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Shuman NS, Martinez O, Ard SG, Wiens JP, Keyes NR, Guo H, Viggiano AA. Surprising behaviors in the temperature dependent kinetics of diatomic interhalogens with anions and cations. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:214307. [PMID: 28595394 DOI: 10.1063/1.4984303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rate constants and product branching fractions of reactions between diatomic interhalogens (ICl, ClF) and a series of anions (Br-, I-) and cations (Ar+, N2+) are measured using a selected ion flow tube apparatus and reported over the temperature range 200-500 K. The efficiency of both anion reactions with ICl is 2%-3% at 300 K to yield Cl-, increasing with temperature in a manner consistent with the small endothermicities of the reactions. The anion reactions with ClF are 10%-20% efficient at 300 K to yield Cl- and also show a positive temperature dependence despite being highly exothermic. The stationary points along the anion + ClF reaction coordinates were calculated using density functional theory, showing no endothermic barriers inhibiting reaction. The observed temperature dependence can be rationalized by a decreasing dipole attraction with increasing rotational energy, but confirmation requires trajectory calculations of the systems. All four cation reactions are fairly efficient at 300 K with small positive temperature dependences, despite large exothermicities to charge transfer. Three of the four reactions proceed exclusively by dissociative charge transfer to yield Cl+. The N2+ + ClF reaction proceeds by both non-dissociative and dissociative charge transfer, with the non-dissociative channel surprisingly increasing with increasing temperature. The origins of these behaviors are not clear and are discussed within the framework of charge-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Oscar Martinez
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Shaun G Ard
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Justin P Wiens
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Nicholas R Keyes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Albert A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
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Shuman NS, Hunton DE, Viggiano AA. Ambient and Modified Atmospheric Ion Chemistry: From Top to Bottom. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4542-70. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5003479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Shuman
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Donald E. Hunton
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
| | - Albert A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory,
Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87117, United States
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Fox JL, Dalgarno A. The vibrational distribution of N2+in the terrestrial ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia08p07557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Richards
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; George Mason University; Fairfax Virginia USA
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Viggiano AA. Reexamination of ionospheric chemistry: high temperature kinetics, internal energy dependences, unusual isomers, and corrections. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2557-71. [PMID: 16738710 DOI: 10.1039/b603585j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of aspects of ionospheric chemistry are revisited. The review discusses in detail only work performed at AFRL, but other work is mentioned. A large portion of the paper discusses measurements of the kinetics of upper ionospheric reactions at very high temperatures, i.e. the upper temperature range has been extended to at least 1400 K and in some cases to 1800 K. These temperatures are high enough to excite vibrations in O2, N2, and NO and comparing them to drift tube data allows information on the rotational temperature and vibrational level dependences to be derived. Rotational and translational energy are equivalent in controlling the kinetics in most reactions. Vibrational energy in O2 and N2 is often found to promote reactivity which is shown to cause ionospheric density depletions. NO vibrations do not significantly affect the reactivity. In a number of cases, detailed calculations accompanied the experimental studies and elucidated details of the mechanisms. Kinetics of two peroxide isomers important in the lower ionospheric have been measured for the first time, i.e. NOO+ and ONOO-. Finally, two examples are shown where errors in previous data are corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731-3010, USA
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Midey AJ, Miller TM, Viggiano AA. Reactions of N+, N2+, and N3+ with NO from 300 to 1400 K. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:6822-9. [PMID: 15473739 DOI: 10.1063/1.1792232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rate constants have been measured from 300 to 1400 K in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) and a high temperature flowing afterglow for the reactions of N+, N2+ and N3+ with NO. In all of the systems, the rate constants are substantially less than the collision rate constant. Comparing the high temperature results to kinetics studies as a function of translational energy show that all types of energy (translational, rotational, and vibrational) affect the reactivity approximately equally for all three ions. Branching ratios have also been measured at 300 and 500 K in a SIFT for the N+ and N3+ reactions. An increase in the N2+ product at the expense of NO+ nondissociative charge transfer product occurs at 500 K with N+. The branching ratios for the reaction of N3+ with NO have also been measured in the SIFT, showing that only nondissociative charge transfer giving NO+ occurs up to 500 K. The current results are discussed in the context of the many previous studies of these ions in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Midey
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts 01731-3010, USA.
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Fox JL, Sung KY. Solar activity variations of the Venus thermosphere/ionosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ion-molecule kinetics at high temperatures (300–1800 K). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-9687(01)80006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Viggiano AA, Morris RA. Rotational and Vibrational Energy Effects on Ion−Molecule Reactivity As Studied by the VT-SIFDT Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Viggiano
- Phillips Laboratory, Geophysics Directorate, Ionospheric Effects Division (GPID), 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
| | - Robert A. Morris
- Phillips Laboratory, Geophysics Directorate, Ionospheric Effects Division (GPID), 29 Randolph Road, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
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Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Van Doren JM, Paulson JF. The effect of low frequency vibrations in CH4 on the rate constant for the reaction of O+2 (X 2Πg, v=0) with CH4. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Viggiano AA, Van Doren JM, Morris RA, Paulson JF. Evidence for an influence of rotational energy on the rate constants for the reaction of Ar+(2P3/2) with N2. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.458666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Dale F, Paulson JF, Giles K, Smith D, Su T. Kinetic energy, temperature, and derived rotational temperature dependences for the reactions of Kr+(2P3/2) and Ar+ with HCl. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.459178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Viggiano AA, Morris RA, Paulson JF. Rotational temperature dependences of gas phase ion–molecule reactions. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.455679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dynamics of Reactions Involving Vibrationally Excited Molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-48615-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Durup‐Ferguson M, Böhringer H, Fahey DW, Fehsenfeld FC, Ferguson EE. Competitive reaction and quenching of vibrationally excited O+2 ions with SO2, CH4, and H2O. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.447975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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McAfee KB, Szmanda CR, Hozack RS. Observation of5Snitrogen metastable state in charge exchange collisions. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.446489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Böhringer H, Durup‐Ferguson M, Fahey DW, Fehsenfeld FC, Ferguson EE. Collisional relaxation of vibrationally excited O2+ ions. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.446346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Böhringer H, Durup‐Ferguson M, Fahey DW. Mobilities of various mass‐identified positive ions in helium, neon, and argon. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Durup‐Ferguson M, Böhringer H, Fahey DW, Ferguson EE. Enhancement of charge‐transfer reaction rate constants by vibrational excitation at kinetic energies below 1 eV. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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