1
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Li H, Zhao X, Ren X, Wei D, Zhang S, Wang H, Zuo ZW, Li L, Yu X. Energetic and Kinetic Competition on the Stability of Pd 13 Clusters: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39159008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Material stability is the focus on both experiments and calculations, which includes the energetic stability at the static state and the thermodynamic stability at the kinetic state. To show whether energetics or kinetics dominates on material stability, this study focuses on the Pd13 clusters, because of their observable magnetic moment in experiment. Energetically, the CALYPSO searching method and first-principles calculations find that Pd13(C2) is the ground state at 0 K while the static frequency calculations demonstrate that the icosahedron Pd13(Ih) becomes more favorable on free energy as temperature increases. However, their magnetic moments (8 ÎŒB) are not in agreement with the experimental value (<5.2 ÎŒB). Kinetically, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that Pd13(C3v) (6 ÎŒB) has supreme isomerization temperature and the other 11 low-lying isomers transform to Pd13(C3v) directly or indirectly, demonstrating that Pd13(C3v) has the maximum probability to be observed in experiment. The magnetic moment difference between experiment (<5.2 ÎŒB) and this calculation (6 ÎŒB) may be due to the spin multiplicities. Our result suggests that the magnetic moment disparity between theory and experiment (in Pd13 clusters) originates from the kinetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-ferrous Metal new Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xingju Zhao
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Donghui Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-ferrous Metal new Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-ferrous Metal new Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Zuo
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-ferrous Metal new Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Liben Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non-ferrous Metal new Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaohu Yu
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemical & Environment Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723000, China
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2
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Fang C, Xu C, Zhang W, Zhou M, Tan D, Qian L, Hu D, Jin S, Zhu M. Dual-quartet phosphorescent emission in the open-shell M 1Ag 13 (M = Pt, Pd) nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5962. [PMID: 39013901 PMCID: PMC11252300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dual emission (DE) in nanoclusters (NCs) is considerably significant in the research and application of ratiometric sensing, bioimaging, and novel optoelectronic devices. Exploring the DE mechanism in open-shell NCs with doublet or quartet emissions remains challenging because synthesizing open-shell NCs is difficult due to their inherent instability. Here, we synthesize two dual-emissive M1Ag13(PFBT)6(TPP)7 (M = Pt, Pd; PFBT = pentafluorobenzenethiol; TPP = triphenylphosphine) NCs with a 7-electron open-shell configuration to reveal the DE mechanism. Both NCs comprise a crown-like M1Ag11 kernel with Pt or Pd in the center surrounded by five PPh3 ligands and two Ag(SR)3(PPh3) motifs. The combined experimental and theoretical studies revealed the origin of DE in Pt1Ag13 and Pd1Ag13. Specifically, the high-energy visible emission and the low-energy near-infrared emission arise from two distinct quartet excited states: the core-shell charge transfer and core-based states, respectively. Moreover, PFBT ligands are found to play an important role in the existence of DE, as its low-lying Ï* levels result in energetically accessible core-shell transitions. This novel report on the dual-quartet phosphorescent emission in NCs with an open-shell electronic configuration advances insights into the origin of dual-emissive NCs and promotes their potential application in magnetoluminescence and novel optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Dong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Lixia Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Daqiao Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
| | - Shan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
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Chan B. DAPD Set of Pd-Containing Diatomic Molecules: Accurate Molecular Properties and the Great Lengths to Obtain Them. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9260-9268. [PMID: 38096563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we obtained reliable bond energy, bond length, and zero-point vibrational frequency for a set of diatomic Pd species (the DAPD set). It includes PdH, Pd2, and PdX (X = B, C, N, O, F, Al, Si, P, S, and Cl). Our highest-level protocol (W4X-L) represents scalar and spin-orbit relativistic, valence- and inner-valence correlated, extrapolated CCSDTQ(5) energy. The DAPD set of molecules is challenging for computational chemistry methods in different manners; for Pd2, the spin-orbit contribution to the bond energy is fairly large, whereas for PdC and PdSi, the post-CCSD(T) correlation components are considerable. The diverse range of requirements represents a significant challenge for lower-level methods. While density functional theory (DFT) methods generally yield good agreements for bond lengths and vibrational frequencies, large deviations are found for bond energies. In general, hybrid DFT methods are more accurate than nonhybrid functionals, but the agreement in individual cases varies. This illustrates the critical role that new high-quality reference data would play in the continual development of lower-cost methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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4
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Datta S, Ghosh A, Saha-Dasgupta T. First principles insights into the relative stability, electronic and catalytic properties of core-shell, Janus and mixed structural patterns for bimetallic Pd-X nano-alloys (X = Co, Ni, Cu, Rh, Ag, Ir, Pt, Au). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4667-4679. [PMID: 36723207 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04342d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The three well-known orderings of the two constituting atomic species in a bimetallic nano-alloy - core-shell, Janus and mixed structural patterns - may be interconvertible depending on the synthesis conditions. Using first principles electronic structure calculations in the present work, we look for the microscopic origin for such structural transformation considering eight Pd-related bimetallic nano-alloys. Our analysis shows that it is the change in atom-atom covalency that is responsible for such structural transformation. Our study also reveals that the three patterns are distinctly identified in terms of total orbital hybridization. Finally, we have analyzed the trend in the relative catalytic activity for the three structures of each bimetallic nano-alloy using the d-band model. Our analysis indicates that the trend in the catalytic activity for the bimetallic Pd-X nano-alloys seems to be intermediate to those of the pristine Pd and Pt nano-clusters possessing similar structure and equal number of total atoms. Among the studied binary nano-alloys, the bimetallic Pd-Ni nano-alloy appears as the most suitable binary pair to develop a non-Pt catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendu Datta
- Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 106, India.
| | - Aishwaryo Ghosh
- Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 106, India.
| | - Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta
- Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 106, India.
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5
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DFT study of interaction of Palladium Pd n (n = 1-6) nanoparticles with deep eutectic solvents. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 110:108072. [PMID: 34798369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the stability, reactivity and interactions of Palladium Pdn (n = 1-6) nanoparticles with ChCl:U and ChCl:EG based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). We find that the DES ⊠Pdn complexes are stabilized by two types of binding; Pdn-X anchoring bonds (X = N atom of -NH2 group in urea and [Cl]- anion) and PdnâŠH-X (X = C, N and O) unconventional H-bonds. Analyses based on AIM, NBO, NCI, and EDA suggest that the anchoring bonds, which are electrostatic in nature are stronger than the unconventional H-bonds, which are van der Waals in nature. The Energy Decomposition Analysis reveals that the charge transfer plays an important role in the stability of DESâŠPdn complexes. Thermochemical calculations, including enthalpy (ÎH) and free energy (ÎG), indicate that the formation of the DESâŠPdn complexes is exothermic and occurs spontaneously. The binding energy (ÎEb) calculations show that the ChCl:U DES has a stronger interaction with the Pdn nanoparticles than their ChCl:EG DES counterparts. On the other hand, a similar trend for the ÎEb, ÎH and ÎG values of the complexes is observed with increasing nanoparticle size of Pdn (DESâŠPd5> DESâŠPd6> DESâŠPd4> DESâŠPd3> DESâŠPd2> DESâŠPd1). Our results show that the magnitude of charge transfer (ÎQ) value in the complexes follow the order observed for the ÎEb values. It is also observed that increasing the energy gap Eg values of the complexes decreases the ÎEb and ÎQ values of the complexes. The reactivity parameter calculations of the complexes show that the Eg and chemical hardness (η) values of ChCl:UâŠPdn and ChCl:EGâŠPdn complexes decrease with an increase in the nanoparticle size. Additionally, the global electrophilicity index (Ï) values of the DESâŠPdn complexes increase with an increase in the Pdn nanoparticle size, while no clear trend is seen for the chemical potential (ÎŒ) values of the complexes. The urea-based DES shows better suitability towards Pdn nanoparticles than the ethylene glycol-based DES. Overall, such DESs are potentially promising green solvents for nanoparticle synthesis and activity.
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6
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7
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Uzunova EL. Cation pair formation in copper and palladium exchanged MFI zeolite frameworks â a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14786-14798. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
[PdâOâPd]2+ as a mediator in proton transfer from BrÞnsted acid sites to reactants; [CuâOHâCu]2+ stabilized by hydrogen bonds to framework oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie L. Uzunova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- Sofia 1113
- Bulgaria
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8
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Stability, structural and electronic properties of ternary Pd Au Ag clusters (xâ¯+â¯yâ¯+â¯zâ¯=â¯7): A theoretical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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10
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Zhao S, Zhao B, Tian X, Ren Y, Yao K, Wang J, Liu J, Ren Y. Density Functional Study of Trimetallic Au xPd yPt z (x + y + z = 7) Clusters and Their Interactions with the O 2 Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28636381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the structural and energetic properties of trimetallic AuxPdyPtz clusters with x + y + z = 7. The possible stable geometrical configurations with their electronic states are determined. We analyze the chemical order, binding energies, vertical ionization potential, electron affinity, and HOMO-LUMO gaps as a function of the whole concentration range. The affinity of AuxPdyPtz clusters toward one O2 molecule is also evaluated in terms of the changes in geometry, adsorption energy, and charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - XinZhe Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - YunLai Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - KaiSheng Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - JianJi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - JunNa Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - YunLi Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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11
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Begum P, Deka RC. A Comparative DFT Study on the Catalytic Oxidation of Nitric Oxide by Pd2 and PdM (Mâ=âCu, Rh, Ag, Au, Pt). Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Xing X, Hermann A, Kuang X, Ju M, Lu C, Jin Y, Xia X, Maroulis G. Insights into the geometries, electronic and magnetic properties of neutral and charged palladium clusters. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19656. [PMID: 26794267 PMCID: PMC4726383 DOI: 10.1038/srep19656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an unbiased structure search for low-lying energetic minima of neutral and charged palladium PdnQ (nâ=â2â20, Qâ=â0,â+â1 and â1) clusters using CALYPSO method in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The main candidates for the lowest energy neutral, cationic and anionic clusters are identified, and several new candidate structures for the cationic and anionic ground states are obtained. It is found that the ground state structures of small palladium clusters are more sensitive to the charge states. For the medium size Pdn0/+/â (nâ=â16â20) clusters, a fcc-like growth behavior is found. The structural transition from bilayer-like structures to cage-like structures is likely to occur at nâ=â14 for the neutral and cationic clusters. In contrast, for the anionic counterparts, the structural transition occurs at Pd13â. The photoelectron spectra (PES) of palladium clusters are simulated based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method and compared with the experimental data. The good agreement between the experimental PES and simulated spectra provides us unequivocal structural information to fully solve the global minimum structures, allowing for new molecular insights into the chemical interactions in the Pd cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xing
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.,Department of Physics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyu Kuang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meng Ju
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Physics, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinxin Xia
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - George Maroulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
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13
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Ji XX, Li J, Wang C, Zhang S, Lu C, Li GQ. Geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of small-sized Pd 2-doped Si n( n= 1â11) clusters. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Bouderbala W, Boudjahem AG, Soltani A. Geometries, stabilities, electronic and magnetic properties of small PdnIr (n = 1â8) clusters from first-principles calculations. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.865089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Bouderbala
- Nanomaterials Chemistry Group, University of Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
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15
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Qian Y, Ng YW, Chen Z, Cheung ASC. Electronic transitions of palladium dimer. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:194303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4829767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Pelzer AW, Jellinek J, Jackson KA. H2 Reactions on Palladium Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10407-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403089x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Pelzer
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department
of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julius Jellinek
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Koblar A. Jackson
- Department
of Physics, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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Sadjadi S, Matta CF, Hamilton I. Chemical bonding in groups 10, 11, and 12 transition metal homodimers â An electron density study. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The properties of metalâmetal bonding for transition metal homonuclear diatomics from groups 10, 11 and 12 are studied within the framework of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) at the coupled cluster CCSD and CCSD(T) levels of theory. A novel approximate method developed by Keith and Frisch is used to augment electron densities calculated with pseudopotentials with the missing relativistic core densities to obtain approximations to the total densities of the dimers. The calculated delocalization indices for group 10 dimers are: Ni2 (1.6), Pd2 (0.44, an outlier in the group), and Pt2 (1.8); for group 11 dimers: Cu2 and Ag2 (1.01), and Au2 (1.13), all covalent bonds; for group 12: Zn2 (0.06), Cd2 (0.08), and Hg2 (0.09), all consistent with weak van der Waals complexes. The picture of bonding obtained by examining the values of the electron density at the bond critical points is consistent with the one obtained on the basis of these delocalization indices. A curious linear (instead of exponential) dependence of the delocalization index on the electron density at the bond critical point is presented here as an observation and will be investigated in more depth in later work. Several correlations between bond properties and bond dissociation energies are also explored. It is found that, with the exception of the Ni2 dimer that exhibits considerable multi-reference character, there are correlations between the calculated bond dissociation energies of the studied diatomics and several bond critical point properties. These correlations are novel as they span a set of bonds between different pairs of elements, while traditionally these correlations were reported for bonds between the same pair or elements but with different substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS B3M 2J6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
| | - I.P. Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Carl Lineberger
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309;
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19
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Cui J, Xing X, Chi C, Wang G, Liu Z, Zhou M. Infrared Photodissociation Spectra of Mass-Selected Homoleptic Dinuclear Palladium Carbonyl Cluster Cations in the Gas Phase. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Zhao S, Ren Y, Lu W, Wang J, Yin W. A theoretical investigation of the interaction between small Pd particles and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium ionic liquids with Clâ, BF4â and PF6â anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13444-51. [PMID: 22948285 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, PR China
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21
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM. Methane activation and partial oxidation on free gold and palladium clusters: Mechanistic insights into cooperative and highly selective cluster catalysis. Faraday Discuss 2011; 152:337-51; discussion 393-413. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00025j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Theoretical studies of Pd metal deposition on the â3Ãâ3 4-mercaptopyridine self-assembled monolayer. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kilimis D, Papageorgiou D. Density functional study of small bimetallic AgâPd clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Souvi SM, Tremblay B, Perchard JP, Alikhani ME. Pd2N2, a proteiform molecule: Matrix isolation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:074304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3076925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Ulrich S, Nilius N, Freund HJ, Martinez U, Giordano L, Pacchioni G. Modifying the adsorption characteristic of inert silica films by inserting anchoring sites. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:016102. [PMID: 19257215 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.016102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption properties of thin silica films on Mo(112) have been tailored by embedding single Pd atoms into the nanopores of the oxide material. The embedded Pd is able to anchor metal adatoms that would not bind to the inert silica surface otherwise. Several adsorption structures, e.g., Pd-Pd, Ag-Pd, and Au-Pd complexes, have been prepared in this way and analyzed with the STM and density functional theory. The binding strength of the different adatoms to the surface is determined by the number of electrons in their frontier orbitals, which introduce a repulsive interaction with the oxide electronic states and weaken the covalent bond to the Pd anchor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ulrich
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der MPG Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Zhang H, Tian D, Zhao J. Structural evolution of medium-sized Pdn (n=15â25) clusters from density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:114302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2976152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Rogan J, GarcÃa G, RamÃrez M, Muñoz V, Alejandro Valdivia J, Andrade X, RamÃrez R, Kiwi M. The structure and properties of small Pd clusters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:205701. [PMID: 21825744 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/20/205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The zero-temperature minimal energy structure of small free-standing Pd clusters (14â€Nâ€21, where N is the number of atoms in the cluster), their characteristics and their magnetic configurations are investigated. Results obtained using five different phenomenological many-body potentials (implemented in combination with a genetic algorithm search) are refined by means of various density functional theory (DFT) techniques. The agreement and differences between the results obtained with our procedure, using these five potentials, are displayed in detail. While phenomenological potentials yield values that approach the minimal energies of larger clusters, as compared with DFT results, they fail to predict the right symmetry group for some of the clusters with N>14. We find that the minimal energy configurations are not necessarily associated with high symmetry of the atomic arrangement. Actually, several cases of previously overlooked low symmetry structures turn out to have lower energies than more symmetric ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rogan
- Departamento de FÃsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 1, Chile
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28
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Figgen D, Peterson KA, Stoll H. Energy-consistent relativistic pseudopotentials for the 4d elements: Atomic and molecular applications. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:034110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2822992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Kalita B, Deka RC. Stability of small Pdn (n=1â7) clusters on the basis of structural and electronic properties: A density functional approach. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:244306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2806993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Schultz NE, Gherman BF, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. PdnCO (n = 1,2):â Accurate Ab Initio Bond Energies, Geometries, and Dipole Moments and the Applicability of Density Functional Theory for Fuel Cell Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24030-46. [PMID: 17125374 DOI: 10.1021/jp064467t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrode poisoning by CO is a major concern in fuel cells. As interest in applying computational methods to electrochemistry is increasing, it is important to understand the levels of theory required for reliable treatments of metal-CO interactions. In this paper we justify the use of relativistic effective core potentials for the treatment of PdCO and hence, by inference, for metal-CO interactions where the predominant bonding mechanism is charge transfer. We also sort out key issues involving basis sets and we recommend that bond energies of 17.2, 43.3, and 69.4 kcal/mol be used as the benchmark bond energy for dissociation of Pd2 into Pd atoms, PdCO into Pd and CO, and Pd2CO into Pd2 and CO, respectively. We calculated the dipole moments of PdCO and Pd2CO, and we recommend benchmark values of 2.49 and 2.81 D, respectively. Furthermore, we tested 27 density functionals for this system and found that only hybrid density functionals can qualitatively and quantitatively predict the nature of the sigma-donation/pi-back-donation mechanism that is associated with the Pd-CO and Pd2-CO bonds. The most accurate density functionals for the systems tested in this paper are O3LYP, OLYP, PW6B95, and PBEh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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31
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Ichino T, Gianola AJ, Lineberger WC, Stanton JF. Nonadiabatic effects in the photoelectron spectrum of the pyrazolide-d3 anion: Three-state interactions in the pyrazolyl-d3 radical. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:084312. [PMID: 16965017 DOI: 10.1063/1.2338043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The 351.1 nm photoelectron spectrum of the 1-pyrazolide-d(3) anion has been measured. The photoelectron angular distributions indicate the presence of nearly degenerate electronic states of the 1-pyrazolyl-d(3) radical. Equation-of-motion ionization potential coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOMIP-CCSD) calculations have been performed to study the low-lying electronic states. The calculations strongly suggest that three electronic states, energetically close to each other, are accessed in the photodetachment process. Strong interactions of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller type in each pair of the three states are evident in the calculations for the radical at the anion geometry. Model diabatic potentials of the three states have been constructed around the anion geometry in terms of the anion reduced normal coordinates up to the second order. An analytic method to parametrize the quadratic vibronic coupling (QVC) model potentials has been introduced. Parameters of the QVC model potentials have been determined from the EOMIP-CCSD and CCSD(T) calculations. Simulations of the 1-pyrazolide-d(3) spectrum have been performed with the model Hamiltonian, treating all vibronic interactions amongst the three states simultaneously. The simulation reproduces the fine structure of the observed spectrum very well, revealing complicated nonadiabatic effects in the low-lying states of the radical. The ground state of the 1-pyrazolyl-d(3) radical is (2)A(2) and the electron affinity is 2.935+/-0.006 eV. The first excited state is (2)B(1) with a term energy of 32+/-1 meV. While the high-symmetry (C(2v)) stationary points of the X (2)A(2) and A (2)B(1) states are minima, that of the state is a saddle point as a result of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller interactions with the other two states. The topology of the adiabatic potential energy surfaces is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Ichino
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA
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32
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Chatterjee B, Akin FA, Jarrold CC, Raghavachari K. Comparison of Nickel-Group Metal Cyanides and Acetylides and Their Anions Using Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6880-6. [PMID: 16834045 DOI: 10.1021/jp0520704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of NiCN-, PdCN-, PtCN-, HNiC2H-, Ni(C2H)2(-), PdC2H-, and PtC2H- are presented along with density functional theory calculations. Linear structures are predicted for all anions and neutrals. NiCN- and NiCN are predicted to have 3delta and 2delta ground states, respectively. HNiC2H- and Ni(C2H)2(-) are predicted to have 2delta and 2delta(g) anion and 3delta and 3pi(g) neutral ground states, respectively. The palladium and platinum cyanide and acetylides have 1sigma+ anion and 2sigma+ neutral ground states. Simulations generated from the calculated parameters are compared to observed spectra, and molecular orbital diagrams are presented to compare the bonding in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, USA
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Fabbi JC, Karlsson L, Langenberg JD, Costello QD, Morse MD. Dispersed fluorescence spectroscopy of AlNi, NiAu, and PtCu. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1567712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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35
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Jules JL, Lombardi JR. Transition Metal Dimer Internuclear Distances from Measured Force Constants. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027493+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Nava P, Sierka M, Ahlrichs R. Density functional study of palladium clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Lombardi JR, Davis B. Periodic properties of force constants of small transition-metal and lanthanide clusters. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2431-60. [PMID: 12059275 DOI: 10.1021/cr010425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analysis of Structures and Interfaces (CASI), The City College of New York, Convent Ave. at 138th Street, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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38
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Stowe AC, Kaup JG, Knight LB, Davis JR, McKinley AJ. Matrix-isolation investigation of the diatomic anion radicals of aluminum and gallium (Al2â and Ga2â): An electron spin resonance and ab initio theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1389841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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LÃŒttgens G, Pontius N, Friedrich C, Klingeler R, Bechthold PS, Neeb M, Eberhardt W. Chemisorption of benzene on metal dimer anions: A study by photoelectron detachment spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1366333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Moseler M, HÀkkinen H, Barnett RN, Landman U. Structure and magnetism of neutral and anionic palladium clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:2545-2548. [PMID: 11289976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of neutral and anionic Pd(N) clusters were investigated with spin-density-functional calculations. The ground-state structures are three dimensional for N>3 and they are magnetic with a spin triplet for 2 < or = N < or = 7 and a spin nonet for N = 13 neutral clusters. Structural and spin isomers were determined and an anomalous increase of the magnetic moment with temperature is predicted for a Pd7 ensemble. Vertical electron detachment and ionization energies were calculated and the former agrees well with measured values for Pd(-)(N).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moseler
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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41
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Efremenko I, German ED, Sheintuch M. Density Functional Study of the Interactions between Dihydrogen and Pdn (n = 1â4) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Efremenko
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ernst D. German
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Moshe Sheintuch
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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42
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Wang H, Liu Y, Haouari H, Craig R, Lombardi JR, Lindsay DM. Raman spectra of ruthenium dimers. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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DixonâWarren SJ, Gunion RF, Lineberger WC. Photoelectron spectroscopy of mixed metal cluster anions: NiCuâ, NiAgâ, NiAgâ2, and Ni2Agâ. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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45
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Dai D, Balasubramanian K. Pt3Au and PtAu clusters: Electronic states and potential energy surfaces. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Ho J, Polak ML, Ervin KM, Lineberger WC. Photoelectron spectroscopy of nickel group dimers: Niâ2, Pdâ2, and Ptâ2. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Knight LB, McKinley AJ, Babb RM, Hill DW, Morse MD. Electron spin resonance investigation of Sc+2 in neon matrices and assignment of its ground electronic state as Xâ4Σâ. Comparison with theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Mikušik P, Bastl Z. PdTi surface alloy formation at room temperature: its indication by electronic relaxation processes as evidenced in Pd (CVV) Auger spectra. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85284-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Spain EM, Morse MD. Ligandâfield theory applied to diatomic transition metals. Results for thedA9dB9Ï2states of Ni2, thedNi9dCu10Ï2states of NiCu, and thedNi8(3F)dCu10Ï2Ï*1excited states of NiCu. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.463867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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50
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