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Abstract
Vitrification is an alternative to cryopreservation by freezing that enables hydrated living cells to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice. Vitrification simplifies and frequently improves cryopreservation because it eliminates mechanical injury from ice, eliminates the need to find optimal cooling and warming rates, eliminates the importance of differing optimal cooling and warming rates for cells in mixed cell type populations, eliminates the need to find a frequently imperfect compromise between solution effects injury and intracellular ice formation, and can enable chilling injury to be "outrun" by using rapid cooling without a risk of intracellular ice formation. On the other hand, vitrification requires much higher concentrations of cryoprotectants than cryopreservation by freezing, which introduces greater risks of both osmotic damage and cryoprotectant toxicity. Fortunately, a large number of remedies for the latter problem have been discovered over the past 35 years, and osmotic damage can in most cases be eliminated or adequately controlled by paying careful attention to cryoprotectant introduction and washout techniques. Vitrification therefore has the potential to enable the superior and convenient cryopreservation of a wide range of biological systems (including molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and even some whole organisms), and it is also increasingly recognized as a successful strategy for surviving harsh environmental conditions in nature. But the potential of vitrification is sometimes limited by an insufficient understanding of the complex physical and biological principles involved, and therefore a better understanding may not only help to improve present outcomes but may also point the way to new strategies that may be yet more successful in the future. This chapter accordingly describes the basic principles of vitrification and indicates the broad potential biological relevance of this alternative method of cryopreservation.
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Bunkin NF, Yurchenko SO, Suyazov NV, Shkirin AV. Structure of the nanobubble clusters of dissolved air in liquid media. J Biol Phys 2012; 38:121-52. [PMID: 23277675 PMCID: PMC3285720 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-011-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A qualitative model of the nucleation of stable bubbles in water at room temperature is suggested. This model is completely based on the property of the affinity of water at the nanometer scale; it is shown that under certain conditions the extent of disorder in a liquid starts growing, which results in a spontaneous decrease of the local density of the liquid and in the formation of nanometer-sized voids. These voids can serve as nuclei for the following generation of the so-called bubstons (the abbreviation for bubbles, stabilized by ions). The model of charging the bubstons by the ions, which are capable of adsorption, and the screening by a cloud of counter-ions, which are incapable of adsorption, is analyzed. It was shown that, subject to the charge of bubston, two regimes of such screening can be realized. At low charge of bubston the screening is described in the framework of the known linearized Debye-Huckel approach, when the sign of the counter-ion cloud preserves its sign everywhere in the liquid surrounding the bubston, whereas at large charge this sign is changed at some distance from the bubston surface. This effect provides the mechanism of the emergence of two types of compound particles having the opposite polarity, which leads to the aggregation of such compound particles by a ballistic kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai F. Bunkin
- A.M.Prokhorov General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Stanislav O. Yurchenko
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-nd Baumanskaya str. 5, Moscow, 105005 Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Suyazov
- A.M.Prokhorov General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey V. Shkirin
- A.M.Prokhorov General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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YAMAGUCHI T, YOSHIDA K, ITO K, KITTAKA S, TAKAHARA S. Thermal Behavior, Structure, and Dynamics of Low Temperature Water Confined in Mesoporous Materials MCM-41. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.60.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji YOSHIDA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Kanae ITO
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University
| | - Shigeharu KITTAKA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
| | - Shuichi TAKAHARA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science
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Langel W, Fleger HW, Knözinger E. Structure and morphology of gas phase deposited ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19940980112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee J, Kim SH. Water polygons in high-resolution protein crystal structures. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1370-6. [PMID: 19551896 PMCID: PMC2775207 DOI: 10.1002/pro.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the interstitial water (ISW) structures in 1500 protein crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank that have greater than 1.5 A resolution with less than 90% sequence similarity with each other. We observed varieties of polygonal water structures composed of three to eight water molecules. These polygons may represent the time- and space-averaged structures of "stable" water oligomers present in liquid water, and their presence as well as relative population may be relevant in understanding physical properties of liquid water at a given temperature. On an average, 13% of ISWs are localized enough to be visible by X-ray diffraction. Of those, averages of 78% are water molecules in the first water layer on the protein surface. Of the localized ISWs beyond the first layer, almost half of them form water polygons such as trigons, tetragons, as well as expected pentagons, hexagons, higher polygons, partial dodecahedrons, and disordered networks. Most of the octagons and nanogons are formed by fusion of smaller polygons. The trigons are most commonly observed. We suggest that our observation provides an experimental basis for including these water polygon structures in correlating and predicting various water properties in liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, California 94720-5230
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, California 94720
| | - Sung-Hou Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, California 94720-5230
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, California 94720
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Yokoyama H, Kannami M, Kanno H. Existence of clathrate-like structures in supercooled water: X-ray diffraction evidence. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T, Kittaka S, Bellissent-Funel MC, Fouquet P. Thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of supercooled water confined in mesoporous MCM-41 studied with calorimetric, neutron diffraction, and neutron spin echo measurements. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:054702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2961029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Seyed-Yazdi J, Farman H, Dore JC, Webber JBW, Findenegg GH. Structural characterization of water/ice formation in SBA-15 silicas: III. The triplet profile for 86 Å pore diameter. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2008; 20:205108. [PMID: 21694289 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/20/20/205108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The diffraction results for the formation of ice in 86 Å diameter pores of a SBA-15 silica sample are analysed to provide information on the characteristics of the ice created in the pores. The asymmetric triplet at ∼1.7 Å(-1), which involves several overlapping peaks, is particularly relevant to the different ice phases and contains a number of components that can be individually identified. The use of a set of three peaks with an asymmetric profile to represent the possibility of facetted growth in the pores was found to give an unsatisfactory fit to the data. The alternative method involving the introduction of additional peaks with a normal symmetric profile was found to give excellent fits with five components and was the preferred analytic procedure. Three peaks could be directly linked to the positions for the triplet of hexagonal ice, I(h), and one of the other two broad peaks could be associated with a form of amorphous ice. The variation of the peak intensity (and position) was systematic with temperature for both cooling and heating runs. The results indicate that a disordered state of ice is formed as a component with the defective crystalline ices. The position of a broad diffraction peak is intermediate between that of high-density and low-density amorphous ice. The remaining component peak is less broad but does not relate directly to any of the known ice phases and cannot be assigned to any specific structural feature at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seyed-Yazdi
- Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
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Matsumoto M, Baba A, Ohmine I. Topological building blocks of hydrogen bond network in water. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:134504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2772627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kimmel GA, Petrik NG, Dohnálek Z, Kay BD. Layer-by-layer growth of thin amorphous solid water films on Pt(111) and Pd(111). J Chem Phys 2007; 125:44713. [PMID: 16942180 DOI: 10.1063/1.2218844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of amorphous solid water (ASW) films on Pt(111) is investigated using rare gas (e.g., Kr) physisorption. Temperature programmed desorption of Kr is sensitive to the structure of thin water films and can be used to assess the growth modes of these films. At all temperatures that are experimentally accessible (20-155 K), the first layer of water wets Pt(111). Over a wide temperature range (20-120 K), ASW films wet the substrate and grow approximately layer by layer for at least the first three layers. In contrast to the ASW films, crystalline ice films do not wet the water monolayer on Pt(111). Virtually identical results were obtained for ASW films on epitaxial Pd(111) films grown on Pt(111). The desorption rates of thin ASW and crystalline ice films suggest that the relative free energies of the films are responsible for the different growth modes. However, at low temperatures, surface relaxation or "transient mobility" is primarily responsible for the relative smoothness of the films. A simple model of the surface relaxation semiquantitatively accounts for the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Kimmel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Mail Stop K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Structural Models for Clusters Produced in a Free Jet Expansion. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470122693.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
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Abstract
Liquid water is a highly versatile material. Although it is formed from the tiniest of molecules, it can shape and control biomolecules. The hydrogen-bonding properties of water are crucial to this versatility, as they allow water to execute an intricate three-dimensional 'ballet', exchanging partners while retaining complex order and enduring effects. Water can generate small active clusters and macroscopic assemblies, which can both transmit information on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chaplin
- Department of Applied Science, London South Bank University, Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK.
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Cherepanov AV, De Vries S. Microsecond freeze-hyperquenching: development of a new ultrafast micro-mixing and sampling technology and application to enzyme catalysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1656:1-31. [PMID: 15136155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel freeze-quench instrument with a characteristic <<dead-time>> of 137 +/- 18 micros is reported. The prototype has several key features that distinguish it from conventional freeze-quench devices and provide a significant improvement in time resolution: (a) high operating pressures (up to 400 bar) result in a sample flow with high linear rates (up to 200 m s(-1)); (b) tangential micro-mixer with an operating volume of approximately 1 nl yields short mixing times (up to 20 micros); (c) fast transport between the mixer and the cryomedium results in short reaction times: the ageing solution exits the mixer as a free-flowing jet, and the chemical reaction occurs "in-flight" on the way to the cryomedium; (d) a small jet diameter (approximately 20 microm) and a high jet velocity (approximately 200 m s(-1)) provide high sample-cooling rates, resulting in a short cryofixation time (up to 30 micros). The dynamic range of the freeze-quench device is between 130 micros and 15 ms. The novel tangential micro-mixer efficiently mixes viscous aqueous solutions, showing more than 95% mixing at eta < or = 4 (equivalent to protein concentrations up to 250 mg ml(-1)), which makes it an excellent tool for the preparation of pre-steady state samples of concentrated protein solutions for spectroscopic structure analysis. The novel freeze-quench device is characterized using the reaction of binding of azide to metmyoglobin from horse heart. Reaction samples are analyzed using 77 K optical absorbance spectroscopy, and X-band EPR spectroscopy. A simple procedure of spectral analysis is reported that allows (a) to perform a quantitative analysis of the reaction kinetics and (b) to identify and characterize novel reaction intermediates. The reduction of dioxygen by the bo3-type quinol oxidase from Escherichia coli is assayed using the MHQ technique. In these pilot experiments, low-temperature optical absorbance measurements show the rapid oxidation of heme o3 in the first 137 micros of the reaction, accompanied by the formation of an oxo-ferryl species. X-band EPR spectroscopy shows that a short-living radical intermediate is formed during the oxidation of heme o3. The radical decays within approximately 1 ms concomitant with the oxidation of heme b, and can be attributed to the PM reaction intermediate converting to the oxoferryl intermediate F. The general field of application of the freeze-quench methodology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Cherepanov
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In spite of much work, many of the properties of water remain puzzling. A fluctuating network of water molecules, with localised icosahedral symmetry, is proposed to exist derived from clusters containing, if complete, 280 fully hydrogen-bonded molecules. These are formed by the regular arrangement of identical units of 14 water molecules that can tessellate locally, by changing centres, in three-dimensions and interconvert between lower and higher density forms. The structure allows explanation of many of the anomalous properties of water including its temperature-density and pressure-viscosity behaviour, the radial distribution pattern, the presence of both pentamers and hexamers, the change in properties and 'two-state' model on supercooling and the solvation properties of ions, hydrophobic molecules, carbohydrates and macromolecules. The model described here offers a structure on to which large molecules can be mapped in order to offer insights into their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Chaplin
- School of Applied Science, South Bank University, London, UK.
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Palumbo ME. Infrared Spectra and Nature of the Principal CO Trapping Sites in Amorphous and Crystalline H2O Ice. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962462y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Elliott SR. Interpretation of the principal diffraction peak of liquid and amorphous water. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Karmakar AK, Joarder RN. Molecular clusters and correlations in water by x-ray and neutron diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:4215-4222. [PMID: 9960498 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Johari GP. A defect theory for the glass transition and residual entropy of hyperquenched water. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Buch V, Devlin JP. Spectra of dangling OH bonds in amorphous ice: Assignment to 2‐ and 3‐coordinated surface molecules. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Physical Properties of Frozen Volatiles—Their Relevance to the Study of Comet Nuclei. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3378-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Buch V. Identification of two distinct structural and dynamical domains in an amorphous water cluster. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Buch V. Computational study of formation dynamics and structure of amorphous ice condensates. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Zhang Q, Buch V. Condensation and structure of amorphous ices: A computational study. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
1,3-Butanediol and 2,3-butanediol have been used in buffered solutions with 20, 30, or 35% (w/w) alcohol to cool erythrocytes to -196 degrees C at different cooling rates between 1 to 3500 degrees C/min, followed by slow or rapid rewarming. 1,3-butanediol shows the same shapes of red blood cell survival curves as 1,2-propanediol. Having nearly the same physical properties, they have comparable effects on cell survival. The classical maximum of survival for intermediate cooling rates and an increase for the highest cooling rates are observed. This increase seems to be correlated with the glass-forming tendency of the solution. After the fastest cooling rates, a warming rate of 5000 degrees C/min is sufficient to avoid cell damage, but a warming rate of 100-200 degrees C/min is not. Yet both of these rates would be insufficient to avoid the intracellular ice crystallization on warming. The damage on warming after fast cooling seems once again to be correlated with the transition from cubic to hexagonal ice. For all our results, 1,3-butanediol is like a "second" 1,2-propanediol and could be useful as a cryoprotectant for preservation by total vitrification. 2,3-Butanediol always gives extremely low survival rates, though it presents good physical properties. The crystallization of its hydrate seems to be lethal on cooling or on rewarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mehl
- Département de Recherche Fondamentale, Unité INSERM 217, CEN.G 85 X, Grenoble, France
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Torchet G, Schwartz P, Farges J, de Feraudy MF, Raoult B. Structure of solid water clusters formed in a free jet expansion. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Boutron P, Kaufmann A, Van Dang N. Maximum in the stability of the amorphous state in the system water--glycerol--ethanol. Cryobiology 1979; 16:372-89. [PMID: 487853 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(79)90050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sceats MG, Stavola M, Rice SA. A zeroth order random network model of liquid water. J Chem Phys 1979. [DOI: 10.1063/1.437945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Boutron P, Kaufmann A. Metastable states in the system water–ethanol. Existence of a second hydrate; curious properties of both hydrates. J Chem Phys 1978. [DOI: 10.1063/1.435619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Boutron P, Kaufmann A. Stability of the amorphous state in the system water--glycerol--dimethylsulfoxide. Cryobiology 1978; 15:93-108. [PMID: 624223 DOI: 10.1016/0011-2240(78)90012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Continuous random network models representing amorphous solid water have been constructed. The x-ray and neutron scattering predictions for one type of model agree quite well with experimental results.
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