization is a minute 0.27 kcal mol-1. The FPA central re(O-O) bond length of trans-HO3 is astonishingly long (1.670 Å), consistent with the semiexperimental re distance we extracted from microwave rotational constants of 10 isotopologues using FPA vibration-rotation interaction constants (αi). The D0(HO-O2) dissociation energy converges to a mere 2.80 ± 0.25 kcal mol-1. Contrary to expectation for such a weakly bound system, vibrational perturbation theory performs remarkably well with the FPA anharmonic force fields, even for the torsional fundamental near 130 cm-1. Exact numerical procedures are applied to the potential energy function for the torsional reaction path to obtain energy levels, tunneling rates, and radiative lifetimes. The cis → trans isomerization occurs via tunneling with an inherent half-life of 1.4 × 10-11 s and 8.6 × 10-10 s for HO3 and DO3, respectively, thus resolving the mystery of why the cis species has not been observed in previous experiments executed in dissipative environments that allow collisional cooling of the trans-HO3 product. In contrast, the pure ground eigenstate of the cis species in a vacuum is predicted to have a spontaneous radiative lifetime of about 1 h and 5 days for HO3 and DO3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Bartlett
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Arianna H Kazez
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Wesley D Allen
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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5
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Hu X, Zuo J, Xie C, Dawes R, Guo H, Xie D. Anab initiobased full-dimensional potential energy surface for OH + O2⇄ HO3and low-lying vibrational levels of HO3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13766-13775. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A full-dimensional potential energy surface for HO3, including the HO + O2dissociation asymptote, is developed and rigorous quantum dynamics calculations based on this PES have been carried out to compute the vibrational energy levels of HO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Hu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Richard Dawes
- Department of Chemistry
- Missouri University of Science and Technology
- Rolla
- USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
| | - Daiqian Xie
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
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6
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Tahchieva DN, Bakowies D, Ramakrishnan R, von Lilienfeld OA. Torsional Potentials of Glyoxal, Oxalyl Halides, and Their Thiocarbonyl Derivatives: Challenges for Popular Density Functional Approximations. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:4806-4817. [PMID: 30011363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of popular density functionals was studied for the description of torsional profiles of 36 molecules: glyoxal, oxalyl halides, and their thiocarbonyl derivatives. HF and 18 functionals of varying complexity, from local density to range-separated hybrid approximations and double-hybrid, have been considered and benchmarked against CCSD(T)-level rotational profiles. For molecules containing heavy halogens, most functionals fail to reproduce barrier heights accurately and a number of functionals introduce spurious minima. Dispersion corrections show no improvement. Calibrated torsion-corrected atom-centered potentials rectify the shortcomings of PBE and also improve on σ-hole based intermolecular binding in dimers and crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana N Tahchieva
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bakowies
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Raghunathan Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - O Anatole von Lilienfeld
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 80 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
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7
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A theoretical characterization of reactions of HOOO radical with guanine: formation of 8-oxoguanine. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Barreau L, Martinez O, Crabtree KN, Womack CC, Stanton JF, McCarthy MC. Oxygen-18 Isotopic Studies of HOOO and DOOO. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6296-6303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caroline C. Womack
- Department
of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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9
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Lindquist BA, Takeshita TY, Dunning TH. Insights into the Electronic Structure of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide from Generalized Valence Bond Theory: Addition of Hydrogen Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2720-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Lindquist
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Burgess DR. An Evaluation of Gas Phase Enthalpies of Formation for Hydrogen-Oxygen (H xO y) Species. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 121:108-138. [PMID: 34434616 PMCID: PMC7339710 DOI: 10.6028/jres.121.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have compiled gas phase enthalpies of formation for nine hydrogen-oxygen species (HxOy) and selected recommended values for H, O, OH, H2O, HO2, H2O2, O3, HO3, and H2O3. The compilation consists of values derived from experimental measurements, quantum chemical calculations, and prior evaluations. This work updates the recommended values in the NIST-JANAF (1985) and Gurvich et al. (1989) thermochemical tables for seven species. For two species, HO3 and H2O3 (important in atmospheric chemistry) and not found in prior thermochemical evaluations, we also provide supplementary data consisting of molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies, and torsional potentials which can be used to compute thermochemical functions. For all species, we also provide supplementary data consisting of zero point energies, vibrational frequencies, and ion reaction energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Burgess
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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11
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Zou L, Hays BM, Weaver SLW. Weakly Bound Clusters in Astrochemistry? Millimeter and Submillimeter Spectroscopy of trans-HO3 and Comparison to Astronomical Observations. J Phys Chem A 2015; 120:657-67. [PMID: 26709536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of chemical complexity during star and planet formation is largely guided by the chemistry of unstable molecules that are reaction intermediates in terrestrial chemistry. Our knowledge of these intermediates is limited by both the lack of laboratory studies and the difficulty in their astronomical detection. In this work, we focus on the weakly bound cluster HO3 as an example of the connection between laboratory spectroscopic study and astronomical observations. Here, we present a fast-sweep spectroscopic technique in the millimeter and submillimeter range to facilitate the laboratory search for trans-HO3 and DO3 transitions in a discharge supersonic jet and report their rotational spectra from 70 to 450 GHz. These new measurements enable full determination of the molecular constants of HO3 and DO3. We also present a preliminary search for trans-HO3 in 32 star-forming regions using this new spectroscopic information. HO3 is not detected, and column density upper limits are reported. This work provides additional benchmark information for computational studies of this intriguing radical, as well as a reliable set of molecular constants for extrapolation of the transition frequencies of HO3 for future astronomical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Brian M Hays
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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12
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Kim JM, Hong SY, Kim SJ. Theoretical Study for the Structures and Binding Energies of HOOO-(H 2O) n(n=1~5) Cluster. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2015. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2015.59.5.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Viegas LP, Carolina D, Varandas AJ. Mapping the HO3 ground state potential energy surface with DFT: Can we reproduce the MRCI+Q/CBS data? Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Zhou Y, Hu H, Li L, Hou H, Wang B. Ab initio study of the elusive HO3(X2A″) radical and the reaction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Cerkovnik J, Plesničar B. Recent advances in the chemistry of hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH). Chem Rev 2013; 113:7930-51. [PMID: 23808683 DOI: 10.1021/cr300512s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janez Cerkovnik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Suma K, Sumiyoshi Y, Endo Y. Force-field calculation and geometry of the HOOO radical. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:094301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4819323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Stabilization of metastable hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH) and the hydrotrioxyl radical (HOOO) by complexation with sulfuric acid. A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Hoy EP, Schwerdtfeger CA, Mazziotti DA. Relative Energies and Geometries of the cis- and trans-HO3 Radicals from the Parametric 2-Electron Density Matrix Method. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1817-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Hoy
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
United States
| | - Christine A. Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
United States
| | - David A. Mazziotti
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
United States
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19
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Raston PL, Liang T, Douberly GE. Infrared spectroscopy of HOOO and DOOO in 4He nanodroplets. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:184302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4764298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Liang T, Raston PL, Douberly GE. Helium Nanodroplet Isolation Spectroscopy and ab Initio Calculations of HO3(O2)nClusters. Chemphyschem 2012; 14:764-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706‐542‐1234
| | - Paul L. Raston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706‐542‐1234
| | - Gary E. Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA), Fax: (+1) 706‐542‐1234
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21
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Lehman JH, Lester MI, Yarkony DR. Reactive quenching of OH A 2Σ+ by O2 and CO: Experimental and nonadiabatic theoretical studies of H- and O-atom product channels. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:094312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4748376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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22
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Hollman DS, Schaefer HF. In search of the next Holy Grail of polyoxide chemistry: Explicitly correlated ab initio full quartic force fields for HOOH, HOOOH, HOOOOH, and their isotopologues. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:084302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3684231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Varandas AJC. Ab Initio Treatment of Bond-Breaking Reactions: Accurate Course of HO3 Dissociation and Revisit to Isomerization. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:428-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200773b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. C. Varandas
- Departamento de Química,
Universidade de Coimbra,
3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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McCarthy MC, Lattanzi V, Kokkin D, Martinez O, Stanton JF. On the molecular structure of HOOO. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:034303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3673875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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26
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