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Chu W, Li Z, Gu J, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhao D. Continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy incorporating with an off-axis arrangement, white noise perturbation, and optical re-injection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:114104. [PMID: 37947499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0172162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultra-sensitive continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (cw-CRDS) spectrometer to record high resolution spectra of reactive radicals and ions in a pulsed supersonic plasma. The spectrometer employs a home-made external cavity diode laser as the tunable light source, with its wavelength modulated by radio-frequency white noise. The ringdown cavity with a finesse of ∼105 is arranged with an off-axis alignment. The combination of the off-axis cavity and the white-noise perturbed laser yields quasi-continuum laser-cavity coupling without the need of mode matching. The cavity is further incorporated with an extra multi-pass cavity for optical re-injection of light reflected off the master cavity, which significantly increases the throughput power of the high-finesse cavity. A fast switchable semiconductor optical amplifier is used to modulate the cw laser beam to square wave pulses and to initialize timing controlled ringdown events, which are synchronized to the plasma pulses with an accuracy of ∼3 µs. The performance and potential of the cw-CRDS spectrometer are illustrated and discussed, based on the high resolution near-infrared spectroscopic detection of trace 13C13C radicals generated in a pulsed supersonic C2H2/Ar plasma with a pulse duration of ∼50 µs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyou Chu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Gu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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Chu W, Yu C, Xiao Z, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhao D. Gas-phase optical absorption spectra of the indene cation (C 9H 8+). Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2150703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangyou Chu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunting Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengjun Xiao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Schröder B, Doney KD, Sebald P, Zhao D, Linnartz H. Stretching our understanding of C 3: Experimental and theoretical spectroscopy of highly excited nν 1 + mν 3 states (n ≤ 7 and m ≤ 3). J Chem Phys 2018; 149:014302. [PMID: 29981549 DOI: 10.1063/1.5034092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the high resolution infrared detection of fifteen highly vibrationally excited nν1 + mν3 combination bands (n ≤ 7 and m ≤ 3) of C3 produced in a supersonically expanding propyne plasma, of which fourteen are reported for the first time. The fully resolved spectrum, around 3 μm, is recorded using continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the resulting spectra is provided by ro-vibrational calculations based on an accurate local ab initio potential energy surface for C3 (X̃1Σg+). The experimental results not only offer a significant extension of the available data set, extending the observed number of quanta v1 to 7 and v3 to 3, but also a vital test to the fundamental understanding of this benchmark molecule. The present variational calculations give remarkable agreement compared to experimental values with typical accuracies of ∼0.01% for the vibrational frequencies and ∼0.001% for the rotational parameters, even for high energy levels around 10 000 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schröder
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Kirstin D Doney
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sebald
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Harold Linnartz
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bacalla X, Salumbides EJ, Linnartz H, Ubachs W, Zhao D. Spectroscopic Survey of Electronic Transitions of C6H, (13)C6H, and C6D. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6402-17. [PMID: 27459295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bacalla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edcel J Salumbides
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Physics, University of San Carlos , Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Harold Linnartz
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zeng T, Danovich D, Shaik S, Ananth N, Hoffmann R. Tuning the Ground State Symmetry of Acetylenyl Radicals. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:270-278. [PMID: 27162981 PMCID: PMC4827494 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The lowest excited state of the acetylenyl radical, HCC, is a (2)Π state, only 0.46 eV above the ground state, (2)Σ(+). The promotion of an electron from a π bond pair to a singly occupied σ hybrid orbital is all that is involved, and so we set out to tune those orbital energies, and with them the relative energetics of (2)Π and (2)Σ(+) states. A strategy of varying ligand electronegativity, employed in a previous study on substituted carbynes, RC, was useful, but proved more difficult to apply for substituted acetylenyl radicals, RCC. However, π-donor/acceptor substitution is effective in modifying the state energies. We are able to design molecules with (2)Π ground states (NaOCC, H2NCC ((2)A″), HCSi, FCSi, etc.) and vary the (2)Σ(+)-(2)Π energy gap over a 4 eV range. We find an inconsistency between bond order and bond dissociation energy measures of the bond strength in the Si-containing molecules; we provide an explanation through an analysis of the relevant potential energy curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - David Danovich
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United
States
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Haddad M, Zhao D, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. The electronic spectra of long carbon-chain (13)C 2nH/D molecules for (). Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.921342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dai Z, Sun W, Wang J, Mo Y. The Renner-Teller effect in HCCCN(+)(X̃(2)Π) studied by zero-kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:054301. [PMID: 26254647 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spin-vibronic energy levels of the cyanoacetylene cation have been measured using the one-photon zero-kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopic method. All three degenerate vibrational modes showing vibronic coupling, i.e., Renner-Teller (RT) effect, have been observed. All the splitting spin-vibronic energy levels of the fundamental H-C≡C bending vibration (v5) have been determined. The spin-vibronic energy levels of the degenerate vibrational modes have also been calculated using a diabatic model in which the harmonic terms as well as all the second-order vibronic coupling terms are used. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data and are used to assign the ZEKE spectrum. It is found that the RT effects for the H-(CC)-CN bending (v7) and the C-C≡N bending (v6) vibrations are weak, whereas they are strong for the H-C≡C bending (v5) vibration. The cross-mode RT couplings between any of the two degenerate vibrations are strong. The spin-orbit resolved fundamental vibrational energy levels of the C≡N stretching (v2) and C-H stretching (v1) vibrations have also been observed. The spin-orbit energy splitting of the ground state has been determined for the first time as 43 ± 2 cm(-1), and the ionization energy of HCCCN is found to be 93 903.5 ± 2 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyang Dai
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxiang Mo
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Vikas, Kaur G. Global reaction route mapping of isomerization pathways of exotic C6H molecular species. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:224311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4840755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Walsh AJ, Zhao D, Linnartz H. Note: cavity enhanced self-absorption spectroscopy: a new diagnostic tool for light emitting matter. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:026108. [PMID: 23464270 DOI: 10.1063/1.4792840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of Cavity Enhanced Self-Absorption Spectroscopy (CESAS), a new sensitive diagnostic tool for analyzing light-emitting samples. The technique works without an additional light source and its implementation is straight forward. In CESAS, a sample (plasma, flame, or combustion source) is located in an optically stable cavity consisting of two high reflectivity mirrors, and here it acts both as light source and absorbing medium. A modest portion of the emitted light is trapped inside the cavity, making 10(4)-10(5) cavity round trips while crossing the sample and an artificial augmentation of the path length of the absorbing medium occurs as the light transverses the cavity. Light leaking out of the cavity simultaneously provides emission and absorption features. The performance is illustrated by CESAS results on supersonically expanding pulsed hydrocarbon plasma. We expect CESAS to become a generally applicable analytical tool for real time and in situ diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton J Walsh
- Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Walsh A, Zhao D, Ubachs W, Linnartz H. Optomechanical Shutter Modulated Broad-Band Cavity–Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of Molecular Transients of Astrophysical Interest. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9363-9. [PMID: 23240889 DOI: 10.1021/jp310392n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Walsh
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- LaserLaB, Department
of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL 1081 HV Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - Harold Linnartz
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler
Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Haddad MA, Zhao DF, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. Spin-orbit Splitting and Lifetime Broadening in the A2Δ Electronic State of l-C5H. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/02/129-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Zhao D, Linnartz H, Ubachs W. The electronic spectrum of the C(s)-C11H3 radical. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:054307. [PMID: 22320742 DOI: 10.1063/1.3681259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic gas-phase absorption spectrum of the bent carbon-chain radical, HC(4)CHC(6)H with C(s) symmetry, is recorded in the 595 nm region by cavity ring-down spectroscopy through an expanding hydrogen plasma. An unambiguous spectroscopic identification becomes possible from a systematic deuterium labeling experiment. A comparison of the results with recently reported spectra of the nonlinear HC(4)CHC(4)H and HC(4)C(C(2)H)C(4)H radicals with C(2v) symmetry provides a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular behavior of π-conjugated bent carbon-chain systems upon electronic excitation. We find that the electronic excitation in the bent carbon-chain HC(4)CHC(2n)H (n = 1-4) series exhibits a similar trend as in the linear HC(2n+1)H (n = 3-6) series, shifting optical absorptions towards longer wavelengths for increasing overall bent chain lengths. The π-conjugation in bent HC(4)CHC(2n)H (n = 1-4) chains is found to be generally smaller than in the linear HC(2n+1)H (n = 3-6) case for equivalent numbers of C-atoms. The addition of an electron-donating group to the bent chain causes a slight decrease of the effective conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Zhao
- Institute for Lasers, Life, and Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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