1
|
Davies HL, Guerra V, van der Woude M, Gans T, O’Connell D, Gibson AR. Vibrational kinetics in repetitively pulsed atmospheric pressure nitrogen discharges: average-power-dependent switching behaviour. PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 32:014003. [PMID: 36777326 PMCID: PMC9905790 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/aca9f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of the vibrational kinetics in nitrogen-based plasmas at atmospheric pressure is crucial for understanding the wider plasma chemistry, which is important for a variety of biomedical, agricultural and chemical processing applications. In this study, a 0-dimensional plasma chemical-kinetics model has been used to investigate vibrational kinetics in repetitively pulsed, atmospheric pressure plasmas operating in pure nitrogen, under application-relevant conditions (average plasma powers of 0.23-4.50 W, frequencies of 1-10 kHz, and peak pulse powers of 23-450 W). Simulations predict that vibrationally excited state production is dominated by electron-impact processes at lower average plasma powers. When the average plasma power increases beyond a certain limit, due to increased pulse frequency or peak pulse power, there is a switch in behaviour, and production of vibrationally excited states becomes dominated by vibrational energy transfer processes (vibration-vibration (V-V) and vibration-translation (V-T) reactions). At this point, the population of vibrational levels up to v ⩽ 40 increases significantly, as a result of V-V reactions causing vibrational up-pumping. At average plasma powers close to where the switching behaviour occurs, there is potential to control the energy efficiency of vibrational state production, as small increases in energy deposition result in large increases in vibrational state densities. Subsequent pathways analysis reveals that energy in the vibrational states can also influence the wider reaction chemistry through vibrational-electronic (V-E) linking reactions (N + N2 ( 40 ⩽ v ⩽ 45 ) → N( 2 D ) + N2 ( A ) and N + N2 ( 39 ⩽ v ⩽ 45 ) → N + N2 ( a ' ) ), which result in increased Penning ionisation and an increased average electron density. Overall, this study investigates the potential for delineating the processes by which electronically and vibrationally excited species are produced in nitrogen plasmas. Therefore, potential routes by which nitrogen-containing plasma sources could be tailored, both in terms of chemical composition and energy efficiency, are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Davies
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Vasco Guerra
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marjan van der Woude
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Gans
- School of Physical Sciences, National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Deborah O’Connell
- School of Physical Sciences, National Centre for Plasma Science and Technology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Andrew R Gibson
- Research Group for Biomedical Plasma Technology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi EH, Kaushik NK, Hong YJ, Lim JS, Choi JS, Han I. Plasma bioscience for medicine, agriculture and hygiene applications. THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2022; 80:817-851. [PMID: 35261432 PMCID: PMC8895076 DOI: 10.1007/s40042-022-00442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal biocompatible plasma (NBP) sources operating in atmospheric pressure environments and their characteristics can be used for plasma bioscience, medicine, and hygiene applications, especially for COVID-19 and citizen. This review surveyed the various NBP sources, including a plasma jet, micro-DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) and nanosecond discharged plasma. The electron temperatures and the plasma densities, which are produced using dielectric barrier discharged electrode systems, can be characterized as 0.7 ~ 1.8 eV and (3-5) × 1014-15 cm-3, respectively. Herein, we introduce a general schematic view of the plasma ultraviolet photolysis of water molecules for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation inside biological cells or living tissues, which would be synergistically important with RONS diffusive propagation into cells or tissues. Of the RONS, the hydroxyl radical [OH] and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 species would mainly result in apoptotic cell death with other RONS in plasma bioscience and medicines. The diseased biological protein, cancer, and mutated cells could be treated by using a NBP or plasma activated water (PAW) resulting in their apoptosis for a new paradigm of plasma medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Young June Hong
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Jun Sup Lim
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Jin Sung Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Yu J, Cheng W, Ma Y, Zheng R, Huang D, Wei Q. Chemical kinetic analysis of plasma excited methane combustion. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
4
|
Peters CJ, Shneider MN, Miles RB. Kinetics Model of Femtosecond Laser Ionization in Nitrogen and Comparison to Experiment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2019; 125:243301. [PMID: 34421126 PMCID: PMC8378216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A zero-dimensional kinetics simulation of femtosecond laser ionization in nitrogen is proposed that includes fast gas heating effects, electron scattering (elastic and inelastic) rate coefficients from BOLSIG+ and photoionization based on filamentation theory. Key rate coefficients possessing significant uncertainty are tuned (within the range of variation found in literature) to reproduce the time-varying signal acquired by a bandpass-filtered photomultiplier tube with good agreement up to several hundred nanoseconds. Separate spectral measurements calibrate the relative strength of signal components. Derived equations relate the model to experimental measurements in absolute units. Reactions contributing to the rate of change of important species are displayed in terms of absolute rate and relative fraction. In general, decreasing the gas density lengthens the duration of early reactions and delays the start of later reactions. The model agrees with data taken in a variable temperature and pressure free jet by an intensified camera. Results demonstrate that initial signal depends primarily on gas density and secondarily on gas temperature. The optimal (maximum) initial signal occurs at a gas density below atmospheric. Decreases in gas density alter the evolution of excited-state populations, postponing the peak (while reducing its value) and slowing the rate of decay. For the optimal case, populations are favorably shifted in time with respect to the gate delay (and width) to boost the signal. Reductions in gas temperature generally enhance initial signal due to elevated dissociative recombination of cluster ions (along with excited-state coupling from quenching and energy pooling).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Peters
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
| | - Mikhail N. Shneider
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
| | - Richard B. Miles
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3141, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Adamovich IV, Li T, Lempert WR. Kinetic mechanism of molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air-fuel plasmas. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0336. [PMID: 26170427 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the kinetic mechanism of coupled molecular energy transfer and chemical reactions in low-temperature air, H2-air and hydrocarbon-air plasmas sustained by nanosecond pulse discharges (single-pulse or repetitive pulse burst). The model incorporates electron impact processes, state-specific N(2) vibrational energy transfer, reactions of excited electronic species of N(2), O(2), N and O, and 'conventional' chemical reactions (Konnov mechanism). Effects of diffusion and conduction heat transfer, energy coupled to the cathode layer and gasdynamic compression/expansion are incorporated as quasi-zero-dimensional corrections. The model is exercised using a combination of freeware (Bolsig+) and commercial software (ChemKin-Pro). The model predictions are validated using time-resolved measurements of temperature and N(2) vibrational level populations in nanosecond pulse discharges in air in plane-to-plane and sphere-to-sphere geometry; temperature and OH number density after nanosecond pulse burst discharges in lean H(2)-air, CH(4)-air and C(2)H(4)-air mixtures; and temperature after the nanosecond pulse discharge burst during plasma-assisted ignition of lean H2-mixtures, showing good agreement with the data. The model predictions for OH number density in lean C(3)H(8)-air mixtures differ from the experimental results, over-predicting its absolute value and failing to predict transient OH rise and decay after the discharge burst. The agreement with the data for C(3)H(8)-air is improved considerably if a different conventional hydrocarbon chemistry reaction set (LLNL methane-n-butane flame mechanism) is used. The results of mechanism validation demonstrate its applicability for analysis of plasma chemical oxidation and ignition of low-temperature H(2)-air, CH(4)-air and C(2)H(4)-air mixtures using nanosecond pulse discharges. Kinetic modelling of low-temperature plasma excited propane-air mixtures demonstrates the need for development of a more accurate 'conventional' chemistry mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Adamovich
- Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ting Li
- Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Walter R Lempert
- Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bak MS, Cappelli MA. Numerical studies of nitric oxide formation in nanosecond-pulsed discharge-stabilized flames of premixed methane/air. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0331. [PMID: 26170428 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A simulation is developed to investigate the kinetics of nitric oxide (NO) formation in premixed methane/air combustion stabilized by nanosecond-pulsed discharges. The simulation consists of two connected parts. The first part calculates the kinetics within the discharge while considering both plasma/combustion reactions and species diffusion, advection and thermal conduction to the surrounding flow. The second part calculates the kinetics of the overall flow after mixing the discharge flow with the surrounding flow to account for the effect that the discharge has on the overall kinetics. The simulation reveals that the discharge produces a significant amount of atomic oxygen (O) as a result of the high discharge temperature and dissociative quenching of excited state nitrogen by molecular oxygen. This atomic oxygen subsequently produces hydroxyl (OH) radicals. The fractions of these O and OH then undergo Zel'dovich reactions and are found to contribute to as much as 73% of the total NO that is produced. The post-discharge simulation shows that the NO survives within the flow once produced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Soo Bak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Chun-chun-dong 300, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyunggi-do 440-746, South Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-3032, USA
| | - Mark A Cappelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-3032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abou Rich S, Leroy P, Dufour T, Wehbe N, Houssiau L, Reniers F. In-depth diffusion of oxygen into LDPE exposed to an Ar-O2
atmospheric post-discharge: a complementary approach between AR-XPS and Tof-SIMS techniques. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Abou Rich
- Faculté des Sciences, Service de Chimie Analytique et de chimie des Interfaces; Université Libre de Bruxelles; CP-255, Bld du Triomphe B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Perrine Leroy
- Faculté des Sciences, Service de Chimie Analytique et de chimie des Interfaces; Université Libre de Bruxelles; CP-255, Bld du Triomphe B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Thierry Dufour
- Faculté des Sciences, Service de Chimie Analytique et de chimie des Interfaces; Université Libre de Bruxelles; CP-255, Bld du Triomphe B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| | - Nimer Wehbe
- Centre de recherche en Physique de la Matière et du Rayonnement; University of Namur (FUNDP); 61 rue de Bruxelles B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Laurent Houssiau
- Centre de recherche en Physique de la Matière et du Rayonnement; University of Namur (FUNDP); 61 rue de Bruxelles B-5000 Namur Belgium
| | - François Reniers
- Faculté des Sciences, Service de Chimie Analytique et de chimie des Interfaces; Université Libre de Bruxelles; CP-255, Bld du Triomphe B-1050 Bruxelles Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mavadat M, Ghasemzadeh-Barvarz M, Turgeon S, Duchesne C, Laroche G. Correlation between the plasma characteristics and the surface chemistry of plasma-treated polymers through partial least-squares analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:15859-15867. [PMID: 24313888 DOI: 10.1021/la403822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of various plasma parameters (relative density of atomic N and H, plasma temperature, and vibrational temperature) and process conditions (pressure and H2/(N2 + H2) ratio) on the chemical composition of modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). The plasma parameters were measured by means of near-infrared (NIR) and UV-visible emission spectroscopy with and without actinometry. The process conditions of the N2-H2 microwave discharges were set at various pressures ranging from 100 to 2000 mTorr and H2/(N2+H2) gas mixture ratios between 0 and 0.4. The surface chemical composition of the modified polymers was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A mathematical model was constructed using the partial least-squares regression algorithm to correlate the plasma information (process condition and plasma parameters as determined by emission spectroscopy) with the modified surface characteristics. To construct the model, a set of data input variables containing process conditions and plasma parameters were generated, as well as a response matrix containing the surface composition of the polymer. This model was used to predict the composition of PTFE surfaces subjected to N2-H2 plasma treatment. Contrary to what is generally accepted in the literature, the present data demonstrate that hydrogen is not directly involved in the defluorination of the surface but rather produces atomic nitrogen and/or NH radicals that are shown to be at the origin of fluorine atom removal from the polymer surface. The results show that process conditions alone do not suffice in predicting the surface chemical composition and that the plasma characteristics, which cannot be easily correlated with these conditions, should be considered. Process optimization and control would benefit from plasma diagnostics, particularly infrared emission spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mavadat
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie de Surface, Département de Génie des Mines, de la Métallurgie et des Matériaux, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Université Laval , 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
De La Haye V, Waite JH, Cravens TE, Bougher SW, Robertson IP, Bell JM. Heating Titan's upper atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. H. Waite
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
| | - T. E. Cravens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - S. W. Bougher
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - I. P. Robertson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - J. M. Bell
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shakhatov VA, Lebedev YA. Kinetics of excitation of N2(A 3Σ u + , v A ), N2(C 3Π u , v c ), and N2(B 3Π g , v B ) in nitrogen discharge plasmas as studied by means of emission spectroscopy and computer simulation. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143908030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Zhao GB, Hu X, Argyle MD, Radosz M. Effect of CO2 on Nonthermal-Plasma Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides in N2. 1. PPM-Level Concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bing Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Morris D. Argyle
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Maciej Radosz
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao GB, Hu X, Argyle MD, Radosz M. Effect of CO2 on Nonthermal-Plasma Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides in N2. 2. Percent-Level Concentrations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie048905z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bing Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Morris D. Argyle
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Maciej Radosz
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao GB, Garikipati SVBJ, Hu X, Argyle MD, Radosz M. Effect of oxygen on nonthermal plasma reactions of nitrogen oxides in nitrogen. AIChE J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
16
|
Zhao GB, Hu X, Argyle MD, Radosz M. N Atom Radicals and N2(A3∑u+) Found To Be Responsible for Nitrogen Oxides Conversion in Nonthermal Nitrogen Plasma. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049795z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bing Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Morris D. Argyle
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| | - Maciej Radosz
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3295
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Umemoto H, Oku M, Iwai T. Collisional intersystem crossing of N2(a′ 1Σu−) to produce triplet-state molecular nitrogen. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1573188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
18
|
|
19
|
Umemoto H. Selective production and kinetic analysis of thermally equilibrated N2(B3Πg, v = 0) and N2(W3Δu, v = 0). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b311525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G. Piper
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lehtinen NG, Inan US, Bell TF. Effects of thunderstorm-driven runaway electrons in the conjugate hemisphere: Purple sprites, ionization enhancements, and gamma rays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Jensen RH, Mann A, Coombe RD. Energy Transfer from N2(v) to ClN3 and a Kinetic Model for the Chain Decomposition of Chlorine Azide. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992253o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| | - A. Mann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| | - R. D. Coombe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Benedictis S, Dilecce G, Simek M. Excitation and decay of N2(B 3Πg,v) states in a pulsed discharge: Kinetics of electrons and long-lived species. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
24
|
Sadeghi N, Colomb I, Stoyanova J, Setser DW, Zhong D. Excitation transfer from Kr(5s’,3P0) and Kr(5s,3P2) atoms to 12CO and 13CO. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
25
|
|
26
|
Morrill JS, Benesch WM. Role of N2(A’ 5Σ+g) in the enhancement of N2B 3Πg(V=10) populations in the afterglow. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
27
|
Ottinger C, Smirnova LG, Vilesov AF. Collision‐induced transitions from N2(A’ 5Σ+g) to N2(B 3Πg) via the gateway mechanism. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.467205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
28
|
|
29
|
Bachmann R, Li X, Ottinger C, Vilesov AF, Wulfmeyer V. Vibrational‐state‐to‐state collision‐induced intramolecular energy transfer N2(A 3Σu+,v‘→B 3Πg,v’). J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.464469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
30
|
Bachmann R, Ottinger C, Vilesov A. High-resolution study of collision-induced transitions from N2(A 3Σ+u, ν=10) to N2(B 3Πg, ν=2). Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)85407-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|