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Mó O, Montero-Campillo MM, Yáñez M, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A Holistic View of the Interactions between Electron-Deficient Systems: Clustering of Beryllium and Magnesium Hydrides and Halides. Molecules 2023; 28:7507. [PMID: 38005228 PMCID: PMC10673300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for common bonding patterns in pure and mixed clusters of beryllium and magnesium derivatives, the most stable dimers and trimers involving BeX2 and MgX2 (X = H, F, Cl) have been studied in the gas phase using B3LYP and M06-2X DFT methods and the G4 ab initio composite procedure. To obtain some insight into their structure, stability, and bonding characteristics, we have used two different energy decomposition formalisms, namely MBIE and LMO-EDA, in parallel with the analysis of the electron density with the help of QTAIM, ELF, NCIPLOT, and AdNDP approaches. Some interesting differences are already observed in the dimers, where the stability sequence observed for the hydrides differs entirely from that of the fluorides and chlorides. Trimers also show some peculiarities associated with the presence of compact trigonal cyclic structures that compete in stability with the more conventional hexagonal and linear forms. As observed for dimers, the stability of the trimers changes significantly from hydrides to fluorides or chlorides. Although some of these clusters were previously explored in the literature, the novelty of this work is to provide a holistic approach to the entire series of compounds by using chemical bonding tools, allowing us to understand the stability trends in detail and providing insights for a significant number of new, unexplored structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Mó
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (O.M.); (M.Y.)
| | - M. Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (O.M.); (M.Y.)
| | - Manuel Yáñez
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias, and Institute of Advanced Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (O.M.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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Sergeieva T, Demirer TI, Wuttke A, Mata RA, Schäfer A, Linker GJ, Andrada DM. Revisiting the origin of the bending in group 2 metallocenes AeCp 2 (Ae = Be-Ba). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37482883 PMCID: PMC10395002 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05020j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Metallocenes are well-established compounds in organometallic chemistry, and can exhibit either a coplanar structure or a bent structure according to the nature of the metal center (E) and the cyclopentadienyl ligands (Cp). Herein, we re-examine the chemical bonding to underline the origins of the geometry and stability observed experimentally. To this end, we have analysed a series of group 2 metallocenes [Ae(C5R5)2] (Ae = Be-Ba and R = H, Me, F, Cl, Br, and I) with a combination of computational methods, namely energy decomposition analysis (EDA), polarizability model (PM), and dispersion interaction densities (DIDs). Although the metal-ligand bonding nature is mainly an electrostatic interaction (65-78%), the covalent character is not negligible (33-22%). Notably, the heavier the metal center, the stronger the d-orbital interaction with a 50% contribution to the total covalent interaction. The dispersion interaction between the Cp ligands counts only for 1% of the interaction. Despite that orbital contributions become stronger for heavier metals, they never represent the energy main term. Instead, given the electrostatic nature of the metallocene bonds, we propose a model based on polarizability, which faithfully predicts the bending angle. Although dispersion interactions have a fair contribution to strengthen the bending angle, the polarizability plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Sergeieva
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - T Ilgin Demirer
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Axel Wuttke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - André Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Gerrit-Jan Linker
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Jacob F. Computational and theoretical investigation of the geometrical structures, vibrational spectra and thermodynamic properties of the ionic and molecular clusters existing in vapours over strontium diiodide. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2172972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fortunatus Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
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4
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Structural, vibrational and thermodynamic properties of the isomers of the dimer molecules Ba2X4 (X = F, Cl, Br, or I). Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Neogi SG, Chaudhury P. Structure, electronic properties and vibrational spectra of (MgF2)nclusters through a combination of genetic algorithm and DFT-based approach. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1059508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Structure, bonding, relativistic effects, and dispersion in the group 12 dihalide (MX2)3 clusters, with lessons from the extended solids. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Wan LF, Prendergast D. The solvation structure of Mg ions in dichloro complex solutions from first-principles molecular dynamics and simulated X-ray absorption spectra. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14456-64. [PMID: 25243732 DOI: 10.1021/ja505967u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of Mg solvation structure in the electrolyte is requisite to understand the transport behavior of Mg ions and their dissolution/deposition mechanism at electrolyte/electrode interfaces. In the first established rechargeable Mg-ion battery system [D. Aurbach et al. Nature 2000, 407, 724], the electrolyte is of the dichloro complex (DCC) solution family, Mg(AlCl2BuEt)2/THF, resulting from the reaction of Bu2Mg and EtAlCl2 with a molar ratio of 1:2. There is disagreement in the literature regarding the exact solvation structure of Mg ions in such solutions, i.e., whether Mg(2+) is tetra- or hexacoordinated by a combination of Cl(-) and THF. In this work, theoretical insight into the solvation complexes present is provided based on first-principles molecular dynamics simulations (FPMD). Both Mg monomer and dimer structures are considered in both neutral and positively charged states. We found that, at room temperature, the Mg(2+) ion tends to be tetracoordinated in the THF solution phase instead of hexacoordinated, which is the predominant solid-phase coordination. Simulating the X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) at the Mg K-edge by sampling our FPMD trajectories, our predicted solvation structure can be readily compared with experimental measurements. It is found that when changing from tetra- to hexacoordination, the onset of X-ray absorption should exhibit at least a 1 eV blue shift. We propose that this energy shift can be used to monitor changes in the Mg solvation sphere as it migrates through the electrolyte to electrolyte/electrode interfaces and to elucidate the mechanism of Mg dissolution/deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen F Wan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Neelamraju S, Bach A, Schön JC, Fischer D, Jansen M. Experimental and theoretical study on Raman spectra of magnesium fluoride clusters and solids. J Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4765700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Neelamraju S, Schön JC, Doll K, Jansen M. Ab initio and empirical energy landscapes of (MgF2)nclusters (n = 3, 4). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:1223-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22446h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Donald KJ, Hoffmann R. Solid Memory: Structural Preferences in Group 2 Dihalide Monomers, Dimers, and Solids. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:11236-49. [PMID: 16925443 DOI: 10.1021/ja062817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The link between structural preferences in the monomers, dimers, and extended solid-state structures of the group 2 dihalides (MX(2): M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and X = F, Cl, Br, I) is examined theoretically. The question posed is how well are geometric properties of the gas-phase MX(2) monomers and lower order oligomers "remembered" in the corresponding MX(2) solids. Significant links between the bending in the MX(2) monomers and the D(2)(h)()/C(3)(v)() M(2)X(4) dimer structures are identified. At the B3LYP computational level, the monomers that are bent prefer the C(3)(v)() triply bridged geometry, while the rigid linear molecules prefer a D(2)(h)() doubly bridged structure. Quasilinear or floppy monomers show, in general, only a weak preference for either the D(2)(h)() or the C(3)(v)() dimer structure. A frontier orbital perspective, looking at the interaction of monomer units as led by a donor-acceptor interaction, proves to be a useful way to think about the monomer-oligomer relationships. There is also a relationship between the structural trends in these two (MX(2) and M(2)X(4)) series of molecular structures and the prevalent structure types in the group 2 dihalide solids. The most bent monomers condense to form the high coordination number fluorite and PbCl(2) structure types. The rigidly linear monomers condense to form extended solids with low coordination numbers, 4 or 6. The reasons for these correlations are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelling J Donald
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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11
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Donald KJ, Böhm MC, Lindner HJ. Analysis of competing bonding parameters. Part 2. The structure of halosilanes and halogermanes (MH4−nXn, n=1–4; M=Si, Ge; X=F, Cl, Br). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Luhtanen TNP, Linnolahti M, Pakkanen TA. Molecular Structures of Magnesium Dichloride Sheets and Nanoballs. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4482-6. [PMID: 15236562 DOI: 10.1021/ic0499143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structures and relative stabilities of (MgCl(2))(n)() sheetlike clusters and nanoballs were studied by quantum chemical methods. The sheets as discrete molecules were studied up to Mg(100)Cl(200). Their stabilities increase systematically as a function of the size of the sheet. Periodic ab initio calculations were performed for (001) monolayer sheets of alpha- and beta-MgCl(2), beta-sheet being slightly favored. Nanoballs were constructed from Archimedean polyhedra, producing tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral symmetries, and were studied up to Mg(60)Cl(120). Nanoballs prefer to take the shape of truncated cuboctahedron (Mg(48)Cl(96)). Comparisons to sheetlike clusters and periodic calculations suggest that magnesium dichloride nanoballs are stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi N P Luhtanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Luhtanen TNP, Linnolahti M, Laine A, Pakkanen TA. Structural Characteristics of Small Magnesium Dichloride Clusters: A Systematic Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030464u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi N. P. Luhtanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P. O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P. O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anniina Laine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P. O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tapani A. Pakkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, P. O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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14
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Donald KJ, Mulder WH, Szentpály LV. Success and failure of polarized-ion models: Bending and atomization energy of groups 2 and 12 dihalides. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1599345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Francisco E, Pendás AM, Costales A. Structure and Bonding in Magnesium Difluoride Clusters: The (MgF2)n(n= 2−3) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012347+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Fax: (+49) 931‐888‐7135
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Abstract
Under certain circumstances, metal complexes with a formal d(0) electronic configuration may exhibit structures that violate the traditional structure models, such as the VSEPR concept or simple ionic pictures. Some examples of such behavior, such as the bent gas-phase structures of some alkaline earth dihalides, or the trigonal prismatic coordination of some early transition metal chalcogenides or pnictides, have been known for a long time. However, the number of molecular examples for "non-VSEPR" structures has increased dramatically during the past decade, in particular in the realm of organometallic chemistry. At the same time, various theoretical models have been discussed, sometimes controversially, to explain the observed, unusual structures. Many d(0) systems are important in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, biocatalysis (e.g. molybdenum or tungsten enzymes), or materials science (e.g. ferroelectric perovskites or zirconia). Moreover, their electronic structure without formally nonbonding d orbitals makes them unique starting points for a general understanding of structure, bonding, and reactivity of transition metal compounds. Here we attempt to provide a comprehensive view, both of the types of deviations of d(0) and related complexes from regular coordination arrangements, and of the theoretical framework that allows their rationalization. Many computational and experimental examples are provided, with an emphasis on homoleptic mononuclear complexes. Then the factors that control the structures are discussed in detail. They are a) metal d orbital participation in sigma bonding, b) polarization of the outermost core shells, c) ligand repulsion, and d) pi bonding. Suggestions are made as to which of the factors are the dominant ones in certain situations. In heteroleptic complexes, the competition of sigma and pi bonding of the various ligands controls the structures in a complicated fashion. Some guidelines are provided that should help to better understand the interrelations. Bent's rule is of only very limited use in these types of systems, because of the paramount influence of pi bonding. Finally, computed and measured structures of multinuclear complexes are discussed, including possible consequences for the properties of bulk solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg (Germany)
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Francisco E, Costales A, Martín Pendás A. Structure and Bonding in Magnesium Difluoride Clusters: The MgF2 Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0041656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Francisco
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. Costales
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A. Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hargittai
- Structural Chemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös University, Pf. 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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Meloni G, Gingerich KA. Thermodynamic investigation of the AlNC and AlCN isomers by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rozas
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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Denlinger JD, Rotenberg E, Hessinger U, Leskovar M, Olmstead MA. Growth kinetics of CaF2/Si(111) heteroepitaxy: An x-ray photoelectron diffraction study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:5352-5365. [PMID: 9979416 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Prediction and characterization of magnesium fluoride dimers and their non-classical hydrogen complexes. Chem Phys Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(94)00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Molecular geometries, vibrational frequencies, force fields and mean-square amplitudes of silicon dihalides determined from ab initio calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(93)87116-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ramondo F, Bencivenni L, Spoliti M. Ab initio study on the Be2F4, Mg2F4 dimers, on the mixed dimers BeMgF4 and LiNaF2 and on the Li2BeF4, LiBCl4 and LiAlCl4 ion-pairs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(92)87139-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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