1
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Lushchikova OV, Gatchell M, Reichegger J, Kollotzek S, Zappa F, Mahmoodi-Darian M, Scheier P. Structure and formation of copper cluster ions in multiply charged He nanodroplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8463-8471. [PMID: 36916872 PMCID: PMC10032196 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure of cationic and anionic Cu clusters grown in multiply charged superfluid He nanodroplets was investigated using He tagging as a chemical probe. Further, the structure assignment was done based on the magic-numbered ions, representing the most energetically favorable structures. The exact geometry of the cluster and positions of He is verified by calculations. It was found that the structure of the clusters grown in the He droplets is similar to that produced with a laser ablation source and the lowest energy structures predicted by theoretical investigations. The only difference is the structure of the Cu5+, which in our experiments has a twisted-X geometry, rather than a bipyramid or planar half-wheel geometry suggested by previous studies. This might be attributed to the different cluster formation mechanisms, the absence of the Ar-tag and the ultracold environment. It was also found that He tends to bind to partially more electro-negative or positive areas of the anionic or cationic clusters, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Lushchikova
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Gatchell
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Reichegger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - S Kollotzek
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - F Zappa
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Mahmoodi-Darian
- Department of Physics, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - P Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Buelna-García CE, Castillo-Quevedo C, Quiroz-Castillo JM, Paredes-Sotelo E, Cortez-Valadez M, Martin-del-Campo-Solis MF, López-Luke T, Utrilla-Vázquez M, Mendoza-Wilson AM, Rodríguez-Kessler PL, Vazquez-Espinal A, Pan S, de Leon-Flores A, Mis-May JR, Rodríguez-Domínguez AR, Martínez-Guajardo G, Cabellos JL. Relative Populations and IR Spectra of Cu38 Cluster at Finite Temperature Based on DFT and Statistical Thermodynamics Calculations. Front Chem 2022; 10:841964. [PMID: 35300385 PMCID: PMC8921525 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.841964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative populations of Cu38 isomers depend to a great extent on the temperature. Density functional theory and nanothermodynamics can be combined to compute the geometrical optimization of isomers and their spectroscopic properties in an approximate manner. In this article, we investigate entropy-driven isomer distributions of Cu38 clusters and the effect of temperature on their IR spectra. An extensive, systematic global search is performed on the potential and free energy surfaces of Cu38 using a two-stage strategy to identify the lowest-energy structure and its low-energy neighbors. The effects of temperature on the populations and IR spectra are considered via Boltzmann factors. The computed IR spectrum of each isomer is multiplied by its corresponding Boltzmann weight at finite temperature. Then, they are summed together to produce a final temperature-dependent, Boltzmann-weighted spectrum. Our results show that the disordered structure dominates at high temperatures and the overall Boltzmann-weighted spectrum is composed of a mixture of spectra from several individual isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emiliano Buelna-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
- Organización Científica y Tecnológica del Desierto, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Cesar Castillo-Quevedo
- Departamento de Fundamentos del Conocimiento, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Paredes-Sotelo
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Manuel Cortez-Valadez
- CONACYT-Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Tzarara López-Luke
- Instituto de Investigación en Metalurgia y Materiales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | | | - Peter L. Rodríguez-Kessler
- Laboratorio de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vazquez-Espinal
- Comput. Theor. Chem. Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aned de Leon-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gerardo Martínez-Guajardo
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Martinez-Guajardo, ; Jose Luis Cabellos,
| | - Jose Luis Cabellos
- Universidad Politécnica de Tapachula, Tapachula, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Martinez-Guajardo, ; Jose Luis Cabellos,
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3
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Ahmed AA. Structural and electronic properties of the adsorption of nitric oxide molecule on copper clusters CuN(N = 1–7): A DFT study. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Yin B, Du Q, Geng L, Zhang H, Luo Z, Zhou S, Zhao J. Anionic Copper Clusters Reacting with NO: An Open-Shell Superatom Cu 18. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5807-5814. [PMID: 32597656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase metal clusters have been a subject of research interest for allowing reliable strategies to explore the stability and reactivity of materials at reduced sizes with atomic precision. Here we have prepared well-resolved copper cluster anions Cun- (n = 7-37) and systematically studied their reactivity with O2, NO, and CO. We found remarkable stability of an open-shell cluster Cu18-, which is comparable with the closed-shell clusters Cu17- and Cu19- within the picture of an electronic shell model. Even without having a magic number of valence electrons, intriguingly, the unpaired electron on the singly occupied molecular orbital of Cu18- is mainly contributed by the central copper atom, while the other 18 delocalized valence electrons occupy the lower-energy superatomic orbitals of the cluster. The finding of such an open-shell superatom Cu18-, with an electron configuration of 1S21P61D102S1||1F0, is interesting in the sense that an elementary cluster of coinage metal atoms could still behave as a superatom mimicking coinage metals like silver or gold atoms with an empty f orbital. The superatomic stability of this Cu18- cluster is reinforced by the unique electrostatic interaction between the Cu- core and Cu17 shell, which provides new insights into the chemistry of metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiuying Du
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lijun Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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Howard-Fabretto L, Andersson GG. Metal Clusters on Semiconductor Surfaces and Application in Catalysis with a Focus on Au and Ru. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904122. [PMID: 31854037 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters typically consist of two to a few hundred atoms and have unique properties that change with the type and number of atoms that form the cluster. Metal clusters can be generated with a precise number of atoms, and therefore have specific size, shape, and electronic structures. When metal clusters are deposited onto a substrate, their shape and electronic structure depend on the interaction with the substrate surface and thus depend on the properties of both the clusters and those of the substrate. Deposited metal clusters have discrete, individual electron energy levels that differ from the electron energy levels in the constituting individual atoms, isolated clusters, and the respective bulk material. The properties of clusters with a focus on Au and Ru, the methods to generate metal clusters, and the methods of deposition of clusters onto substrate surfaces are covered. The properties of cluster-modified surfaces are important for their application. The main application covered here is catalysis, and the methods for characterization of the cluster-modified surfaces are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Howard-Fabretto
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Gunther G Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Microscopy and Microanalysis, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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6
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Abstract
The lowest-energy geometrical and electronic structures of Cu38 cluster are investigated by density-functional calculations combined with a genetic algorithm based on a many body semi-empirical interatomic potential, the traditional FCC-truncated Octahedron (OH) and an incomplete-Mackay icosahedron (IMI) are recognized as the two lowest energy structures (energetically degenerate isomers) but with different electronic structures: a semiconductor-type with the energy-gap of 0.356 eV for the IMI and a metallic-type with negligible gap for the OH, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. The electron affinity and ionization potential of Cu38 are also discussed and compared with the observations of the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. The dynamical isomerization of the OH-like and IMI-like structures of Cu38 is revealed to dominate the pre-melting stage through the investigation by the molecular dynamics annealing simulations.
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7
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Petschke D, Lotter F, Bläss E, Staab TEM. Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy on Al–Cu alloys – from solute copper to stable precipitates. J Appl Crystallogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718011214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although binary aluminium alloys seem to be uninteresting and well known, some aspects of their precipitation sequence – especially the early stages immediately after quenching – are still not well understood. Since the Al–Cu system is the basis for many ternary and quaternary high-strength alloys with application in the aviation sector, it is important to understand this binary system in detail. This problem is here tackled by a unique combination of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray absorption fine structure measurements, where relaxed atomic coordinates for simulation of the spectra have been obtained by ab initio calculations. Thereby, it is possible to attribute any exo- or endothermal peak to a certain type of precipitate, even though formation and dissolution regions have a large overlap in this system. This unique combination of experimental and numerical methods allows one to determine the local atomic environment around Cu atoms, thus following the formation and growth of Guinier–Preston zones, i.e. Cu platelets on {100} planes, during the precipitation process.
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8
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Ohshimo K, Akimoto K, Ogawa M, Iwasaki W, Yamamoto H, Tona M, Tsukamoto K, Nakano M, Misaizu F. Correlation between Electronic Shell Structure and Inertness of Cun+ toward O2 Adsorption at n = 15, 21, 41, and 49. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2927-2932. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Ohshimo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kengo Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masato Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | - Masahide Tona
- Ayabo Corporation, 1 Hosogute, Fukamacho, Anjo 446-0052, Japan
| | - Keizo Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Ayabo Corporation, 1 Hosogute, Fukamacho, Anjo 446-0052, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Institute for Excellence in Higher Education, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Fuminori Misaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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9
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Dong YY, Zhang CY, Wang BQ. Trends in Geometric, Energetic, Electronic, and Magnetic Properties of Vanadium–Copper Clusters Cu
n
V with n = 1–12: Density Functional Calculations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417130295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chaves AS, Rondina GG, Piotrowski MJ, Tereshchuk P, Da Silva JLF. The Role of Charge States in the Atomic Structure of Cun and Ptn (n = 2–14 atoms) Clusters: A DFT Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10813-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurício J. Piotrowski
- Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil
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11
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Parry IS, Hermes AC, Kartouzian A, Mackenzie SR. Imaging the photodissociation dynamics of neutral metal clusters: copper dimer, Cu2, and copper oxide, CuO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:458-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Calaminici P, Pérez-Romero M, Vásquez-Pérez JM, Köster AM. On the ground state structure of neutral Cun (n=12,14,16,18,20) clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Electronic and magnetic properties of 3d transition metal-doped strontium clusters: Prospective magnetic superatoms. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gutsev GL, Weatherford CW, Belay KG, Ramachandran BR, Jena P. An all-electron density functional theory study of the structure and properties of the neutral and singly charged M12 and M13 clusters: M = Sc–Zn. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4799917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Hirabayashi S, Ichihashi M, Kawazoe Y, Kondow T. Comparison of Adsorption Probabilities of O2 and CO on Copper Cluster Cations and Anions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8799-806. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304214m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hirabayashi
- East
Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001,
Japan
| | - Masahiko Ichihashi
- Cluster Research
Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute:
in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
- Institute
for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577,
Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kondow
- Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute:
in East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
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16
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Jiang M, Zeng Q, Zhang T, Yang M, Jackson KA. Icosahedral to double-icosahedral shape transition of copper clusters. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:104501. [PMID: 22423842 DOI: 10.1063/1.3689442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lowest-energy isomers of Cu(N) clusters for N = 20-30 are identified using an unbiased search algorithm and density functional theory calculations. The low-energy structures over this size range are dominated by those based on a 13-atom icosahedral (I(h)) core and a 19-atom double icosahedron (DI(h)) core. A transition in the ground-state isomers from I(h)-based to DI(h)-based structures is predicted overt N = 21-23. We discuss this transition in the broader context of the growth pattern for Cu(N) over N = 2-30 that features regions of gradual evolution in which atoms successively add to the cluster surface, separated by sudden changes to a different structural organization and more compact shape. These transitions result from a competition between interatomic bonding energy and surface energy. The implications of this growth pattern for the further evolution of copper from microstructure to bulk are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Jiang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
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17
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Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations of CunBO2(OH)− (n=1,2) clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Chu X, Yang M, Jackson KA. The effect of geometry on cluster polarizability: Studies of sodium, copper, and silicon clusters at shape-transition sizes. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:234505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3598518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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19
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Lau JT, Vogel M, Langenberg A, Hirsch K, Rittmann J, Zamudio-Bayer V, Möller T, Issendorff BV. Communication: Highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps of doped silicon clusters from core level spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:041102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3547699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy to probe structure and dynamics in metal ion-molecule complexes. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235031000095201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Duncan
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , 30602-2556 , USA
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21
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Yang M, Yang F, Jackson KA, Jellinek J. Probing the structural evolution of CuN−, N=9–20, through a comparison of computed electron removal energies and experimental photoelectron spectra. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:064306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Bartels C, Hock C, Huwer J, Kuhnen R, Schwobel J, von Issendorff B. Probing the Angular Momentum Character of the Valence Orbitals of Free Sodium Nanoclusters. Science 2009; 323:1323-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1168080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Calaminici P, Köster AM, Gómez-Sandoval Z. Density Functional Study of the Structure and Properties of Cu9 and Cu9-. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:905-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ct600358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Calaminici
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
| | - Andreas M. Köster
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
| | - Zeferino Gómez-Sandoval
- Departamento de Química, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, AP 14-740, México D.F. 07000, México
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24
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Avdeev VI, Kovalchuk VI, Zhidomirov GM, d’Itri JL. Models of active sites in supported Cu metal catalysts in 1,2-dichloroethane dechlorination. DFT analysis. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-007-0159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Yang M, Jackson KA, Koehler C, Frauenheim T, Jellinek J. Structure and shape variations in intermediate-size copper clusters. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:024308. [PMID: 16422584 DOI: 10.1063/1.2150439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using extensive, unbiased searches based on density-functional theory, we explore the structural evolution of Cu(n) clusters over the size range n=8-20. For n=8-16, the optimal structures are plateletlike, consisting of two layers, with the atoms in each layer forming a trigonal bonding network similar to that found in smaller, planar clusters (n<or=6). For n=17 and beyond, there is a transition to compact structures containing an icosahedral 13-atom core. The calculated ground-state structures are significantly different from those predicted earlier in studies based on empirical and semiempirical potentials. The evolution of the structure and shape of the preferred configuration of Cu(n), n<or=20, is shown to be nearly identical to that found for Na clusters, indicating a shell-model-type behavior in this size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yang
- Department of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, USA
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26
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Kostko O, Wrigge G, Cheshnovsky O, von Issendorff B. Transition from a Bloch-Wilson to a free-electron density of states in Znn− clusters. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:221102. [PMID: 16375459 DOI: 10.1063/1.2138689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present photoelectron spectroscopy studies on Zn(n) (-) in the size range of n=3-117. We show that zinc clusters exhibit a distinct transition in their electronic structure as a function of size. At small sizes (up to n=18) the clusters follow the Bloch-Wilson picture of the development of a metal from closed-shell atoms, exhibiting a gradual decrease of the gap between the fully occupied s band and the empty p band. For large sizes (n approximately or > 32) the band overlap allows the valence electrons to fully delocalize. This leads to an almost perfect free-electron density of states, as is demonstrated by discussing the spectra in the light of standard free-electron models and by comparison to the results obtained on sodium clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kostko
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Petranovskii V, Gurin V, Machorro R. Spectroscopic observation and ab initio simulation of copper clusters in zeolites. Catal Today 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Density functional theory of clusters of nontransition metals using simple models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-61132-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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29
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Abstract
The strict criterion for metallicity, a finite density of states (DOS) at the Fermi energy (E(F)), cannot be applied to clusters because energy levels are always discrete in a system of finite size. We propose an alternative definition whereby clusters can be considered metallic when the gap between occupied and unoccupied states at E(F) is consistently smaller than or equal to the Kubo band gap delta. We use the experimental findings of photoelectron spectroscopy of anionic clusters to analyze band gaps of various cluster families. Monovalent clusters (alkali and noble metals) grossly follow the shell structure pattern, producing band gaps smaller than delta for most cluster sizes, with some exceptional sizes exhibiting electronic shell closure or symmetry-induced band gaps. Among the bivalent metals, only mercury shows consistent band gap closure with increasing cluster size, that is a simple insulator-metal transition. Other bivalent elements such as Zn and Mg exhibit a much more complicated behavior. We also briefly discuss complex cluster families such as aluminum and transition metals.
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30
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Abstract
The static electric dipole polarizabilities of Cu(9)-Cu(61) have been measured via a molecular beam deflection method. The clusters display per-atom polarizabilities that decrease monotonically with size, from approximately 16 A(3) per atom Cu(9-10) to approximately 5 A(3) (Cu(45-61)). Absent are any discernible discontinuities or odd-even alternations due to electronic shell filling or electron pairing effects. For the smallest clusters, the experimental polarizabilities are approximately 3 times larger than those predicted classically for conducting ellipsoids, and approach the classical values only for clusters containing more than approximately 45 atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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31
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Furche F, Ahlrichs R, Weis P, Jacob C, Gilb S, Bierweiler T, Kappes MM. The structures of small gold cluster anions as determined by a combination of ion mobility measurements and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1507582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Jug K, Zimmermann B, Calaminici P, Köster AM. Structure and stability of small copper clusters. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1436465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Gilb S, Weis P, Furche F, Ahlrichs R, Kappes MM. Structures of small gold cluster cations (Aun+, n<14): Ion mobility measurements versus density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1445121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Kumar V, Esfarjani K, Kawazoe Y. Ab Initio Computer Simulations on Microclusters: Structures and Electronic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04812-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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35
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Shvartsburg AA, Siu KWM. Dissociation kinetics of metal clusters on multiple electronic states including electronic level statistics into the vibronic soup. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1372758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Krückeberg S, Schweikhard L, Ziegler J, Dietrich G, Lützenkirchen K, Walther C. Decay pathways and dissociation energies of copper clusters, Cun+ (2⩽n⩽25), Cun2+ (15⩽n⩽25). J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1340577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Guided ion beam studies of the reactions of with D2: cluster–deuteride bond energies as a chemical probe of cluster electronic structure. Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(00)00162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Alonso JA. Electronic and atomic structure, and magnetism of transition-metal clusters. Chem Rev 2000; 100:637-78. [PMID: 11749247 DOI: 10.1021/cr980391o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Alonso
- Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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39
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Abstract
Atoms and small molecules react with transition metal clusters in ways that are analogous to the physisorption and chemisorption reactions observed on the corresponding extended metal surface. However, often underlying these similarities are size-dependent variations in the reaction mechanisms and rates, the interpretation of which requires a detailed understanding of the structures of both the bare metal cluster substrates and the cluster-molecule complexes. Although polyatomic transition metal clusters cannot be characterized by the traditional methods of molecular spectroscopy, the combination of other physical and chemical probes can provide qualitative and semiquantitative structural information. These techniques, when combined with equilibrium geometries calculated using ab initio or semiempirical methods, provide a detailed picture of the structural origin of metal cluster reactivity and its variation with size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Knickelbein
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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40
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Crispin X, Bureau C, Geskin V, Lazzaroni R, Brédas J. Local Density Functional Study of Copper Clusters: A Comparison between Real Clusters, Model Surface Clusters, and the Actual Metal Surface. Eur J Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0682(19990202)1999:2<349::aid-ejic349>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victor Geskin
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre de Recherche en Electronic et Photonique Moleculaires, Université de Mons‐Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B‐7000 Mons, Belgium Fax (internat.): + 32 (0)65/ 37.33.66
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre de Recherche en Electronic et Photonique Moleculaires, Université de Mons‐Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B‐7000 Mons, Belgium Fax (internat.): + 32 (0)65/ 37.33.66
| | - Jean‐Luc Brédas
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre de Recherche en Electronic et Photonique Moleculaires, Université de Mons‐Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B‐7000 Mons, Belgium Fax (internat.): + 32 (0)65/ 37.33.66
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41
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Jellinek J, Krissinel EB. Alloy Clusters: Structural Classes, Mixing, and Phase Changes. THEORY OF ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR CLUSTERS 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58389-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Massobrio C, Pasquarello A, Dal Corso A. Structural and electronic properties of small Cun clusters using generalized-gradient approximations within density functional theory. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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44
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Knickelbein MB, Koretsky GM. Infrared Studies of the Interaction of Methanol with Cun, Agn, and Aun. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp973381k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Persson JL, Andersson M, Holmgren L, Åklint T, Rosén A. Ionization potentials of oxidized copper clusters. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Coe JV. Connecting Cluster Anion Properties to Bulk: Ion Solvation Free Energy Trends with Cluster Size and the Surface vs Internal Nature of Iodide in Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962490g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James V. Coe
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210-1173
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47
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48
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Calaminici P, Köster AM, Russo N, Salahub DR. A density functional study of small copper clusters: Cun (n⩽5). J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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Massobrio C, Pasquarello A, Car R. Interpretation of photoelectron spectra in Cun - clusters including thermal and final-state effects: The case of Cu7 -. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:8913-8918. [PMID: 9984573 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.8913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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50
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Castleman AW, Bowen KH. Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - K. H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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