1
|
Wang Y, Wang E, Zhou J, Dorn A, Ren X. Formation of covalently bound C 4H 4 + upon electron-impact ionization of acetylene dimer. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:144301. [PMID: 33858144 DOI: 10.1063/5.0045531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the formation mechanisms of covalently bound C4H4 + cations from direct ionization of hydrogen bonded dimers of acetylene molecules through fragment ion and electron coincident momentum spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. The measurements of momenta and energies of two outgoing electrons and one ion in triple-coincidence allow us to assign the ionization channels associated with different ionic fragments. The measured binding energy spectra show that the formation of C4H4 + can be attributed to the ionization of the outermost 1πu orbital of acetylene. The kinetic energy distributions of the ionic fragments indicate that the C4H4 + ions originate from direct ionization of acetylene dimers while ions resulting from the fragmentation of larger clusters would obtain significantly larger momenta. The formation of C4H4 + through the evaporation mechanism in larger clusters is not identified in the present experiments. The calculated potential energy curves show a potential well for the electronic ground state of (C2H2)2+, supporting that the ionization of (C2H2)2 dimers can form stable C2H2⋅C2H2 +(1πu -1) cations. Further transition state analysis and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal a detailed picture of the formation dynamics. After ionization of (C2H2)2, the system undergoes a significant rearrangement of the structure involving, in particular, C-C bond formation and hydrogen migrations, leading to different C44+ isomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Enliang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Alexander Dorn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xueguang Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mandal S, Gopal R, Shcherbinin M, D'Elia A, Srinivas H, Richter R, Coreno M, Bapat B, Mudrich M, Krishnan SR, Sharma V. Penning spectroscopy and structure of acetylene oligomers in He nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10149-10157. [PMID: 32347252 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00689k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Embedded atoms or molecules in a photoexcited He nanodroplet are well-known to be ionized through inter-atomic relaxation in a Penning process. In this work, we investigate the Penning ionization of acetylene oligomers occurring from the photoexcitation bands of He nanodroplets. In close analogy to conventional Penning electron spectroscopy by thermal atomic collisions, the n = 2 photoexcitation band plays the role of the metastable atomic 1s2s 3,1S He*. This facilitates electron spectroscopy of acetylene aggregates in the sub-Kelvin He environment, providing the following insight into their structure: the molecules in the dopant cluster are loosely bound van der Waals complexes rather than forming covalent compounds. In addition, this work reveals a Penning process stemming from the n = 4 band where charge-transfer from autoionized He in the droplets is known to be the dominant relaxation channel. This allows for excited states of the remnant dopant oligomer Penning-ions to be studied. Hence, we demonstrate Penning ionization electron spectroscopy of doped droplets as an effective technique for investigating dopant oligomers which are easily formed by attachment to the host cluster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mandal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - R Gopal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | | | - A D'Elia
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - H Srinivas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - M Coreno
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto di Struttura della Materia, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - B Bapat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - M Mudrich
- Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark and Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - S R Krishnan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - V Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502285, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muller G, Catani KJ, Scholz MS, Jacovella U, Bartlett NI, Bieske EJ. Electronic Spectra of Diacetylene Cations (HC 4H +) Tagged with Ar and N 2. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7228-7236. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giel Muller
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine J. Catani
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael S. Scholz
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nastasia I. Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bandyopadhyay B, Stein T, Fang Y, Kostko O, White A, Head-Gordon M, Ahmed M. Probing Ionic Complexes of Ethylene and Acetylene with Vacuum-Ultraviolet Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5053-64. [PMID: 26983013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed complexes of acetylene-ethylene are studied using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations. These complexes are produced and ionized at different distances from the exit of a continuous nozzle followed by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Acetylene, with a higher ionization energy (11.4 eV) than ethylene (10.6 eV), allows for tuning the VUV energy and initializing reactions either from a C2H2(+) or a C2H4(+) cation. Pure acetylene and ethylene expansions are separately carried out to compare, contrast, and hence identify products from the mixed expansion: these are C3H3(+) (m/z = 39), C4H5(+) (m/z = 53), and C5H5(+) (m/z = 65). Intensity distributions of C2H2, C2H4, their dimers and reactions products are plotted as a function of ionization distance. These distributions suggest that association mechanisms play a crucial role in product formation closer to the nozzle. Photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of the mixed complexes demonstrate rising edges closer to both ethylene and acetylene ionization energies. We use density functional theory (ωB97X-V/aug-cc-pVTZ) to study the structures of the neutral and ionized dimers, calculate their adiabatic and vertical ionization energies, as well as the energetics of different isomers on the potential energy surface (PES). Upon ionization, vibrationally excited clusters can use the extra energy to access different isomers on the PES. At farther ionization distances from the nozzle, where the number densities are lower, unimolecular decay is expected to be the dominant mechanism. We discuss the possible decay pathways from the different isomers on the PES and examine the ones that are energetically accessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Bandyopadhyay
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tamar Stein
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yigang Fang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alec White
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Fárník M. Ionization of large homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters generated in acetylene–Ar expansions: Cluster ion polymerization. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:124306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4796262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
6
|
Momoh PO, Hamid AM, Abrash SA, Samy El-Shall M. Structure and hydration of the C4H4•+ ion formed by electron impact ionization of acetylene clusters. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204315. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3592661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
7
|
Zhong Q, Poth L, Shi Z, Ford JV, Castleman AW. Intracluster Polymerization Reactions of Alkene Cluster Ions. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp963902o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - L. Poth
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Z. Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - J. V. Ford
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hrouda V, Roeselová M, Bally T. The C4H4•+ Potential Energy Surface. 3. The Reaction of Acetylene with Its Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp964079z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Hrouda
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martina Roeselová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bally
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suto K, Sato Y, Matsumi Y, Kawasaki M. Photofragment Imaging of CH3Br+ from (CH3Br)2+ at 355 nm. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9629304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Suto
- Institute for Electronic Science, and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sato
- Institute for Electronic Science, and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumi
- Institute for Electronic Science, and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Institute for Electronic Science, and Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cunje A, C. F. Rodriquez,, Lien MH, Hopkinson AC. The C4H5+ Potential Energy Surface. Structure, Relative Energies, and Enthalpies of Formation of Isomers of C4H5+. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo952199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Cunje
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - C. F. Rodriquez,
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - M. H. Lien
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - A. C. Hopkinson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu Y, Allman S, Phillips R, Garrett W, Chen C. Rydberg states of acetylene clusters (C2H2)2 and (C2H2)3 resolved by two-photon resonant ionization spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Choi SS, Jung KW, Jung KH. Intracluster ion/molecule reactions in acetylene and water systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)85016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Booze JA, Baer T. The photoionization and dissociation dynamics of energy‐selected acetylene dimers, trimers, and tetramers. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Booze JA, Baer T. On the determination of cluster properties by ionization techniques. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Ukai M, Kameta K, Chiba R, Nagano K, Kouchi N, Shinsaka K, Hatano Y, Umemoto H, Ito Y, Tanaka K. Ionizing and nonionizing decays of superexcited acetylene molecules in the extreme‐ultraviolet region. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
16
|
|
17
|
Norwood K, Guo JH, Luo G, Ng C. A Study of intramolecular charge transfer in mixed Ar/CO dimer and trimer ions using the photoion-photoelectron coincidence method. Chem Phys 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(89)80023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Kim H, Kuo C, Bowers MT. Photon driven charge transfer half‐collisions: The photodissociation of CO2⋅O+2 cluster ions with resolution of the O2 product vibrational states. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.453105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
20
|
|
21
|
Krailler RE, Russell DH. Laser-ion beam photodissociation studies of C4H4 radical cations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Tzeng W, Ono Y, Linn SH, Ng CY. A study of the unimolecular decompositions of the (C3H6)+2and (c‐C3H6)+2complexes. J Chem Phys 1985. [DOI: 10.1063/1.449229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
23
|
Märk T, Castleman A. Experimental Studies on Cluster Ions. ADVANCES IN ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2199(08)60266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
24
|
Ono Y, Linn SH, Tzeng W, Ng CY. A study of the unimolecular decomposition of the (C2H4)+2 complex. J Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1063/1.446897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|