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Han X, Zhang Q, He H, Zhao Q, Li G. Reflow-molded deep concave microwell arrays for robust and large-scale production of embryoid bodies. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4378-4389. [PMID: 37695312 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00504f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived aggregates, called embryoid bodies (EBs), are powerful in vitro models used to study human development and disease. However, the cost-effective and large-scale production of homogeneous EBs still remains a challenge. Here, we report a rapid, straightforward method for fabricating closely arrayed deep concave microwells, enabling the mass production of uniform EBs from single cell suspensions. By simply combining micromilling, caramel replica molding, and thermal reflow, we generate convex micromolds with high aspect ratios and excellent surface smoothness. Benefitting from the nature of reflow, this method can produce rounded bottom polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microwells, which are not easily achieved with standard soft lithography techniques but critical to producing spherical EBs. To achieve optimal concave microwells, we investigated the effect of thermal reflow temperature and time on the surface smoothness and roundness of the finished microwells. In addition, to further improve the utility of this method, we also investigated the effect of microwell aspect ratio (AR) on the loss of EBs during medium manipulation. The capability of this deep concave microwell system was validated by rapidly generating a large number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived EBs and then efficiently differentiating them into a cardiac lineage. The proposed fabrication method and deep concave microwell platform are highly practical, and thus will benefit the mass production of EBs for potential tissue regeneration and cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Hui He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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2
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Li D, Yu W, Zhou T, Li M, Song Y, Li D. Conductivity-difference-enhanced DC dielectrophoretic particle separation in a microfluidic chip. Analyst 2022; 147:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conductivity-difference-enhanced DC dielectrophoretic particle separation in a microfluidic chip. Two immiscible electrolyte solutions with different conductivities in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Weicheng Yu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Hai Kou, 570228, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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3
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Zhuang P, Chiang YH, Fernanda MS, He M. Using Spheroids as Building Blocks Towards 3D Bioprinting of Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:444. [PMID: 34805601 PMCID: PMC8600307 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i4.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer still ranks as a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although considerable efforts have been dedicated to anticancer therapeutics, progress is still slow, partially due to the absence of robust prediction models. Multicellular tumor spheroids, as a major three-dimensional (3D) culture model exhibiting features of avascular tumors, gained great popularity in pathophysiological studies and high throughput drug screening. However, limited control over cellular and structural organization is still the key challenge in achieving in vivo like tissue microenvironment. 3D bioprinting has made great strides toward tissue/organ mimicry, due to its outstanding spatial control through combining both cells and materials, scalability, and reproducibility. Prospectively, harnessing the power from both 3D bioprinting and multicellular spheroids would likely generate more faithful tumor models and advance our understanding on the mechanism of tumor progression. In this review, the emerging concept on using spheroids as a building block in 3D bioprinting for tumor modeling is illustrated. We begin by describing the context of the tumor microenvironment, followed by an introduction of various methodologies for tumor spheroid formation, with their specific merits and drawbacks. Thereafter, we present an overview of existing 3D printed tumor models using spheroids as a focus. We provide a compilation of the contemporary literature sources and summarize the overall advancements in technology and possibilities of using spheroids as building blocks in 3D printed tissue modeling, with a particular emphasis on tumor models. Future outlooks about the wonderous advancements of integrated 3D spheroidal printing conclude this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | | | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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4
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Henslee EA, Dunlop CM, de Mel CM, Carter EA, Abdallat RG, Camelliti P, Labeed FH. DEP-Dots for 3D cell culture: low-cost, high-repeatability, effective 3D cell culture in multiple gel systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14603. [PMID: 32884022 PMCID: PMC7471335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cells grown in 3D are more tolerant to drug treatment than those grown in dispersion, but the mechanism for this is still not clear; cells grown in 3D have opportunities to develop inter-cell communication, but are also closely packed which may impede diffusion. In this study we examine methods for dielectrophoresis-based cell aggregation of both suspension and adherent cell lines, and compare the effect of various drugs on cells grown in 3D and 2D. Comparing viability of pharmacological interventions on 3D cell clusters against both suspension cells and adherent cells grown in monolayer, as well as against a unicellular organism with no propensity for intracellular communication, we suggest that 3D aggregates of adherent cells, compared to suspension cells, show a substantially different drug response to cells grown in monolayer, which increases as the IC50 is approached. Further, a mathematical model of the system for each agent demonstrates that changes to drug response are due to inherent changes in the system of adherent cells from the 2D to 3D state. Finally, differences in the electrophysiological membrane properties of the adherent cell type suggest this parameter plays an important role in the differences found in the 3D drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Henslee
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.,Department of Engineering, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Carina M Dunlop
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Christine M de Mel
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Emily A Carter
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Rula G Abdallat
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, PO Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Fatima H Labeed
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.
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Ino K, Şen M, Shiku H, Matsue T. Micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for evaluation of three-dimensional cultured cells. Analyst 2018; 142:4343-4354. [PMID: 29106427 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of recent research progress in the development of micro/nanoelectrochemical probe and chip devices for the evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) cultured cells. First, we discuss probe devices: a general outline, evaluation of O2 consumption, enzyme-modified electrodes, evaluation of endogenous enzyme activity, and the collection of cell components from cell aggregates are discussed. The next section is focused on integrated chip devices: a general outline, electrode array devices, smart electrode array devices, droplet detection of 3D cultured cells, cell manipulation using dielectrophoresis (DEP), and electrodeposited hydrogels used for fabrication of 3D cultured cells on chip devices are discussed. Finally, we provide a summary and discussion of future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Mustafa Şen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 Cigli, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-406 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-604 Aramaki-aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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6
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Puri P, Kumar V, Belgamwar SU, Sharma NN. Microfluidic Device for Cell Trapping with Carbon Electrodes Using Dielectrophoresis. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Advances in Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Stem Cell-Based Translational Applications. STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29149-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Impedance Analysis AC Techniques. Cellular Quantification. Bioanalysis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64801-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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10
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Gao L, Zhao M, Ye W, Huang J, Chu J, Yan S, Wang C, Zeng R. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) promotes the neural differentiation of full-term amniotic fluid-derived stem cells towards neural progenitor cells. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:312-20. [PMID: 27346451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The amniotic fluid has a heterogeneous population of cells. Some human amniotic fluid-derived stem (hAFS) cells have been shown to harbor the potential to differentiate into neural cells. However, the neural differentiation efficiency of hAFS cells remains low. In this study, we isolated CD117-positive hAFS cells from amniotic fluid and then examined the pluripotency of these cells through the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs). Additionally, we induced the neural differentiation of these cells using neuroectodermal medium. This study revealed that the GSK3-beta inhibitor SB216763 was able to stimulate the proliferation of CD117-positive hAFS cells without influencing their undifferentiated state. Moreover, SB216763 can efficiently promote the neural differentiation of CD117-positive hAFS cells towards neural progenitor cells in the presence of DMEM/F12 and N2 supplement. These findings provide an easy and low-cost method to maintain the proliferation of hAFS cells, as well as induce an efficacious generation of neural progenitor cells from hAFS cells. Such induction of the neural commitment of hAFS cells may provide an option for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by hAFS cells-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Gao
- Stem Cell Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Stem Cell Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinzhi Huang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiaqi Chu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shouquan Yan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chaojun Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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del Moral-Zamora B, Punter-Villagrassa J, Oliva-Brañas AM, Álvarez-Azpeitia JM, Colomer-Farrarons J, Samitier J, Homs-Corbera A, Miribel-Català PL. Combined dielectrophoretic and impedance system for on-chip controlled bacteria concentration: Application toEscherichia coli. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1130-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana M. Oliva-Brañas
- Nanobioengineering Group; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | - Josep Samitier
- Department of Electronics; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería; Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Zaragoza Spain
| | - Antoni Homs-Corbera
- Department of Electronics; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Nanobioengineering Group; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); Barcelona Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería; Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Zaragoza Spain
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Ahadian S, Yamada S, Ramón-Azcón J, Ino K, Shiku H, Khademhosseini A, Matsue T. Rapid and high-throughput formation of 3D embryoid bodies in hydrogels using the dielectrophoresis technique. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3690-3694. [PMID: 25082412 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate the rapid formation of three-dimensional (3D) embryonic stem cell (ESC) aggregates with controllable sizes and shapes in hydrogels using dielectrophoresis (DEP). The ESCs encapsulated within a methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) prepolymer were introduced into a DEP device and, upon applying an electric field and crosslinking of the GelMA hydrogel, formed 3D ESC aggregates. Embryoid bodies (EBs) fabricated using this method showed high cellular viability and pluripotency. The proposed technique enables production of EBs on a large scale and in a high-throughput manner for potential cell therapy and tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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Demircan Y, Özgür E, Külah H. Dielectrophoresis: applications and future outlook in point of care. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1008-27. [PMID: 23348714 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label free, noninvasive, stand alone, rapid, and sensitive particle manipulation and characterization technique. Improvements in micro-electro-mechanical systems technology have enabled the biomedical applications of DEP over the past decades. By this way, integration of DEP into lab-on-a-chip systems has become achievable, creating a potential tool for point-of-care (POC) systems. DEP can be utilized in many different POC applications including early detection and prognosis of various cancer types, diagnosis of infectious diseases, blood cell analysis, and stem cell therapy. However, there are still some challenges to be resolved to have DEP-based devices available in POC market. Today, researchers have focused on these challenges to have this powerful theory as a solution for many POC applications. Here, DEP theory, cell modeling, and most common device structures are introduced briefly. Next, POC applications of DEP theory, such as cell (blood, cancer, stem, and fetal) and microorganism separation, manipulation, and enrichment for diagnosis and prognosis, are explained. Integration of DEP with other detection techniques to have more sensitive systems is summarized. Finally, future outlook for DEP-based systems are discussed with some challenges, which are currently preventing these systems to be a common tool for POC applications, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Demircan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, METU, Ankara, Turkey
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Alvankarian J, Bahadorimehr A, Yeop Majlis B. A pillar-based microfilter for isolation of white blood cells on elastomeric substrate. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:14102. [PMID: 24403994 PMCID: PMC3555971 DOI: 10.1063/1.4774068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Our goal is to design, fabricate, and characterize a pillar-based microfluidic device for size-based separation of human blood cells on an elastomeric substrate with application in the low-cost rapid prototyping of lab-chip devices. The single inlet single outlet device is using parallel U-shape arrays of pillars with cutoff size of 5.5 μm for trapping white blood cells (WBCs) in a pillar chamber with internal dead-volume of less than 1.0 μl. The microstructures are designed to limit the elastomeric deformation against fluid pressures. Numerical analysis showed that at maximum pressure loss of 15 kPa which is lower than the device conformal bonding strength, the pillar elastomeric deformation is less than 5% for flow rates of up to 1.0 ml min(-1). Molding technique was employed for device prototyping using polyurethane methacrylate (PUMA) resin and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold. Characterization of the dual-layer device with beads and blood samples is performed. Tests with blood injection showed that ∼18%-25% of WBCs are trapped and ∼84%-89% of red blood cells (RBCs) are passed at flow rates of 15-50 μl min(-1) with a slight decrease of WBCs trap and improve of the RBCs pass at higher flow rates. Similar results were obtained by separation of mixed microspheres of different size injected at flow rates of up to 400 μl min(-1). Tests with blood samples stained by fluorescent gel demonstrated that the WBCs are accumulated in the arrays of pillars that later end up to blockage of the device. Filtration results of using elastomeric substrate present a good consistency with the trend of separation efficiencies of the similar silicon-based filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Alvankarian
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Bahadorimehr
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Agarwal S, Sebastian A, Forrester LM, Markx GH. Formation of embryoid bodies using dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24101-2410111. [PMID: 22655013 PMCID: PMC3360717 DOI: 10.1063/1.3699969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Embryoid body (EB) formation forms an important step in embryonic stem cell differentiation invivo. In murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) cultures EB formation is inhibited by the inclusion of leukaemic inhibitory factor (LIF) in the medium. Assembly of mESCs into aggregates by positive dielectrophoresis (DEP) in high field regions between interdigitated oppositely castellated electrodes was found to initiate EB formation. Embryoid body formation in aggregates formed with DEP occurred at a more rapid rate-in fact faster compared to conventional methods-in medium without LIF. However, EB formation also occurred in medium in which LIF was present when the cells were aggregated with DEP. The optimum characteristic size for the electrodes for EB formation with DEP was found to be 75-100 microns; aggregates smaller than this tended to merge, whilst aggregates larger than this tended to split to form multiple EBs. Experiments with ESCs in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) production was targeted to the mesodermal gene brachyury indicated that differentiation within embryoid bodies of this size may preferentially occur along the mesoderm lineage. As hematopoietic lineages during normal development derive from mesoderm, the finding points to a possible application of DEP formed EBs in the production of blood-based products from ESCs.
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