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Lehr A, Rivic F, Jäger M, Gleditzsch M, Schäfer R. Optical absorption and shape transition in neutral Sn N clusters with N ≤ 40: a photodissociation spectroscopy and electric beam deflection study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11616-11635. [PMID: 35507965 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral SnN clusters with N = 6-20, 25, 30, 40 are investigated in a joint experimental and quantum chemical study with the aim to reveal their optical absorption in conjunction with their structural evolution. Electric beam deflection and photodissociation spectroscopy are applied as molecular beam techniques at nozzle temperatures of 16 K, 32 K and 300 K. The dielectric response is probed following the approach in S. Schäfer et al., J. Phys. Chem A, 2008, 112, 12312-12319. It is improved on those findings and the cluster size range is extended in order to cover the prolate growth regime. The impact of the electric dipole moment, rotational temperature and vibrational excitation on the deflection profiles is discussed thoroughly. Photodissociation spectra of tin clusters are recorded for the first time, show similarities to spectra of silicon clusters and are demonstrated to be significantly complicated by the presence of multiphoton absorption in the low-energy region and large excess energies upon dissociation which is modelled by the RRKM theory. In both experiments two isomers for the clusters with N = 8, 11, 12, 19 need to be considered to explain the experimental results. Triple-capped trigonal prisms and double-capped square antiprisms are confirmed to be the driving building units for almost the entire size range. Three dominating fragmentation channels are observed, i.e. the loss of a tin atom for N < 12, a Sn7 fragment for N < 19 and a Sn10 fragment for N ≥ 19 with Sn15 subunits constituting recurring geometric motifs for N > 20. The prolate-to-quasispherical structural transition is found to occur at 30 < N ≤ 40 and is analyzed with respect to the observed optical behavior taking quantum chemical calculations and the Mie-Gans theory into account. Limitations of the experimental approach to study the geometric and electronic structure of the clusters at elevated temperatures due to vibrational excitation is also thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lehr
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Filip Rivic
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Marc Jäger
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Martin Gleditzsch
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Eduard-Zintl-Institut, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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2
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Bejjani R, Roucou A, Urbain X, Moshkunov K, Vanlancker G, Lauzin C. STARGATE: A new instrument for high-resolution photodissociation spectroscopy of cold ionic species. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033307. [PMID: 33820109 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy of transient anions and radicals by gated and accelerated time-of-flight experiment is a new spectrometer developed in UCLouvain. This instrument measures high-resolution photodissociation spectra of mass-selected ions by the combination of a time-of-flight spectrometer including a specific gating, bunching, and re-referencing unit with a nanosecond pulsed dye laser, a pulsed deflection, and an energy selector. The ionic species are generated in a supersonic jet expansion by means of an electric discharge or by the impact of electrons coming from an electron gun. The versatility of the molecular systems that can be addressed by this instrument is illustrated by the presentation of mass spectra of cations, anions, and ionic clusters formed from different gas mixtures and backing pressures. The high-resolution spectrum of the A~2Σ+(002)←X~2Π3/2(000) and A~2Σ+(002)←X~2Π1/2(000) rovibronic bands of N2O+ has been measured and analyzed to provide refined molecular parameters in the A~2Σ+(002) upper state. The A~2Σ+(002)←X~2Π3/2(000) band has been used to evaluate the quality of the experimental setup in terms of rotational temperature, time of measurement for certain signal to noise ratio, and the accuracy of the determination of the wavenumber scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghed Bejjani
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Anthony Roucou
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Xavier Urbain
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Konstantin Moshkunov
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Guilhem Vanlancker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
| | - Clément Lauzin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium
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3
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Ferraro F, Zapata-Escobar AD, Maldonado AF. Relativistic effects on the energetic stability of $$\hbox {Pb}_5$$ clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Li HS, Wei D, Zhao X, Ren X, Zhang D, Ju W. Thermal Stability of Ag 13- Clusters Studied by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4325-4332. [PMID: 32390419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the geometric structures of silver clusters is of great importance in future nanotechnologies due to their superior properties. Nevertheless, some ground-state structures are still in academic debate, partly because the experiments and theoretical calculations are not performed at the same temperatures. For example, silver clusters usually have compact configurations. However, a combined experimental and theoretical study proposed that the most stable structure of Ag13- had a two-coordinated atom. By using the CALYPSO approach for the global minima search followed by first-principles calculations, we discovered that a more compact trilayer Ag13- cluster was the ground state, in accordance with another three works published recently. In addition, its O2 adsorption structure is also energetically favored. By tracing characteristic bond changes in ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we confirmed that, compared with other isomers, this trilayer structure and its O2 adsorption structure also had the highest thermal stability. This work emphasized the thermal stability concept in theoretical calculations, which may be a necessary supplement to explain the experimental observations on cluster science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Sheng Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xingju Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Weiwei Ju
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City 471023, Henan Province, China
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5
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Wu D, Du Q, Wu X, Shi R, Sai L, Liang X, Huang X, Zhao J. Evolution of atomic structures of SnN, SnN−, and SnNCl− clusters (N = 4–20): Insight from ab initio calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5095437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Linwei Sai
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification By Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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Khan J, Ullah H, Sajjad M, Ali A, Thebo KH. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of cobalt fluoride nanoparticles by reverse micro-emulsion method. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Rabanal-León WA, Tiznado W, Osorio E, Ferraro F. Exploring the potential energy surface of small lead clusters using the gradient embedded genetic algorithm and an adequate treatment of relativistic effects. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11449d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical inclusion of relativistic effects (scalar and spin–orbit) play a crucial role to assure an adequate structural assignment on lead clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A. Rabanal-León
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Edison Osorio
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad Católica Luis Amigó
- Medellín
- Colombia
| | - Franklin Ferraro
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas
- Universidad Católica Luis Amigó
- Medellín
- Colombia
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8
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Theoretical study of the interaction of O2 with pure and mixed clusters of germanium and tin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Duncan MA. Invited review article: laser vaporization cluster sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:041101. [PMID: 22559508 DOI: 10.1063/1.3697599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The laser vaporization cluster source has been used for the production of gas phase atomic clusters and metal-molecular complexes for 30 years. Numerous experiments in the chemistry and physics of clusters have employed this source. Its operation is simple in principle, but there are many subtle design features that influence the number and size of clusters produced, as well as their composition, charge state, and temperature. This article examines all aspects of the design of these cluster sources, discussing the relevant chemistry, physics, and mechanical aspects of experimental configurations employed by different labs. The principles detailed here provide a framework for the design and implementation of this source for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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12
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13
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Li XP, Lu WC, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Structures of Pb(n) (n = 21-30) clusters from first-principles calculations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:465501. [PMID: 21403370 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/46/465501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Neutral lead clusters Pb(n) (n = 21-30) were studied using a genetic algorithm (GA)/tight-binding (TB) search combined with density functional theory (DFT)-Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) calculations. The calculated results show that the Pb(n) (22 ≤ n ≤ 30) clusters favor endohedral cage structures with two (Pb(22 - 26)) or three (Pb(27 - 30)) endohedral atoms. The binding energies, stabilities, and highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gaps of the Pb(n) clusters were also discussed. The results from our calculations also indicate that Pb(24) and Pb(28) are especially stable clusters compared with their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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Lechtken A, Drebov N, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM, Schooss D. Communications: Tin cluster anions (Snn−, n=18, 20, 23, and 25) comprise dimers of stable subunits. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:211102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3442411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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15
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Zhao YC, Zhang ZG, Yuan JY, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Modification of Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for Photodissociation of Mass-Selected Cluster Ions. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/22/06/655-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Waldschmidt B, Turra M, Schäfer R. Surface-Induced Dissociation as a Probe for the Energetics and Structure of Lead Clusters. Z PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.11-12.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of lead cluster ions (Pb
N
+: N = 2–20) in low-energy collisions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface has been investigated by means of a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer. At low incident energies, all clusters fragment dominantly by an atom loss process. This behavior is characteristic for clusters of metallic elements, but in contrast to Si
N
+, Ge
N
+ and Sn
N
+ clusters. The results therefore demonstrate differences in the electronic and geometric structure between lead clusters and the lighter group-14 element clusters. The low energy dissociation patterns were compared successfully with a recent theoretical study on lead cluster fragmentation, supporting the idea, that lead clusters cations already show signatures of metallic behavior unlike Si
N
+, Ge
N
+ and Sn
N
+ clusters of the same size.
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17
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Oger E, Kelting R, Weis P, Lechtken A, Schooss D, Crawford NRM, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM. Small tin cluster anions: transition from quasispherical to prolate structures. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124305. [PMID: 19334828 DOI: 10.1063/1.3094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The structures and energetics of small tin cluster Sn(n)(-) anions up to n=15 were determined by a combination of density-functional theory and three different experimental methods: Ion mobility spectrometry, trapped ion electron diffraction, and collision induced dissociation. We find compact, quasispherical structures up to n=12. Sn(12)(-) is a slightly distorted hollow icosahedron while Sn(13)(-) to Sn(15)(-) have prolate structures, consisting of merged, hollow, in part incomplete, deltahedral subunits: Sn(13)(-) consists of a face-sharing pentagonal bipyramid and tricapped trigonal bipyramid, Sn(14)(-) comprises a face-sharing dicapped trigonal prism and capped square-antiprism, and Sn(15)(-) consists of two face-sharing tricapped trigonal prisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Oger
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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18
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Li XP, Lu WC, Zang QJ, Chen GJ, Wang CZ, Ho KM. Structures and Stabilities of Pbn (n ≤ 20) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6217-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp810107c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Wen-Cai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Qing-Jun Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Guang-Ju Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - C. Z. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - K. M. Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory and College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China, and Ames Laboratory, U.S. DOE and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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19
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Assadollahzadeh B, Schäfer S, Schwerdtfeger P. Electronic properties for small tin clusters Snn(n≤ 20) from density functional theory and the convergence toward the solid state. J Comput Chem 2009; 31:929-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Schäfer S, Assadollahzadeh B, Mehring M, Schwerdtfeger P, Schäfer R. Structure and Electric Properties of SnN Clusters (N = 6−20) from Combined Electric Deflection Experiments and Quantum Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12312-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Behnam Assadollahzadeh
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Max Mehring
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rolf Schäfer
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische and Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Auckland Campus), Private Bag 102904, North Shore City, 0745 Auckland, New Zealand
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22
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HUA RN, NIU JH, YU TZ, HONG ZR, LI WL, FAN SD. Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence of Organic Light Emitting Diodes Based on Tris-(8-quinolinolato) Aluminum Nanoparticles. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Rajesh C, Majumder C. Structure and electronic properties of PbnM (M=C, Al, In, Mg, Sr, Ba, and Pb; n=8, 10, 12, and 14) clusters: Theoretical investigations based on first principles calculations. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:024308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2814166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Cui LF, Wang LS. Stable icosahedral hollow cage clusters: stannaspherene and plumbaspherene. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350701791256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Mudrich M, Forkl B, Müller S, Dvorak M, Bünermann O, Stienkemeier F. Kilohertz laser ablation for doping helium nanodroplets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:103106. [PMID: 17979405 DOI: 10.1063/1.2796849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new setup for doping helium nanodroplets by means of laser ablation at kilohertz repetition rate is presented. The doping process is characterized and two distinct regimes of laser ablation are identified. The setup is shown to be efficient and stable enough to be used for spectroscopy, as demonstrated on beam depletion spectra of lithium atoms attached to helium nanodroplets. For the first time, helium droplets are doped with high temperature refractory materials such as titanium and tantalum. Doping with the nonvolatile DNA basis guanine is found to be efficient and a number of oligomers are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mudrich
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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26
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Rajesh C, Majumder C. Atomic and electronic structures of neutral and charged Pbn clusters (n=2–15): Theoretical investigation based on density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:244704. [PMID: 17614574 DOI: 10.1063/1.2741537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric and electronic structures of the Pbn+ clusters (n=2-15) have been investigated and compared with neutral clusters. The search for several low-lying isomers was carried out under the framework of the density functional theory formalism using the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange correlation energy. The wave functions were expanded using a plane wave basis set and the electron-ion interactions have been described by the projector augmented wave method. The ground state geometries of the singly positively charged Pbn+ clusters showed compact growth pattern as those observed for neutrals with small local distortions. Based on the total energy of the lowest energy isomers, a systematic analysis was carried out to obtain the physicochemical properties, viz., binding energy, second order difference in energy, and fragmentation behavior. It is found that n=4, 7, 10, and 13 clusters are more stable than their neighbors, reflecting good agreement with experimental observation. The chemical stability of these clusters was analyzed by evaluating their energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals and adiabatic ionization potentials. The results revealed that, although Pb13 showed higher stability from the total energy analysis, its energy gap and ionization potential do not follow the trend. Albeit of higher stability in terms of binding energy, the lower ionization potential of Pb13 is interesting which has been explained based on its electronic structure through the density of states and electron shell filling model of spherical clusters.
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Cui LF, Wang LM, Wang LS. Evolution of the electronic properties of Snn− clusters (n=4–45) and the semiconductor-to-metal transition. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064505. [PMID: 17313227 DOI: 10.1063/1.2435347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic structure of Sn(n) (-) clusters (n=4-45) was examined using photoelectron spectroscopy at photon energies of 6.424 eV (193 nm) and 4.661 eV (266 nm) to probe the semiconductor-to-metal transition. Well resolved photoelectron spectra were obtained for small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =25), whereas more congested spectra were observed with increasing cluster size. A distinct energy gap was observed in the photoelectron spectra of Sn(n) (-) clusters with n< or =41, suggesting the semiconductor nature of small neutral tin clusters. For Sn(n) (-) clusters with n> or =42, the photoelectron spectra became continuous and no well-defined energy gap was observed, indicating the onset of metallic behavior for the large Sn(n) clusters. The photoelectron spectra thus revealed a distinct semiconductor-to-metal transition for Sn(n) clusters at n=42. The spectra of small Sn(n) (-) clusters (n< or =13) were also compared with those of the corresponding Si(n) (-) and Ge(n) (-) clusters, and similarities were found between the spectra of Sn(n) (-) and those of Ge(n) (-) in this size range, except for Sn(12) (-), which led to the discovery of stannaspherene (the icosahedral Sn(12) (2-)) previously [L. F. Cui et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 8391 (2006)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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28
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Energy level reordering and stability of MPb12 clusters: An interplay between geometry and electronic structure. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Cui LF, Huang X, Wang LM, Zubarev DY, Boldyrev AI, Li J, Wang LS. Sn122-: Stannaspherene. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8390-1. [PMID: 16802791 DOI: 10.1021/ja062052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stannaspherene. The Sn122- cluster is discovered to be a highly stable and highly symmetric icosahedral cage bonded by four delocalized radial pi bonds and nine delocalized on-sphere sigma bonds from the 5p orbitals of the Sn atoms. It has a diameter of 6.1 A, with a large empty interior volume, and can host most transition metal atoms inside, giving rise to a large class of endohedral chemical building blocks for cluster-assembled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Cui
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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30
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Xing X, Tian Z, Liu H, Tang Z. Magic bimetallic cluster anions of M/Pb (M = Au, Ag and Cu) observed and analyzed by laser ablation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1411-1415. [PMID: 12820205 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
By using laser ablation on mixtures of coinage metals M (Cu, Ag, Au) and lead, M/Pb binary cluster anions containing up to tens of atoms were produced and analyzed. Most of the magic clusters discovered can be described based on the electron shell models which were deduced from simple homogeneous metal cluster systems. The clustering activities of coinage metals and lead were also compared with the properties of their bulk binary alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center of Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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31
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Tai Y, Murakami J, Majumder C, Kumar V, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y. Fragmentation of small tin cluster ions (Snx+: x=4–20) in the low-energy collisions with a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1496470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Zhao C, Balasubramanian K. Spectroscopic properties of lead hexamer and its ions (Pb6, Pb6+, Pb6−). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1476311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kumar V, Esfarjani K, Kawazoe Y. Ab Initio Computer Simulations on Microclusters: Structures and Electronic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04812-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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35
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Balasubramanian K, Majumdar D. Spectroscopic properties of lead trimer (Pb3 and Pb3+): Potential energy surfaces, spin–orbit and Jahn–Teller effects. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1412000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Tai Y, Murakami J. Surface-induced fragmentation of tin cluster ions on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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38
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Meloni G, Schmude RW, Kingcade JE, Gingerich KA. Thermodynamic stability of Sn4, Sn5, Sn6, and Sn7 clusters by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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39
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40
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Yang X, Hu Y, Yang S, Loy MMT. Photofragmentation studies of small selenium cluster cations Sen+ (n=3–8). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Yoshida S, Fuke K. Photoionization studies of germanium and tin clusters in the energy region of 5.0–8.8 eV: Ionization potentials for Gen (n=2–57) and Snn (n=2–41). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Qiu S, Dong J, Chen G. Preparation of Cu Nanoparticles from Water-in-Oil Microemulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 1999; 216:230-234. [PMID: 10421729 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1999.6296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spherical Cu nanoparticles were synthesized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/isopentanol/cyclohexane/water microemulsions with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Nanoparticles formed in microemulsions were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The size and polydisperity of particles were greatly affected by the mole ratio of water to surfactant (w) and the concentration of precursor salt. The ideal size and monodispersity of nanoparticles can be obtained at the smaller w value and lower concentration of Cu(2+) solution. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Qiu
- Department of Petrochemistry, Logistic Engineering College, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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43
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Stangassinger A, Knight AM, Duncan MA. Photoionization Spectroscopy of KAu and NaAu Diatomics. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984402t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Stangassinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - A. M. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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44
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Fässler TF, Muhr HJ, Hunziker M. Generation of Gas-Phase Ge, Sn, and Pb Cluster Anions from Various Sources and Comparison to Solid-State Analogues. Eur J Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0682(199810)1998:10<1433::aid-ejic1433>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Lüder C, Meiwes-Broer K. Electron detachment energies of PbN−(N=24–204) determined in a simple magnetic bottle photoelectron spectrometer. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Stangassinger A, Knight AM, Duncan MA. Photoionization spectroscopy of Ga-rare gas complexes. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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48
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49
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France MR, Buchanan JW, Robinson JC, Pullins SH, Tucker JL, King RB, Duncan MA. Antimony and Bismuth Oxide Clusters: Growth and Decomposition of New Magic Number Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971668b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J. W. Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J. C. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - S. H. Pullins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J. L. Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - R. B. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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