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Lloyd EM, Vakil JR, Yao Y, Sottos NR, Craig SL. Covalent Mechanochemistry and Contemporary Polymer Network Chemistry: A Marriage in the Making. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:751-768. [PMID: 36599076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the field of polymer mechanochemistry has amassed a toolbox of mechanophores that translate mechanical energy into a variety of functional responses ranging from color change to small-molecule release. These productive chemical changes typically occur at the length scale of a few covalent bonds (Å) but require large energy inputs and strains on the micro-to-macro scale in order to achieve even low levels of mechanophore activation. The minimal activation hinders the translation of the available chemical responses into materials and device applications. The mechanophore activation challenge inspires core questions at yet another length scale of chemical control, namely: What are the molecular-scale features of a polymeric material that determine the extent of mechanophore activation? Further, how do we marry advances in the chemistry of polymer networks with the chemistry of mechanophores to create stress-responsive materials that are well suited for an intended application? In this Perspective, we speculate as to the potential match between covalent polymer mechanochemistry and recent advances in polymer network chemistry, specifically, topologically controlled networks and the hierarchical material responses enabled by multi-network architectures and mechanically interlocked polymers. Both fundamental and applied opportunities unique to the union of these two fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Jafer R Vakil
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States.,NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina27708, United States
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Schulte A, Alhusaini QFM, Schönherr H. Anodic Aluminum Oxide Nanopore Template-Assisted Fabrication of Nanostructured Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels for Cell Studies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2419-2427. [PMID: 35025291 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of systematically varied mechanical properties and nano- and microscale surface topography on the adhesion and proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells on fibronectin-functionalized poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels was studied to understand the impact of these properties of the cell microenvironment on cell attachment and spreading. The mechanical properties of PVA, as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation, were varied by the number of freezing-thawing cycles in the physical cross-linking process used for the generation of the hydrogels. Nano- and micropatterned hydrogel surfaces exposing nanosized PVA pillars and cuboids were fabricated by replicating ordered cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) templates, respectively. Softer PVA hydrogels, functionalized covalently with fibronectin, showed enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation of PaTu 8988t cells in comparison to stiffer hydrogels. In addition, PaTu 8988t cells favored the nanopatterned surfaces over micropatterned and flat hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schulte
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Qasim F M Alhusaini
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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Wang C, Wiener CG, Yang Y, Weiss RA, Vogt BD. Structural rearrangement and stiffening of hydrophobically modified supramolecular hydrogels during thermal annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Clinton G. Wiener
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Yiming Yang
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron Ohio 44325
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron Ohio 44325
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; 250 S. Forge St. Akron Ohio 44325
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Wang C, Wiener CG, Cheng Z, Vogt BD, Weiss RA. Modulation of the Mechanical Properties of Hydrophobically Modified Supramolecular Hydrogels by Surfactant-Driven Structural Rearrangement. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S. Forge St, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Clinton G. Wiener
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S. Forge St, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ziwei Cheng
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy
Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bryan D. Vogt
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S. Forge St, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 250 S. Forge St, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Alveroglu E, Yilmaz Y. Estimation of the Generation and the Weight Fraction of Dense Polymer Regions in Heterogeneous Hydrogels. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Seetapan N, Wongsawaeng J, Kiatkamjornwong S. Gel strength and swelling of acrylamide-protic acid superabsorbent copolymers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Harrison DJP, Yates WR, Johnson JF. TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CROSSLINKED POLYMERS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Oikawa
- a Chemical Research Institute of Nonaqueous Solutions Tohoku University Katahira, Aoba-ku , Sendai, 980, Japan
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Bastide J, Picot C, Candau S. Some comments on the swelling of polymeric networks in relation to their structure. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348108212840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bastide
- a Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules 6 rue Boussingault , 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- c Laboratoire d'Optique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences , Ile du Saulcy, 57000, Metz, France
| | - C. Picot
- a Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules 6 rue Boussingault , 67083, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - S. Candau
- b Laboratoire d'Acoustique Moléculaire E.R.A. au C.N.R.S. 4 rue Blaise Pascal , 67070, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Tirumala VR, Ilavsky J, Ilavsky M. Effect of chemical structure on the volume-phase transition in neutral and weakly charged poly(N-alkyl(meth)acrylamide) hydrogels studied by ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:234911. [PMID: 16821957 DOI: 10.1063/1.2205364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm), poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm), and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PIPMAm) hydrogels and their weakly charged counterparts prepared by copolymerizing with sodium methacrylate (x(MNa)=0,0.025,0.05) were studied using ultrasmall-angle x-ray scattering. The volume-phase transition in hydrogels was observed as an increase in the inhomogeneity correlation length of the networks. The change in inhomogeneity correlation length was abrupt in neutral PIPAAm and PIPMAm gels with increase in temperature but was continuous in neutral PDEAAm gels. Addition of ionic comonomer to the network backbone suppressed the volume-phase transition in poly(N-alkylacrylamide)s but not in PIPMAm. The observed differences in temperature-induced volume change of these three polymers in water cannot be rationalized based on their relative hydrophobicity and are instead explained by considering the hydrogen-bonding constraints on their thermal fluctuations. Both PIPAAm and PDEAAm undergo volume collapse since their thermal fluctuations are constrained by hydrogen bonding with water to an extent that beyond a critical temperature they seek entropic compensation. Although thermal fluctuations in both PIPAAm and PIPMAm are equally constrained, thermal energy of the latter can be relaxed via the rotation of alpha-methyl groups allowing it greater flexibility. Compared to N-alkylacrylamides, N-alkylmethacrylamide can thus sustain hydrogen bonding to relatively higher temperatures before seeking entropic compensation by undergoing volume collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay R Tirumala
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Tian J, Seery TAP, Ho DL, Weiss RA. Physically Cross-Linked Alkylacrylamide Hydrogels: A SANS Analysis of the Microstructure. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049474z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Thomas A. P. Seery
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Derek L. Ho
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Tian J, Seery TAP, Weiss RA. Physically Cross-Linked Alkylacrylamide Hydrogels: Phase Behavior and Microstructure. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Thomas A. P. Seery
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - R. A. Weiss
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269; and Chemistry Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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Norisuye T, Kida Y, Masui N, Tran-Cong-Miyata Q, Maekawa Y, Yoshida M, Shibayama M. Studies on Two Types of Built-in Inhomogeneities for Polymer Gels: Frozen Segmental Concentration Fluctuations and Spatial Distribution of Cross-Links. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Scattering Laboratory, Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Norisuye T, Masui N, Kida Y, Ikuta D, Kokufuta E, Ito S, Panyukov S, Shibayama M. Small angle neutron scattering studies on structural inhomogeneities in polymer gels: irradiation cross-linked gels vs chemically cross-linked gels. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Suetoh Y, Shibayama M. Effects of non-uniform solvation on thermal response in poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) gels. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bai G, Suzuki A. Phase separation of weakly ionized polymer gels during shrinking phase transition. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Moussaïd A, Pusey PN, Slot JJM, Joosten JGH. Simulation of Scattering Properties of Gels. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma981159n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Study by response surface methodology of the swelling kinetic of weakly basic polyacrylamide gels in water. Eur Polym J 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(98)00153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shibayama M, Kawakubo K, Norisuye T. Comparison of the Experimental and Theoretical Structure Factors of Temperature Sensitive Polymer Gels. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971641q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawakubo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Norisuye
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
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Nakamoto C, Kitada T, Kato E. Pressure dependence on the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0966-7822(96)00022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rouf C, Bastide J, Pujol JM, Schosseler F, Munch JP. Strain effect on quasistatic fluctuations in a polymer gel. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:830-833. [PMID: 10057550 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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23
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Hu Z, Li C, Li Y. The scaling exponents of polyacrylamide and acrylamide‐sodium acrylate copolymer gels. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Davidson N, Richards R, Geissler E. Scaling laws and polystyrene networks: a quasi-elastic light scattering study. POLYMER 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(85)90278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Candau S, Munch J, Hild G. Swelling equilibrium and light spectroscopy in swollen polymeric networks at theta conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:019800041090103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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