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Antoine R, Broyer M, Dugourd P. Metal nanoclusters: from fundamental aspects to electronic properties and optical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2222546. [PMID: 37363801 PMCID: PMC10286677 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2222546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer-protected noble metal clusters, also called nanoclusters, can be produced with the atomic precision and in large-scale quantity and are playing an increasingly important role in the field of nanoscience. To outline the origin and the perspectives of this new field, we overview the main results obtained on free metal clusters produced in gas phase including mainly electronic properties, the giant atom concept, the optical properties, briefly the role of the metal atom (alkali, divalent, noble metal) and finally the atomic structure of clusters. We also discuss the limitations of the free clusters. Then, we describe the field of monolayer-protected metal clusters, the main results, the new offered perspectives, the added complexity, and the role of the ligand beyond the superatom concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodophe Antoine
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michel Broyer
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Yang TQ, Peng B, Shan BQ, Zong YX, Jiang JG, Wu P, Zhang K. Origin of the Photoluminescence of Metal Nanoclusters: From Metal-Centered Emission to Ligand-Centered Emission. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020261. [PMID: 32033058 PMCID: PMC7075164 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) emerged as a new class of luminescent materials and have attracted tremendous interest in the area of luminescence-related applications due to their excellent luminous properties (good photostability, large Stokes shift) and inherent good biocompatibility. However, the origin of photoluminescence (PL) of MNCs is still not fully understood, which has limited their practical application. In this mini-review, focusing on the origin of the photoemission emission of MNCs, we simply review the evolution of luminescent mechanism models of MNCs, from the pure metal-centered quantum confinement mechanics to ligand-centered p band intermediate state (PBIS) model via a transitional ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT or LMMCT) mechanism as a compromise model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Wu
- Correspondence: (P.W.); (K.Z.)
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Messner R, Schiffmann A, Pototschnig JV, Lasserus M, Schnedlitz M, Lackner F, Ernst WE. Spectroscopy of gold atoms and gold oligomers in helium nanodroplets. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:024305. [PMID: 30007398 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6p 2P1/2 ← 6s 2S1/2 and 6p 2P3/2 ← 6s 2S1/2 transitions (D lines) of gold atoms embedded in superfluid helium nanodroplets have been investigated using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. Both transitions are strongly blue-shifted and broadened due to the repulsive interaction between the Au valence electron and the surrounding helium. The in-droplet D lines are superimposed by the spectral signature of Au atoms relaxed into the metastable 2D states. These features are narrower than the in-droplet D lines and exhibit sharp rising edges that coincide with bare atom transitions. It is concluded that they originate from metastable 2D state AuHen exciplexes that have been ejected from the helium droplets during a relaxation process. Interestingly, the mechanism that leads to the formation of these complexes is suppressed for very large helium droplets consisting of about 2 × 106 He atoms, corresponding to a droplet diameter on the order of 50 nm. The assignment of the observed spectral features is supported by ab initio calculations employing a multiconfigurational self-consistent field method and a multi-reference configuration interaction calculation. For large helium droplets doped with Au oligomers, excitation spectra for mass channels corresponding to Aun with n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 are presented. The mass spectrum reveals even-odd oscillations in the number of Au atoms that constitute the oligomer, which is characteristic for coinage metal clusters. Resonances are observed close by the in-droplet D1 and D2 transitions, and the corresponding peak forms are very similar for different oligomer sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Messner
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Schiffmann
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann V Pototschnig
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lasserus
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Schnedlitz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Lackner
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang E Ernst
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Goswami N, Yao Q, Luo Z, Li J, Chen T, Xie J. Luminescent Metal Nanoclusters with Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:962-975. [PMID: 26912457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thiolate-protected metal nanoclusters (or thiolated metal NCs) have recently emerged as a promising class of functional materials because of their well-defined molecular structures and intriguing molecular-like properties. Recent developments in the NC field have aimed at exploring metal NCs as novel luminescent materials in the biomedical field because of their inherent biocompatibility and good photoluminescence (PL) properties. From the fundamental perspective, recent advances in the field have also aimed at addressing the fundamental aspects of PL properties of metal NCs, shedding some light on developing efficient strategies to prepare highly luminescent metal NCs. In this Perspective, we discuss the physical chemistry of a recently discovered aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon and show the significance of AIE in understanding the PL properties of thiolated metal NCs. We then explore the unique physicochemical properties of thiolated metal NCs with AIE characteristics and highlight some recent developments in synthesizing the AIE-type luminescent metal NCs. We finally discuss perspectives and directions for future development of the AIE-type luminescent metal NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Goswami
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Zhentao Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Jingguo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
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Jamshidi Z, Kaveei E, Mohammadpour M. Investigation of the Electronic Excited States of Small Gold Clusters in Rare Gas Matrices: Spin-Orbit Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8579-87. [PMID: 26186279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the weak interactions of rare gas atoms on the UV-visible absorption spectra of gold dimer and tetramer clusters are investigated. The time-dependent density functional theory based on the two-component relativistic zeroth-order regular approximation that considered spin-orbit coupling is performed to estimate the absorption spectra of Au2,4-Rgn (Rg = Ne-Xe, and n = 1-6) complexes. Using spin-orbit, including the appropriate functional, shows a close correlation between experiment and our calculations. It is also demonstrated that the weak interactions between rare gas atoms and gold clusters affect the UV-vis spectra of Au2,4 clusters by shifting the electronic transition toward the blue. Moreover, we find that the order of change in peak position, Δν̃, is proportional to the strength of interactions: Δν̃Au2,4-Xe > Δν̃Au2,4-Kr > Δν̃Au2,4-Ar > Δν̃Au2,4-Ne. In addition, comparing the UV-visible spectra of Au2,4-Rgn complexes with those of isolated Au2 and Au4 clusters shows that for Au2,4-Rg2,4,6 complexes in which Rg atoms interacted symmetrically with gold clusters no additional peaks are observed compared to isolated clusters; however, for Au2,4-Rg1,3,5 complexes, extra peaks appear because of the decrease in symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamshidi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Kaveei
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Mohammadpour
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
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Geethalakshmi KR, Ruipérez F, Knecht S, Ugalde JM, Morse MD, Infante I. An interpretation of the absorption and emission spectra of the gold dimer using modern theoretical tools. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8732-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40898h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morton SM, Silverstein DW, Jensen L. Theoretical Studies of Plasmonics using Electronic Structure Methods. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3962-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Morton
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel W. Silverstein
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Lecoultre S, Rydlo A, Félix C, Buttet J, Gilb S, Harbich W. UV–visible absorption of small gold clusters in neon: Aun(n= 1–5 and 7–9). J Chem Phys 2011; 134:074302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3537739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Day PN, Nguyen KA, Pachter R. Calculation of One- and Two-Photon Absorption Spectra of Thiolated Gold Nanoclusters using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:2809-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100139t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N. Day
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., 5200 Springfield Street, Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432
| | - Kiet A. Nguyen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., 5200 Springfield Street, Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., 5200 Springfield Street, Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432
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Shabatina TI, Mascetti J, Ogden JS, Sergeev GB. Competitive cryochemical reactions of transition metal atoms, clusters and nanosized particles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2007v076n12abeh003745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Highly fluorescent, water-soluble, few-atom noble-metal quantum dots have been created that behave as multielectron artificial atoms with discrete, size-tunable electronic transitions throughout the visible and near infrared. These molecular metals exhibit highly polarizable transitions and scale in size according to the simple relation E(Fermi)/N(1/3), predicted by the free-electron model of metallic behavior. This simple scaling indicates that fluorescence arises from intraband transitions of free electrons, and these conduction-electron transitions are the low-number limit of the plasmon-the collective dipole oscillations occurring when a continuous density of states is reached. Providing the missing link between atomic and nanoparticle behavior in noble metals, these emissive, water-soluble Au nanoclusters open new opportunities for biological labels, energy-transfer pairs, and light-emitting sources in nanoscale optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400,
| | - Philip R. Nicovich
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400,
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Lee HM, Ge M, Sahu BR, Tarakeshwar P, Kim KS. Geometrical and Electronic Structures of Gold, Silver, and Gold−Silver Binary Clusters: Origins of Ductility of Gold and Gold−Silver Alloy Formation. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034826+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Guo R, Balasubramanian K, Wang X, Andrews L. Infrared vibronic absorption spectrum and spin–orbit calculations of the upper spin–orbit component of the Au3 ground state. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1487815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Herkert B, Schrimpf A, Göttsche K, Bornemann T, Stöckmann H. Excitonic energy transfer in Au-doped and undoped Kr solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:15763-15770. [PMID: 9978553 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Handschuh H, Ganteför G, Bechthold PS, Eberhardt W. A comparison of photoelectron spectroscopy and two‐photon ionization spectroscopy: Excited states of Au2, Au3, and Au4. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fedrigo S, Harbich W, Buttet J. Optical response of Ag2, Ag3, Au2, and Au3 in argon matrices. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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