1
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Dunning TH, Xu LT. Electronic structure of Li 1,2,3 +,0,- and nature of the bonding in Li 2,3 +,0,. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:405-418. [PMID: 37966878 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study of the small lithium molecules Li2 +,0,- and Li3 +,0,- focuses on the nature of the bonding in these molecules as well as their structures and energetics (bond energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities). Valence CASSCF (2s,2p) calculations incorporate nondynamical electron correlation in the calculations, while the corresponding multireference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations incorporate dynamical electron correlation. Treatment of nondynamical correlation is critical for properly describing the Li2,3 +,0,- molecules as well as the Li- anion with dynamical correlation, in general, only fine-tuning the predictions. All lithium molecules and ions are bound, with the Li3 + and Li2 + ions being the most strongly bound, followed by Li3 - , Li2 , Li2 - and Li3 . The minimum energy structures of Li3 +,0,- are, respectively, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and a linear structure. The results of SCGVB calculations are analyzed to obtain insights into the nature of the bonding in these molecules. An important finding of this work is that interstitial orbitals, a concept first put forward by McAdon and Goddard in 1985, play an essential role in the bonding of all lithium molecules considered here except for Li2 . The interstitial orbitals found in the Li3 +,0 molecules likely give rise to the non-nuclear attractors/maxima observed in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Hulet RG, Nguyen JHV, Senaratne R. Methods for preparing quantum gases of lithium. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:011101. [PMID: 32012609 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is an important element in atomic quantum gas experiments because its interactions are highly tunable due to broad Feshbach resonances and zero-crossings and because it has two stable isotopes: 6Li, a fermion, and 7Li, a boson. Although lithium has special value for these reasons, it also presents experimental challenges. In this article, we review some of the methods that have been developed or adapted to confront these challenges, including beam and vapor sources, Zeeman slowers, sub-Doppler laser cooling, laser sources at 671 nm, and all-optical methods for trapping and cooling. Additionally, we provide spectral diagrams of both 6Li and 7Li and present plots of Feshbach resonances for both isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall G Hulet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Jason H V Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Ruwan Senaratne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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3
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Musiał M, Kucharski SA. First Principle Calculations of the Potential Energy Curves for Electronic States of the Lithium Dimer. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1200-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ct401076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Musiał
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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Glukhovtsev MN, Schleyer PVR. Polyatomic Molecules without Electron-Pair Bonds: High-Spin Trigonal, Tetrahedral, and Octahedral Lithium Clusters. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Ramos-Cordoba E, Salvador P, Reiher M. Local Spin Analysis and Chemical Bonding. Chemistry 2013; 19:15267-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Røeggen I, Gao B. Perturbed atoms in molecules and solids: The PATMOS model. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:094104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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7
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McDowell SA. Unusual Li…Li–NX and XN–Li…Li–NX species (NX=NCH, N2, NH3, NH2(CH3), NH(CH3)2, N(CH3)3). Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Kłos J, Żuchowski PS, Rajchel Ł, Chałasiński G, Szczęśniak MM. Nonadditive interactions in ns2 and spin-polarized ns metal atom trimers. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:134302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2982801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Mishima K, Tokumo K, Yamashita K. Quantum computing using molecular electronic and vibrational states. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Ren W, Sun W. Accurate studies on the full vibrational energy spectra and molecular dissociation energies for some electronic states of the Li 2molecule. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701283799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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12
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The Calculation of Potential Energy Surfaces for Excited States. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470142745.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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13
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The Photon-as-Catalyst Effect in Laser-Induced Predissociation and Autoionization. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470142745.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Minaev B. Ab initio study of low-lying triplet states of the lithium dimer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 62:790-9. [PMID: 16099708 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in Li27 initiated the interest in the scattering length of two ground state lithium atoms when they approach each other as a radical pair triplet aSigmau+3 state. But some properties of this state are still unknown. In present work, a number of low-lying triplet states of lithium molecule are calculated by multi-configuration self-consistent field (MCSCF) and response techniques with account of spin-orbit coupling, spin-spin coupling and some other magnetic perturbations. The singlet-triplet transition probabilities to the ground state are also presented. Most results are connected with the weakly bound lowest triplet a3Sigmau+ state, whose radiative lifetime and spin-splitting are unknown so far in spite of its great importance in Bose-Einstein condensation. Calculations indicate that this state has a very small spin-splitting, lambdass=-0.01 cm-1, which is negligible in comparison with the line-width in experimental Fourier transform spectra published so far. Similar splitting is obtained for the upper state of the 1(3)Sigmag+--a3Sigmau+ transition. This is in agreement with experimental rovibronic analysis of the 1(3)Sigmag+--a3Sigmau+ band system in which the triplet structure was not resolved. The radiative lifetime of the a3Sigmau+ state is predicted to exceed 10 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Minaev
- State University of Technology, Cherkassy 18006, Ukraine.
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16
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Hotta S, Doi K, Nakamura K, Tachibana A. High-spin electronic interaction of small lithium and sodium cluster formation in the excited states. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1480869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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von Szentpály L, Gardner DON. Valence-State Atoms in Molecules. 6. Universal Ionic−Covalent Potential Energy Curves. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László von Szentpály
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Devon O. Niel Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Ghatee MH, Shams-Abadi H. Linear Exp-6 Isotherm for Compressed Molten Cesium over the Whole Liquid Range Including Metal−Nonmetal Transition and Tc. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Ghatee
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
| | - H. Shams-Abadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
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20
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Huang H, Xie Q, Cao Z, Li Z, Yue Z, Ming L. A novel quantum Monte Carlo strategy: Surplus function approach. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Malrieu JP, Durand P, Daudey JP. Intermediate Hamiltonians as a new class of effective Hamiltonians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/18/5/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Henriet A, Aubert-Frecon M, Sech CL, Masnou-Seeuws F. The Pluvinage method for alkali dimers. I. One- and three-configuration calculations for the ground states of Li2, Na2and K2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/17/17/013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Characterization of theX 2 ? u + state of7Li 2 ? via negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01437139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Côté R, Dalgarno A, Jamieson MJ. Elastic scattering of two 7Li atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1994; 50:399-404. [PMID: 9910907 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.50.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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25
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Hammes‐Schiffer S, Andersen HC. Ab initio and semiempirical methods for molecular dynamics simulations based on general Hartree–Fock theory. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Sun Z, Barnett RN, Lester WA. Quantum and variational Monte Carlo interaction potentials for Li2 (X 1Σ+g). Chem Phys Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(92)85618-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Balková A, Kucharski S, Bartlett RJ. The multi-reference Hilbert space coupled-cluster study of the Li2 molecule. Application in a complete model space. Chem Phys Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(91)90116-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Miller DA, Gold LP, Tripodi PD, Bernheim RA. A pulsed optical–optical double resonance study of the 1 1Πg state of 7Li2. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dingle TW, Huzinaga S, Klobukowski M. Contraction of the well-tempered Gaussian basis sets: The first-row diatomic molecules. J Comput Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Jen F, Brandt BA. Application of the reduced-potential curve method for the detection of errors or inaccuracies in the analysis of spectra and for the construction of internuclear potentials of diatomic molecules: Alkali diatomic molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 39:4561-4582. [PMID: 9901807 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.39.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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32
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Vargaftik NB, Vinogradov YK, Yakimovich YK. Experimental study of thermal conductivity in lithium in the gaseous phase at high temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00870941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Bonačič-Koutecký V, Fantucci P, Koutecký J. An ab initio configuration interaction investigation of the excited states of the Li4 cluster. Chem Phys Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(88)87492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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McAdon MH, Goddard WA. Charge density waves, spin density waves, and Peierls distortions in one‐dimensional metals. I. Hartree–Fock studies of Cu, Ag, Au, Li, and Na. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Hose G. Multi-reference-state perturbation theory for computation of potential-energy surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00529035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Holland PM, Biolsi L. Calculation of the thermophysical properties of ground state sodium atoms. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Sangfelt E, Chowdhury RR, Weiner B, Öhrn Y. Generalized Tamm–Dancoff approximation (GTDA) and random‐phase approximation (GRPA) calculations on LiH, Be, and Li2. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.452728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Jeung GH. Excited states of Na2 dissociating into 3d+3s, 4p+3s, and 5s+3s. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 35:26-35. [PMID: 9897925 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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39
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40
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Holland PM, Biolsi L, Rainwater JC. Theoretical calculation of the transport properties of monatomic lithium vapor. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Igel‐Mann G, Wedig U, Fuentealba P, Stoll H. Ground‐state properties of alkali dimers XY (X, Y=Li to Cs). J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Lombardi E, Jansen L. Model analysis of ground-state dissociation energies and equilibrium separations in alkali-metal diatomic compounds. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1986; 33:2907-2912. [PMID: 9896997 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.33.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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43
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Langhoff SR, Bauschlicher CW, Partridge H. Theoretical study of the diatomic alkali and alkaline‐earth oxides. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Hubač I, Svrček M, Balková A. Quasidegenerate many‐body perturbation theory with self‐consistently adapted core reference state (SCA QD MBPT). I. Theoretical formulation and its application to the potential energy curve of the ground state of Li2. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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45
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Langhoff SR, Bauschlicher CW, Partridge H. Theoretical dissociation energies for the alkali and alkaline‐earth monofluorides and monochlorides. J Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1063/1.450466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Barakat B, Bacis R, Carrot F, Churassy S, Crozet P, Martin F, Verges J. Extensive analysis of the X1Σ+g ground state of 7Li2 by laser-induced fluorescence Fourier transform spectrometry. Chem Phys 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(86)85133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Diatomics-in-molecules potential energy surfaces for the collision-induced dissociation of excited by helium atoms. Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(85)80110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Padial NT. Low-energy scattering of electrons from Li2. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1985; 32:1379-1383. [PMID: 9896220 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.32.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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49
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Pederson MR, Heaton RA, Lin CC. Density‐functional theory with self‐interaction correction: Application to the lithium moleculea). J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.448266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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50
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Maslova ME, Polishchuk AY. Application of the group-theoretical formulation of the method of diatomics in molecules to the investigation of alkali-metal clusters. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00524317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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