1
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Ideböhn V, Linguerri R, Cornetta LM, Olsson E, Wallner M, Squibb RJ, Couto RC, Karlsson L, Nyman G, Hochlaf M, Eland JHD, Ågren H, Feifel R. Symmetry breaking in core-valence double ionisation of allene. Commun Chem 2023; 6:137. [PMID: 37400533 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional electron spectroscopy is an established one-electron-at-the-time method for revealing the electronic structure and dynamics of either valence or inner shell ionized systems. By combining an electron-electron coincidence technique with the use of soft X-radiation we have measured a double ionisation spectrum of the allene molecule in which one electron is removed from a C1s core orbital and one from a valence orbital, well beyond Siegbahns Electron-Spectroscopy-for-Chemical-Analysis method. This core-valence double ionisation spectrum shows the effect of symmetry breaking in an extraordinary way, when the core electron is ejected from one of the two outer carbon atoms. To explain the spectrum we present a new theoretical approach combining the benefits of a full self-consistent field approach with those of perturbation methods and multi-configurational techniques, thus establishing a powerful tool to reveal molecular orbital symmetry breaking on such an organic molecule, going beyond Löwdins standard definition of electron correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ideböhn
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics, Origovgen 6B, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roberto Linguerri
- Universite Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 Bd Descartes 77454, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - Lucas M Cornetta
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emelie Olsson
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics, Origovgen 6B, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Måns Wallner
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics, Origovgen 6B, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard J Squibb
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics, Origovgen 6B, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rafael C Couto
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Karlsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Nyman
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Universite Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 Bd Descartes 77454, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - John H D Eland
- Oxford University, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Hans Ågren
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Raimund Feifel
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Physics, Origovgen 6B, SE-412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2
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Lekkas I, Frogley MD, Achtnich T, Cinque G. Rapidly frequency-tuneable, in-vacuum, and magnetic levitation chopper for fast modulation of infrared light. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:085105. [PMID: 36050048 DOI: 10.1063/5.0097279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present an in-vacuum mechanical chopper running at high speed and integrated into a magnetic levitating motor for modulating optical beams up to 200 kHz. The compact chopper rotor allows fast acceleration (10 kHz s-1 as standard) for rapid tuning of the modulation frequency, while 1 mm diameter slots provide high optical throughput for larger infrared beams. The modulation performances are assessed using a reference visible laser and the high brightness, broadband, infrared (IR) beam of synchrotron radiation at the MIRIAM beamline B22 at Diamond Light Source, UK. For our application of IR nanospectroscopy, minimizing the temporal jitter on the modulated beam due to chopper manufacturing and control tolerances is essential to limit the noise level in measurements via lock-in detection, while high modulation frequencies are needed to achieve high spatial resolution in photothermal nanospectroscopy. When reaching the maximum chopping frequency of 200 kHz, the jitter was found to be 0.9% peak-to-peak. The described chopper now replaces the standard ball-bearing chopper in our synchrotron-based FTIR photothermal nanospectroscopy system, and we demonstrate improved spectroscopy results on a 200 nm thickness polymer film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lekkas
- MIRIAM Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0DE Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Frogley
- MIRIAM Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0DE Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Timon Achtnich
- Celeroton AG, Industriestrasse 22, 8604 Volketswil, Switzerland
| | - Gianfelice Cinque
- MIRIAM Beamline B22, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0DE Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
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3
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Olsson E, Ayari T, Ideböhn V, Wallner M, Squibb RJ, Andersson J, Roos AH, Stranges S, Dyke JM, Eland JHD, Hochlaf M, Feifel R. An experimental and theoretical characterization of the electronic structure of doubly ionised disulfur. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12236. [PMID: 35851404 PMCID: PMC9293938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Using time-of-flight multiple electron and ion coincidence techniques in combination with a helium gas discharge lamp and synchrotron radiation, the double ionisation spectrum of disulfur (S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}2) and the subsequent fragmentation dynamics of its dication are investigated. The S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}2 sample was produced by heating mercury sulfide (HgS), whose vapour at a suitably chosen temperature consists primarily of two constituents: S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}2 and atomic Hg. A multi-particle-coincidence technique is thus particularly useful for retrieving spectra of S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}2 from ionisation of the mixed vapour. The results obtained are compared with detailed calculations of the electronic structure and potential energy curves of S\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_2^{2+}$$\end{document}22+ which are also presented. These computations are carried out using configuration interaction methodology. The experimental results are interpreted with and strongly supported by the computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Olsson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tarek Ayari
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Champs sur Marne, France
| | - Veronica Ideböhn
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Måns Wallner
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Andersson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hult Roos
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden.,ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Stranges
- IOM-CNR Tasc, SS-14, Km 163.5 Area Science Park Basovizza, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Universitá Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - John H D Eland
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Champs sur Marne, France.
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Ideböhn V, Sterling AJ, Wallner M, Olsson E, Squibb RJ, Miniotaite U, Forsmalm E, Forsmalm M, Stranges S, Dyke JM, Duarte F, Eland JHD, Feifel R. Single photon double and triple ionization of allene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:786-796. [PMID: 34927639 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04666g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Double and triple ionization of allene are investigated using electron-electron, ion-ion, electron-electron-ion and electron-electron-ion-ion (ee, ii, eei, eeii) coincidence spectroscopies at selected photon energies. The results provide supporting evidence for a previously proposed roaming mechanism in H3+ formation by double ionization. The lowest vertical double ionization energy is found to be 27.9 eV, while adiabatic double ionization is not accessed by vertical ionization at the neutral geometry. The triple ionization energy is found to be close to 50 eV in agreement with theoretical predictions. The doubly charged parent ion is stable up to about 2 eV above the threshold, after which dissociations by charge separation and by double charge retention occur with comparable intensities. Fragmentation to H+ + C3H3+ starts immediately above the threshold as a slow (metastable) decay with 130.5 ± 9.9 ns mean lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ideböhn
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Måns Wallner
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Emelie Olsson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Richard J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ugne Miniotaite
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Forsmalm
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Forsmalm
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Stranges
- IOM-CNR Tasc, SS-14, Km 163.5 Area Science Park, Basovizza 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Universitá Sapienza, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - John H D Eland
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Rössle M, Leitenberger W, Reinhardt M, Koç A, Pudell J, Kwamen C, Bargheer M. The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP at BESSY II. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:948-960. [PMID: 33950003 PMCID: PMC8127367 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521002484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP for optical pump/X-ray probe experiments at the electron storage ring BESSY II is dedicated to investigating the structural response of thin film samples and heterostructures after their excitation with ultrashort laser pulses and/or electric field pulses. It enables experiments with access to symmetric and asymmetric Bragg reflections via a four-circle diffractometer and it is possible to keep the sample in high vacuum and vary the sample temperature between ∼15 K and 350 K. The femtosecond laser system permanently installed at the beamline allows for optical excitation of the sample at 1028 nm. A non-linear optical setup enables the sample excitation also at 514 nm and 343 nm. A time-resolution of 17 ps is achieved with the `low-α' operation mode of the storage ring and an electronic variation of the delay between optical pump and hard X-ray probe pulse conveniently accesses picosecond to microsecond timescales. Direct time-resolved detection of the diffracted hard X-ray synchrotron pulses use a gated area pixel detector or a fast point detector in single photon counting mode. The range of experiments that are reliably conducted at the endstation and that detect structural dynamics of samples excited by laser pulses or electric fields are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rössle
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Leitenberger
- Institut für Physik and Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Reinhardt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azize Koç
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Pudell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christelle Kwamen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matias Bargheer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Wilhelm-Conrad-Röntgen Campus, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik and Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Ozga C, Honisch C, Schmidt P, Holzapfel X, Zindel C, Küstner-Wetekam C, Richter C, Hergenhahn U, Ehresmann A, Knie A, Hans A. Photon-electron coincidence experiments at synchrotron radiation facilities with arbitrary bunch modes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:045110. [PMID: 34243486 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the adaptation of an electron-photon coincidence detection scheme to the multibunch hybrid mode of the synchrotron radiation source BESSY II (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin). Single-event-based data acquisition and evaluation, combined with the use of relative detection times between the coincident particles, enable the acquisition of proper coincidence signals from a quasi-continuous excitation pattern. The background signal produced by accidental coincidences in the time difference representation is modeled using the non-coincident electron and photon spectra. We validate the method by reproducing previously published results, which were obtained in the single bunch mode, and illustrate its usability for the multibunch hybrid mode by investigating the photoionization of CO2 into CO2 + B satellite states, followed by subsequent photon emission. The radiative lifetime obtained and the electron binding energy are in good agreement with earlier publications. We expect this method to be a useful tool to extend the versatility of coincident particle detection to arbitrary operation modes of synchrotron radiation facilities and other excitation sources without the need for additional experimental adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ozga
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - C Honisch
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Ph Schmidt
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - X Holzapfel
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - C Zindel
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - C Küstner-Wetekam
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - C Richter
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ehresmann
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A Knie
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - A Hans
- Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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7
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Schmidt D, Bauer R, Chung S, Novikov D, Sander M, Pudell JE, Herzog M, Pfuetzenreuter D, Schwarzkopf J, Chernikov R, Gaal P. A new concept for temporal gating of synchrotron X-ray pulses. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:375-382. [PMID: 33650548 PMCID: PMC7941288 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A new concept for temporal gating of synchrotron X-ray pulses based on laser-induced thermal transient gratings is presented. First experimental tests of the concept yield a diffraction efficiency of 0.18%; however, the calculations indicate a theoretical efficiency and contrast of >30% and 10-5, respectively. The full efficiency of the pulse picker has not been reached yet due to a long-range thermal deformation of the sample after absorption of the excitation laser. This method can be implemented in a broad spectral range (100 eV to 20 keV) and is only minimally invasive to an existing setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Schmidt
- Institut für Nanostruktur- und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R. Bauer
- Institut für Nanostruktur- und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Chung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Novikov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Sander
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J.-E. Pudell
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - M. Herzog
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - D. Pfuetzenreuter
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Schwarzkopf
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Chernikov
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Canada SK S7N 2V3
| | - P. Gaal
- Institut für Nanostruktur- und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Abstract
Double and triple ionisation spectra of the reactive molecule isocyanic acid (HNCO) have been measured using multi-electron and ion coincidence techniques combined with synchrotron radiation and compared with high-level theoretical calculations. Vertical double ionisation at an energy of 32.8 ± 0.3 eV forms the 3A" ground state in which the HNCO2+ ion is long lived. The vertical triple ionisation energy is determined as 65 ± 1 eV. The core-valence double ionisation spectra resemble the valence photoelectron spectrum in form, and their main features can be understood on the basis of a simple and rather widely applicable Coulomb model based on the characteristics of the molecular orbitals from which electrons are removed. Characteristics of the most important dissociation channels are examined and discussed.
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9
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Andersson J, Zagorodskikh S, Roos AH, Talaee O, Squibb RJ, Koulentianos D, Wallner M, Zhaunerchyk V, Singh R, Eland JHD, Rost JM, Feifel R. Parametrization of energy sharing distributions in direct double photoionization of He. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17883. [PMID: 31784628 PMCID: PMC6884530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present experimental results on the characteristic sharing of available excess energy, ranging from 11–221 eV, between two electrons in single-photon direct double ionization of He. An effective parametrization of the sharing distributions is presented along with an empirical model that describes the complete shape of the distribution based on a single experimentally determinable parameter. The measured total energy sharing distributions are separated into two distributions representing the shake-off and knock-out parts by simulating the sharing distribution curves expected from a pure wave collapse after a sudden removal of the primary electron. In this way, empirical knock-out distributions are extracted and both the shake-off and knock-out distributions are parametrized. These results suggest a simple method that can be applied to other atomic and molecular systems to experimentally study important aspects of the direct double ionization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andersson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Hult Roos
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Talaee
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - R J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D Koulentianos
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - M Wallner
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Singh
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - J H D Eland
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - J M Rost
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - R Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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10
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Eland JHD, Feifel R. Triple ionization of HCl via states with a 2p core hole. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114301. [PMID: 31542004 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple ionization of HCl by double Auger decay and related processes has been studied using a multiparticle coincidence technique combined with synchrotron radiation. Four contributing processes are identified; direct double Auger, two indirect double Auger decay pathways, and single Auger decay from core-valence doubly ionized intermediate states. One indirect Auger process involves autoionization from superexcited states of Cl+. Double Auger decay from HCl+ (2p-1, 2PJ), which makes up 11% ± 2% of total Auger decay, is estimated to be 40% direct, 15% indirect via atomic Cl+* and 45% indirect via molecular intermediate doubly ionized states. The vertical triple ionization energy of HCl is determined as 73.8 ± 0.5 eV. Molecular field effects are found to affect the direct double Auger process as well as normal single Auger decay. A comparison between spectra of the HCl and DCl isotopomers indicates that electronic decay is faster in all the processes than molecular dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H D Eland
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - R Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Strobel C, Gantefoer G, Bodi A, Hemberger P. A magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer suitable for continuous ionization sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063105. [PMID: 31255026 DOI: 10.1063/1.5097388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly developed magnetic-bottle time-of-flight electron spectrometer suitable for continuous or quasicontinuous photoionization sources such as synchrotrons. A strong magnetic field collects almost all photoelectrons from a well-defined ionization volume and quantitatively suppresses background electrons which originate outside of this interaction region. Although it is a pulsed instrument, a relatively high duty cycle is achieved by storing the photoelectrons generated between two cycles in an electromagnetic trap. This makes the new instrument suitable for experiments with very low sample densities. Another advantage is the high energy resolution, 50 meV in the first version of the spectrometer described here, which simply depends on the length of the time-of-flight instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Strobel
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gerd Gantefoer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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12
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Hikosaka Y. A virtual stretch of light pulse interval by pulsed electron extraction introduced into a magnetic bottle electron spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053105. [PMID: 31153290 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A pulsed extraction of electrons associated with a single light pulse is introduced into electron time-of-flight measurement by using a magnetic bottle electron spectrometer. The pulsed extraction enables us to observe long times-of-flight of electrons with synchrotron radiation pulses of short periods. The feasibility and the performance of this method are demonstrated by multielectron coincidence measurements for Xe 4d excitation/ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Hikosaka
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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13
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Vadilonga S, Zizak I, Roshchupkin D, Petsiuk A, Dolbnya I, Sawhney K, Erko A. Pulse picker for synchrotron radiation driven by a surface acoustic wave. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1915-1918. [PMID: 28504758 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A functional test for a pulse picker for synchrotron radiation was performed at Diamond Light Source. The purpose of a pulse picker is to select which pulse from the synchrotron hybrid-mode bunch pattern reaches the experiment. In the present work, the Bragg reflection on a Si/B4C multilayer was modified using surface acoustic wave (SAW) trains. Diffraction on the SAW alters the direction of the x rays and it can be used to modulate the intensity of the x rays that reach the experimental chamber. Using electronic modulation of the SAW amplitude, it is possible to obtain different scattering conditions for different x-ray pulses. To isolate the single bunch, the state of the SAW must be changed in the short time gap between the pulses. To achieve the necessary time resolution, the measurements have been performed in conical diffraction geometry. The achieved time resolution was 120 ns.
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14
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Zagorodskikh S, Eland JHD, Zhaunerchyk V, Mucke M, Squibb RJ, Linusson P, Feifel R. Mechanisms of site-specific photochemistry following core-shell ionization of chemically inequivalent carbon atoms in acetaldehyde (ethanal). J Chem Phys 2016; 145:124302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4962823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John H. D. Eland
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Vitali Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melanie Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Squibb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Linusson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimund Feifel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Eland JHD, Singh R, Pickering JD, Slater CS, Hult Roos A, Andersson J, Zagorodskikh S, Squibb RJ, Brouard M, Feifel R. Dissociation of multiply charged ICN by Coulomb explosion. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:074303. [PMID: 27544101 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragmentations of iodine cyanide ions created with 2 to 8 positive charges by photoionization from inner shells with binding energies from 59 eV (I 4d) to ca. 900 eV (I 3p) have been examined by multi-electron and multi-ion coincidence spectroscopy with velocity map imaging ion capability. The charge distributions produced by hole formation in each shell are characterised and systematic effects of the number of charges and of initial charge localisation are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H D Eland
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - R Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J D Pickering
- Department of Chemistry, The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - C S Slater
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Hult Roos
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Andersson
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R J Squibb
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Brouard
- Department of Chemistry, The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - R Feifel
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Eland J, Plogmaker S, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Palaudoux J, Nicolas C, Robert E, Miron C, Feifel R. Wide range double photoionisation spectra of N2 and CO2. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Zagorodskikh S, Vapa M, Vahtras O, Zhaunerchyk V, Mucke M, Eland JHD, Squibb RJ, Linusson P, Jänkälä K, Ågren H, Feifel R. An experimental and theoretical study of core-valence double ionisation of acetaldehyde (ethanal). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2535-47. [PMID: 26700657 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core-valence double ionisation spectra of acetaldehyde (ethanal) are presented at photon energies above the carbon and oxygen 1s ionisation edges, measured by a versatile multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy technique. We use this molecule as a testbed for analyzing core-valence spectra by means of quantum chemical calculations of transition energies. These theoretical approaches range from two simple models, one based on orbital energies corrected by core valence interaction and one based on the equivalent core approximation, to a systematic series of quantum chemical electronic structure methods of increasing sophistication. The two simple models are found to provide a fast orbital interpretation of the spectra, in particular in the low energy parts, while the coverage of the full spectrum is best fulfilled by correlated models. CASPT2 is the most sophisticated model applied, but considering precision as well as computational costs, the single and double excitation configuration interaction model seems to provide the best option to analyze core-valence double hole spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zagorodskikh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - M Vapa
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and Centre for Molecular Materials Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - O Vahtras
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Zhaunerchyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - M Mucke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J H D Eland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - R J Squibb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - P Linusson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Jänkälä
- Department of Physics, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - H Ågren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Feifel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Origovägen 6B, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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18
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Zagorodskikh S, Zhaunerchyk V, Mucke M, Eland J, Squibb R, Karlsson L, Linusson P, Feifel R. Single-photon double and triple ionization of acetaldehyde (ethanal) studied by multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wang S, Wendt AE, Boffard JB, Lin CC. Time-resolved spectroscopy using a chopper wheel as a fast shutter. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:013111. [PMID: 25638076 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Widely available, small form-factor, fiber-coupled spectrometers typically have a minimum exposure time measured in milliseconds, and thus cannot be used directly for time-resolved measurements at the microsecond level. Spectroscopy at these faster time scales is typically done with an intensified charge coupled device (CCD) system where the image intensifier acts as a "fast" electronic shutter for the slower CCD array. In this paper, we describe simple modifications to a commercially available chopper wheel system to allow it to be used as a "fast" mechanical shutter for gating a fiber-coupled spectrometer to achieve microsecond-scale time-resolved optical measurements of a periodically pulsed light source. With the chopper wheel synchronized to the pulsing of the light source, the time resolution can be set to a small fraction of the pulse period by using a chopper wheel with narrow slots separated by wide spokes. Different methods of synchronizing the chopper wheel and pulsing of the light sources are explored. The capability of the chopper wheel system is illustrated with time-resolved measurements of pulsed plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Amy E Wendt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - John B Boffard
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Chun C Lin
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Holldack K, Ovsyannikov R, Kuske P, Müller R, Schälicke A, Scheer M, Gorgoi M, Kühn D, Leitner T, Svensson S, Mårtensson N, Föhlisch A. Single bunch X-ray pulses on demand from a multi-bunch synchrotron radiation source. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4010. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Eland JHD, Zagorodskikh S, Squibb RJ, Mucke M, Sorensen SL, Feifel R. Carbon dioxide ion dissociations after inner shell excitation and ionization: The origin of site-specific effects. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:184305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4872218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Johansson EMJ, Lindblad R, Siegbahn H, Hagfeldt A, Rensmo H. Atomic and Electronic Structures of Interfaces in Dye-Sensitized, Nanostructured Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1006-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201301074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Homonuclear site-specific photochemistry by an ion–electron multi-coincidence spectroscopy technique. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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