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Lacinbala O, Féraud G, Vincent J, Pino T. Aromatic and Acetylenic C-H or C-D Stretching Bands Anharmonicity Detection of Phenylacetylene by UV Laser-Induced Vibrational Emission. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4891-4901. [PMID: 35880827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anharmonic infrared (IR) emission spectra of phenylacetylene C6H5CCH and an isotopologue C6H5CCD induced by 193 nm UV excitation have been investigated in the gas phase. The study has been operated with a homemade IR spectrometer enabling to record time- and wavelength-resolved spectra between 2.5 and 4.5 μm, emitted all along the collisional cooling. The analysis is supported by a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation in the vibrational harmonic approximation. For both species, the anharmonic shifts of the acetylenic C-H or C-D stretching modes and the aromatic C-H stretching modes are studied for band positions and bandwidths in terms of the internal energy. For C6H5CCD, the internal energy dependence of the emission intensity band ratio is investigated and rationalized. This work demonstrates the potential of time-resolved IR emission spectroscopy to explore anharmonicity of astrophysically relevant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Lacinbala
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Géraldine Féraud
- CNRS, LERMA, Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Julien Vincent
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Pino
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
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2
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Zhang RM, Xu X, Truhlar DG. Energy Dependence of Ensemble-Averaged Energy Transfer Moments and Its Effect on Competing Decomposition Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6303-6313. [PMID: 34232653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a direct dynamics study on the internal-energy dependence of the ensemble-averaged energy transfer moments of the isobutyl radical in collisions with N2 bath gas. We find a linear dependence of the downward moment ⟨ΔEd⟩ and the root-mean-square moment ⟨ΔE2⟩ on the initial internal energy, but the upward moment ⟨ΔEu⟩ is found to be independent of the molecule's internal energy. We improved the exponential-down relaxation model by including a linear dependence of ⟨ΔEd⟩ on the initial energy, and we used the improved treatment in the 1D master equation for isobutyl radical decomposition reactions and for a model of competitive reactions with a larger difference in barrier heights. We calculated phenomenological rate constants and branching ratios from chemically significant eigenmodes of the master equation and showed that the energy dependence of ⟨ΔEd⟩ has a greater influence on channels with higher barriers in competitive reactions. Rate constants and branching ratios from master equation calculations indicate that for a given temperature and pressure, there is a constant ⟨ΔEd⟩ that can reproduce results obtained with an E-dependent ⟨ΔEd⟩. But a constant ⟨ΔEd⟩ cannot do this for all temperatures and pressures, with larger differences when the barriers for the competing channels differ more. We conclude that when the branching ratio of competitive reactions is sensitive to pressure, including the energy dependence of ⟨ΔEd⟩ in master equation simulations can make a significant difference in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ming Zhang
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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3
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Lee SK, Ree J. Isotope Effects on the Energy Flow and Bond Dissociations of Excited α‐Chlorotoluene in Collisions with
H
2
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D
2
. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education Chonnam National University Gwangju 61186 Korea
| | - Jongbaik Ree
- Department of Chemistry Education Chonnam National University Gwangju 61186 Korea
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4
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Kim H, Bhandari HN, Pratihar S, Hase WL. Chemical Dynamics Simulation of Energy Transfer: Propylbenzene Cation and N2 Collisions. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2301-2309. [PMID: 30794410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Classical trajectory studies of collisional energy transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64207-3.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Experiments on collisional energy transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64207-3.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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7
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Kim H, Saha B, Pratihar S, Majumder M, Hase WL. Chemical Dynamics Simulations of Energy Transfer for Propylbenzene Cation and He Collisions. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7494-7502. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b07982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Biswajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Subha Pratihar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Moumita Majumder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - William L. Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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8
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Paul AK, Donzis D, Hase WL. Collisional Intermolecular Energy Transfer from a N 2 Bath at Room Temperature to a Vibrationlly "Cold" C 6F 6 Molecule Using Chemical Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4049-4057. [PMID: 28485962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical dynamics simulations were performed to study collisional intermolecular energy transfer from a thermalized N2 bath at 300 K to vibrationally "cold" C6F6. The vibrational temperature of C6F6 is taken as 50 K, which corresponds to a classical vibrational energy of 2.98 kcal/mol. The temperature ratio between C6F6 and the bath is 1/6, the reciprocal of the same ratio for previous "hot" C6F6 simulations (J. Chem. Phys. 2014, 140, 194103). Simulations were also done for a C6F6 vibrational temperature of 0 K. The average energy of C6F6 versus time is well fit by a biexponential function which gives a slightly larger short time rate component, k1, but a four times smaller long time rate component, k2, compared to those obtained from the "hot" C6F6 simulations. The average energy transferred per collision depends on the difference between the average energy of C6F6 and the final C6F6 energy after equilibration with the bath, but not on the temperature ratio of C6F6 and the bath. The translational and rotational degrees of freedom of the N2 bath transfer their energies to the vibrational degrees of freedom of C6F6. The energies of the N2 vibrational mode and translational and rotational modes of C6F6 remain unchanged during the energy transfer. It is also found that the energy distribution of C6F6 broadens as energy is transferred from the bath, with an almost linear increase in the deviation of the C6F6 energies from the average C6F6 energy as the average energy of C6F6 increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States.,Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology , Meghalaya, Shillong, Meghalaya 793003, India
| | - Diego Donzis
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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9
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Kim H, Paul AK, Pratihar S, Hase WL. Chemical Dynamics Simulations of Intermolecular Energy Transfer: Azulene + N2 Collisions. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5187-96. [PMID: 27182630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical dynamics simulations were performed to investigate collisional energy transfer from highly vibrationally excited azulene (Az*) in a N2 bath. The intermolecular potential between Az and N2, used for the simulations, was determined from MP2/6-31+G* ab initio calculations. Az* is prepared with an 87.5 kcal/mol excitation energy by using quantum microcanonical sampling, including its 95.7 kcal/mol zero-point energy. The average energy of Az* versus time, obtained from the simulations, shows different rates of Az* deactivation depending on the N2 bath density. Using the N2 bath density and Lennard-Jones collision number, the average energy transfer per collision ⟨ΔEc⟩ was obtained for Az* as it is collisionally relaxed. By comparing ⟨ΔEc⟩ versus the bath density, the single collision limiting density was found for energy transfer. The resulting ⟨ΔEc⟩, for an 87.5 kcal/mol excitation energy, is 0.30 ± 0.01 and 0.32 ± 0.01 kcal/mol for harmonic and anharmonic Az potentials, respectively. For comparison, the experimental value is 0.57 ± 0.11 kcal/mol. During Az* relaxation there is no appreciable energy transfer to Az translation and rotation, and the energy transfer is to the N2 bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsik Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Amit K Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Subha Pratihar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - William L Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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10
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Steill JD, Jasper AW, Chandler DW. Determination of the collisional energy transfer distribution responsible for the collision-induced dissociation of NO2 with Ar. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Eres G, Regmi M, Rouleau CM, Chen J, Ivanov IN, Puretzky AA, Geohegan DB. Cooperative island growth of large-area single-crystal graphene on copper using chemical vapor deposition. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5657-69. [PMID: 24833238 DOI: 10.1021/nn500209d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work we explore the kinetics of single-crystal graphene growth as a function of nucleation density. In addition to the standard methods for suppressing nucleation of graphene by pretreatment of Cu foils using oxidation, annealing, and reduction of the Cu foils prior to growth, we introduce a new method that further reduces the graphene nucleation density by interacting directly with the growth process at the onset of nucleation. The successive application of these two methods results in roughly 3 orders of magnitude reduction in graphene nucleation density. We use a kinetic model to show that at vanishingly low nucleation densities carbon incorporation occurs by a cooperative island growth mechanism that favors the formation of substrate-size single-crystal graphene. The model reveals that the cooperative growth of millimeter-size single-crystal graphene grains occurs by roughly 3 orders of magnitude increase in the reactive sticking probability of methane compared to that in random island nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Eres
- Materials Science and Technology Division, and ‡Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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12
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Scherzer K, Gebhardt J, Olzmann M. Reaktionen von H-Atomen mit Cycloalkenen und 1-Olefinen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.199000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Ree J, Kim SH, Lee SK. Energy Flow and Bond Dissociation of Vibrationally Excited Toluene in Collisions with N2and O2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.5.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Hsu HC, Tsai MT, Dyakov YA, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited molecules studied by crossed molecular beam/time-sliced velocity map ion imaging. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.673282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Lee SK, Ree JB. Energy Flow and Bond Dissociation in the Collision between Vibrationally Excited Toluene and HBr. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.3.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Young RM, Yandell MA, King SB, Neumark DM. Thermal effects on energetics and dynamics in water cluster anions (H2O)n−. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:094304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3689439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Schwarzer D, Troe J, Votsmeier M, Zerezke M. Collisional deactivation of vibrationally highly excited azulene in supercritical xenon/ethane mixtures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Schneider WF, Wallington TJ, Barker J, Stahlberg EA. CF3CFHO• radical: Decomposition vs. reaction with O2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19981021215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Damm M, Deckert F, Hippler H. Collisional deactivation of vibrationally highly excited benzyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971011216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Hold U, Lenzer T, Luther K, Reihs K, Symonds A. Collisional energy transfer probabilities in the deactivation of highly vibrationally excited aromatics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19971010331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Hippler H, Otto B, Troe J. Collisional Energy Transfer of Vibrationally Highly Excited Molecules. VI. Energy Dependence of 〈Δ E〉 in Azulene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19890930404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Yuan L, Du J, Mullin AS. Energy-dependent dynamics of large-ΔE collisions: Highly vibrationally excited azulene (E=20390 and 38580cm−1) with CO2. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:014303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2943668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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23
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Liu CL, Hsu HC, Hsu YC, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited naphthalene. II. Vibrational energy dependence and isotope and mass effects. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:124320. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2868753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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24
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Bernshtein V, Oref I. Collisional energy transfer in polyatomic molecules in the gas phase. Isr J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc.47.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Liu CL, Hsu HC, Lyu JJ, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited azulene. III. Collisions between azulene and argon. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:204309. [PMID: 17144702 DOI: 10.1063/1.2388267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy transfer dynamics between highly vibrationally excited azulene molecules (37 582 cm(-1) internal energy) and Ar atoms in a series of collision energies (200, 492, 747, and 983 cm(-1)) was studied using a crossed-beam apparatus along with time-sliced velocity map ion imaging techniques. The angular resolved collisional energy-transfer probability distribution functions were measured directly from the scattering results of highly vibrationally excited azulene. Direct T-VR energy transfer was found to be quite efficient. In some instances, nearly all of the translational energy is transferred to vibrational/rotational energy. On the other hand, only a small fraction of vibrational energy is converted to translational energy (V-T). Significant amount of energy transfer from vibration to translation was observed at large collision energies in backward and sideway directions. The ratios of total cross sections between T-VR and V-T increases as collision energy increases. Formation of azulene-argon complexes during the collision was observed at low enough collision energies. The complexes make only minor contributions to the measured translational to vibrational/rotational (T-VR) energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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26
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Vibrational Relaxation and Bond Dissociation of Excited Methylpyrazine in the Collision with HF. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.10.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Intramolecular Energy Flow and Bond Dissociation in the Collision between Vibrationally Excited Toluene and HF. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Hsu HC, Liu CL, Lyu JJ, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited azulene. II. Photodissociation of azulene-Kr van der Waals clusters at 248 and 266 nm. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:134303. [PMID: 16613451 DOI: 10.1063/1.2178296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodissociation of azulene-Kr van der Waals clusters at 266 and 248 nm was studied using velocity map ion imaging techniques with the time-sliced modification. Scattered azulene molecules produced from the dissociation of clusters were detected by one-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization. Energy transfer distribution functions were obtained from the measurement of recoil energy distributions. The distribution functions can be described approximately by multiexponential functions. Fragment angular distributions were found to be isotropic. The energy transfer properties show significantly different behavior from those of bimolecular collisions. No supercollisions were observed under the signal-to-noise ratios S/N=400 and 100 at 266 and 248 nm, respectively. Comparisons with the energy transfer of bimolecular collisions in thermal systems and the crossed-beam experiment within detection limit are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu Chen Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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29
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Hsu HC, Lyu JJ, Liu CL, Huang CL, Ni CK. Generation and characterization of highly vibrationally excited molecular beam. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:054301. [PMID: 16468863 DOI: 10.1063/1.2150467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method to generate and characterize a pure highly vibrationally excited azulene molecular beam is demonstrated. Azulene molecules initially excited to the S4 state by 266-nm UV photons reach high vibrationally excited levels of the ground electronic state upon rapid internal conversion from the S4 electronically excited state. VUV laser beams at 157 and 118 nm, respectively, are used to characterize the relative concentrations of the highly vibrationally excited azulene and the rotationally and vibrationally cooled azulene in the molecular beam. With a laser intensity of 34 mJ/cm2, 75% of azulene molecules absorb a single 266-nm photon and become highly vibrationally excited molecules. The remaining ground-state azulene molecules absorb two or more UV photons, ending up either as molecular cations, which are repelled out of the beam by an electric field, or as dissociation fragments, which veer off the molecular-beam axis. No azulene without absorption of UV photons is left in the molecular beam. The molecular beam that contains only highly vibrationally excited molecules and carrier gas is useful in various experiments related to the studies of highly vibrationally excited molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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30
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Liu CL, Hsu HC, Lyu JJ, Ni CK. Energy transfer of highly vibrationally excited azulene: Collisions between azulene and krypton. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:054302. [PMID: 16468864 DOI: 10.1063/1.2150468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy-transfer dynamics between highly vibrationally excited azulene molecules and Kr atoms in a series of collision energies (i.e., relative translational energies 170, 410, and 780 cm(-1)) was studied using a crossed-beam apparatus along with time-sliced velocity map ion imaging techniques. "Hot" azulene (4.66 eV internal energy) was formed via the rapid internal conversion of azulene initially excited to the S4 state by 266-nm photons. The shapes of the collisional energy-transfer probability density functions were measured directly from the scattering results of highly vibrationally excited or hot azulene. At low enough collision energies an azulene-Kr complex was observed, resulting from small amounts of translational to vibrational-rotational (T-VR) energy transfer. T-VR energy transfer was found to be quite efficient. In some instances, nearly all of the translational energy is transferred to vibrational-rotational energy. On the other hand, only a small fraction of vibrational energy is converted to translational energy (V-T). The shapes of V-T energy-transfer probability density functions were best fit by multiexponential functions. We find that substantial amounts of energy are transferred in the backward scattering direction due to supercollisions at high collision energies. The probability for supercollisions, defined arbitrarily as the scattered azulene in the region 160 degrees <theta<180 degrees and DeltaEd>2000 cm(-1) is 1% and 0.3% of all other collisions at collision energies 410 and 780 cm(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Liu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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31
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Bernshtein V, Oref I. Energy Transfer between Polyatomic Molecules. 3. Energy Transfer Quantities and Probability Density Functions in Self-Collisions of Benzene, Toluene, p-Xylene and Azulene. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8477-87. [PMID: 16821831 DOI: 10.1021/jp055612q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper is the third and last in a series of papers that deal with collisional energy transfer, CET, between aromatic polyatomic molecules. Paper 1 of this series (J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 8310) reports on the mechanism and quantities of CET between an excited benzene and cold benzene and Ar bath. Paper 2 in the series (J. Phys. Chem., in press) discusses CET between excited toluene, p-xylene and azulene with cold benzene and Ar and CET between excited benzene colliding with cold toluene, p-xylene and azulene. The present work reports on CET in self-collisions of benzene, toluene, p-xylene and azulene. Two modes of excitation are considered, identical excitation energies and identical vibrational temperatures for all four molecules. It compares the present results with those of papers 1 and 2 and reports new findings on average vibrational, rotational, and translational energy, <DeltaE>, transferred in a single collision. CET takes place mainly via vibration to vibration energy transfer. The effect of internal rotors on CET is discussed and CET quantities are reported as a function of temperature and excitation energy. It is found that the temperature dependence of CET quantities is unexpected, resembling a parabolic function. The density of vibrational states is reported and its effect on CET is discussed. Energy transfer probability density functions, P(E,E'), for various collision pairs are reported and it is shown that the shape of the curves is convex at low temperatures and can be concave at high temperatures. There is a large supercollision tail at the down wing of P(E,E'). The mechanisms of CET are short, impulsive collisions and long-lived chattering collisions where energy is transferred in a sequence of short internal encounters during the lifetime of the collision complex. The collision complex lifetimes as a function of temperature are reported. It is shown that dynamical effects control CET. A comparison is made with experimental results and it is shown that good agreement is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernshtein
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Bernshtein V, Oref I. Energy Transfer between Polyatomic Molecules. 1. Gateway Modes, Energy Transfer Quantities and Energy Transfer Probability Density Functions in Benzene−Benzene and Ar−Benzene Collisions. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8310-9. [PMID: 16851974 DOI: 10.1021/jp046693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report collisional energy transfer, CET, quantities for polyatomic-polyatomic collisions and use excited benzene collisions with cold benzene bath, B-B, as our sample system and compare our results with the CET of excited benzene with Ar bath. We find that the gateway mode for both systems is the out-of-plane modes and that in B-B CET, vibration to vibration, V-V, is the dominant channel. Rotations play a mechanistic role in the CET but the net rotational energy transfer is small compared to V-V. The shape of the down side of the energy transfer probability density function, P(E,E'), is convex for B-B collisions and it becomes less so as the temperature increases. In Ar-B collisions, P(E,E') is concave and it becomes less so as the temperature decreases. We report average vibrational, rotational, and translational energy transferred, <DeltaE>, as function of temperature for various initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernshtein
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Brunsvold AL, Garton DJ, Minton TK, Troya D, Schatz GC. Crossed beams and theoretical studies of the dynamics of hyperthermal collisions between Ar and ethane. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:11702-14. [PMID: 15634136 DOI: 10.1063/1.1815271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossed molecular beams experiments and classical trajectory calculations have been used to study the dynamics of Ar+ethane collisions at hyperthermal collision energies. Experimental time-of-flight and angular distributions of ethane molecules that scatter into the backward hemisphere (with respect to their original direction in the center-of-mass frame) have been collected. Translational energy distributions, derived from the time-of-flight distributions, reveal that a substantial fraction of the collisions transfer abnormally large amounts of energy to internal excitation of ethane. The flux of the scattered ethane molecules increased only slightly from directly backward scattering to sideways scattering. Theoretical calculations show angular and translational energy distributions which are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. These calculations have been used to examine the microscopic mechanism for large energy transfer collisions ("supercollisions"). Collinear ("head-on") or perpendicular ("side-on") approaches of Ar to the C-C axis of ethane do not promote energy transfer as much as bent approaches, and collisions in which the H atom is "sandwiched" in a bent Ar...H-C configuration lead to the largest energy transfer. The sensitivity of collisional energy transfer to the intramolecular potential energy of ethane has also been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Brunsvold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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Higgins CJ, Chapman S. Collisional Energy Transfer between Hot Pyrazine and Cold CO: A Classical Trajectory Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040140l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cortney J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
| | - Sally Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
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Hold U, Lenzer T, Luther K, Symonds AC. Collisional energy transfer probabilities of highly excited molecules from KCSI. III. Azulene: P(E′,E) and moments of energy transfer for energies up to 40 000 cm−1 via self-calibrating experiments. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1622382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Park J, Stephens JC, Zhang R, North SW. Theoretical Study of the Alkoxy Radicals Derived from Isoprene: Pressure- and Temperature-Dependent Decomposition Rates. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0303321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Park
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Joseph C. Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Simon W. North
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842, and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
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Park J, Shum L, Lemoff AS, Werner K, Mullin AS. Methylation effects in state-resolved quenching of highly vibrationally excited azabenzenes (Evib∼38 500 cm−1). II. Collisions with carbon dioxide. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1499720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Barker JR, Yoder LM, King KD. Vibrational Energy Transfer Modeling of Nonequilibrium Polyatomic Reaction Systems. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Barker
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia, 5005
| | - Laurie M. Yoder
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia, 5005
| | - Keith D. King
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University, Adelaide, S.A., Australia, 5005
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Barker JR, Ortiz NF. Multiple-Well, multiple-path unimolecular reaction systems. II. 2-methylhexyl free radicals. INT J CHEM KINET 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wright SMA, Sims IR, Smith IWM. Vibrational Relaxation of Highly Excited Toluene in Collisions with He, Ar, and N2 at Temperatures down to 38 K. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0014216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. A. Wright
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Ian R. Sims
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Ian W. M. Smith
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Wu F, Weisman RB. Monte Carlo analysis of T1 pyrazine collisional vibrational relaxation: Evidence for supercollisions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lenzer T, Luther K, Reihs K, Symonds AC. Collisional energy transfer probabilities of highly excited molecules from kinetically controlled selective ionization (KCSI). II. The collisional relaxation of toluene: P(E′,E) and moments of energy transfer for energies up to 50 000 cm−1. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Grigoleit U, Lenzer T, Luther K. Temperature Dependence of Collisional Energy Transfer in Highly Excited Aromatics Studied by Classical Trajectory Calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2000.214.8.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the gas-phase collisional relaxation of highly vibrationally excited aromatic molecules has been studied using large scale classical trajectory calculations. The investigations have focused on azulene collisions with different colliders (He, Ar and N
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Börjesson L, Ming L, Nordholm S. The PEMET model of collisional energy transfer in unimolecular reactions comparison with molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(97)00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lenzer T, Luther K. Intermolecular potential effects in trajectory calculations of collisions between large highly excited molecules and noble gases. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Miller LA, Cook CD, Barker JR. Temperature effects in the collisional deactivation of highly vibrationally excited pyrazine by unexcited pyrazine. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Miller LA, Barker JR. Collisional deactivation of highly vibrationally excited pyrazine. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pollack S, Cameron D, Rokni M, Hill W, Parks J. Charge exchange and cluster formation in an rf Paul trap: interaction of alkali atoms with C+60. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lenzer T, Luther K. A quasiclassical trajectory study of energy transfer in benzene–benzene collisions. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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