1
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Pu Z, Fu X, Qin J, Yang H, Shuai M, Li F. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Insights into H 2 Activation on Uranium Monoxide: Homolytic H 2 Cleavage Mediated by Intermediate OU(η 2-H 2). Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13304-13310. [PMID: 38986152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating molecular-level interactions between dihydrogen (H2) and uranium oxides reveals fundamental insights into the intrinsic H2 activation mechanisms underlying processes such as heterogeneous catalysis over uranium oxides and corrosion of uranium induced by H2. Herein, the reactions of H2 with uranium monoxide (UO) molecules have been investigated via a combination of matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. A side-on bonded H2 complex, OU(η2-H2), is identified at 3733.7 and 800.3 cm-1. This species is regarded as a crucial intermediate along H2 activation pathways. Bonding analysis reveals cooperative U(π5f/6d) → H2(σ*) π// backdonation and U ← H2(σ) σ donation in OU(η2-H2) that facilitate the activation of the H2 moiety. Upon λ > 550 nm photoirradiation, OU(η2-H2) isomerizes into H2UO, indicating the homolytic H2 cleavage on UO. Mechanistic details of H2 adsorption and dissociation on UO molecules have been further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Pu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Fu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, PR China
| | - Maobing Shuai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No.9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou, Sichuan 621908, PR China
| | - Fang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, PR China
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2
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Bubas AR, Zhang WJ, Armentrout PB. A guided ion beam investigation of UO2+ thermodynamics and f orbital participation: Reactions of U+ + CO2, UO+ + O2, and UO+ + CO. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244305. [PMID: 38149740 DOI: 10.1063/5.0183836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer was employed to study the reactions of U+ + CO2, UO+ + O2, and the reverse of the former, UO+ + CO. Reaction cross sections as a function of kinetic energy over about a three order of magnitude range were studied for all systems. The reaction of U+ + CO2 proceeds to form UO+ + CO with an efficiency of 118% ± 24% as well as generating UO2+ + C and UCO+ + O. The reaction of UO+ + O2 forms UO2+ in an exothermic, barrierless process and also results in the collision-induced dissociation of UO+ to yield U+. In the UO+ + CO reaction, the formation of UO2+ in an endothermic process is the dominant reaction, but minor products of UCO+ + O and U+ + (O + CO) are also observed. Analysis of the kinetic energy dependences observed provides the bond energies, D0(U+-O) = 7.98 ± 0.22 and 8.05 ± 0.14 eV, D0(U+-CO) = 0.73 ± 0.13 eV, and D0(OU+-O) = 7.56 ± 0.12 eV. The values obtained for D0(U+-O) and D0(OU+-O) agree well with the previously reported literature values. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental measurement of D0(U+-CO). An analysis of the oxide bond energies shows that participation of 5f orbitals leads to a substantial increase in the thermodynamic stability of UO2+ relative to ThO2+ and especially transition metal dioxide cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Bubas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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3
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Han J, Le AT, Steimle TC, Heaven MC. Electronic Configuration Assignments for UO from Electric Dipole Moment Measurements. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10799-10804. [PMID: 36375039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diatomic UO has more than 48 bound states within 10000 cm-1 of the ground state. This electronic state congestion has been attributed to interleaved states from the electronic configurations U2+(5f37s)O2- and U2+(5f27s2)O2-, respectively. Ligand field theory predicts that each electronic configuration will exhibit states with distinguishable, characteristic vibrational and rotational constants. However, vibronic state mixing modifies the observed vibration-rotation constants, leading to uncertainty in the configurational assignments. The permanent electric dipole moment (μe) of an electronic state should also manifest a value that is characteristic of the parent electronic configuration. μe and other electrostatic and magnetostatic properties should be less influenced by the vibronic state mixing, providing more robust indicators for configurational assignments. In the present study, we have measured the μe values for four electronic states of UO. The results clearly demonstrate that the ground state (X(1)4) and the first electronically excited state ((2)4) are derived from the U2+(5f37s)O2- and U2+(5f27s2)O2- configurations, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Han
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Anh T Le
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30318, United States
| | - Timothy C Steimle
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Michael C Heaven
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
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4
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Jian T, Vasiliu M, Lee ZR, Zhang Z, Dixon DA, Gibson JK. Dinuclear Complexes of Uranyl, Neptunyl, and Plutonyl: Structures and Oxidation States Revealed by Experiment and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7695-7708. [PMID: 36251495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear perchlorate complexes of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium were characterized by reactivity and DFT, with results revealing structures containing pentavalent, hexavalent, and heptavalent actinyls, and actinyl-actinyl interactions (AAIs). Electrospray ionization produced native complexes [(AnO2)2(ClO4)3]- for An:An = U:U, Np:Np, Pu:Pu, and Np:Pu, which are intuitively formulated as actinyl(V) perchlorates. However, DFT identified lower-energy structures [(AnO2)(AnO3)(ClO4)2(ClO3)]- comprising a perchlorate fragmented to ClO3, actinyl(VI) cation AnVIO22+, and neutral AnO3. For U:U and Np:Np, and Np in Np:Pu, the coordinated AnO3 is calculated as actinyl(VI) with an equatorial oxo, [Oyl═AnVI═Oyl][═Oeq], whereas for Pu:Pu, it is plutonyl(V) oxyl, [Oyl═PuV═Oyl][-Oeq•]. The implied lower stability of PuVI versus NpVI indicates weaker Pu═Oeq versus Np═Oeq bonding. Adsorption of O2 by the U:U complex suggests oxidation of UV to UVI, corroborating the assignment of perchlorate [(AnVO2)2(ClO4)3]-. DFT predicts the O2 adducts are [(AnVIO2)(O2)(AnVIO2)(ClO4)3]- with actinyls oxidized from +V to +VI by bridging peroxide, O22-. In accordance with reactivity, O2- addition is computed as substantially exothermic for U:U and least favorable for Pu:Pu. Collision-induced dissociation of native complexes eliminated ClO2 to yield [(AnO2)(O)2(AnO2)(ClO4)2]-, in which fragmented O atoms bridge as oxyl O-• and oxo O2- to yield uranyl(VI) and plutonyl(VI), or as oxos O2- to yield neptunyl(VII), [Oyl═NpVII═Oyl]3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - Zachary R Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky 40351, United States
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35401, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Li F, Qin J, Qiu R, Shuai M, Pu Z. Matrix-Isolation Infrared Spectra and Electronic Structure Calculations for Dinitrogen Complexes with Uranium Trioxide Molecules UO 3(η 1-NN) 1-4. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11075-11083. [PMID: 35833920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the interactions of uranium trioxide (UO3) with other species are expected to provide a new perspective on its reaction and bonding behaviors. Herein, we present a combined matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy and theoretical study of the geometries, vibrational frequencies, electronic structures, and bonding patterns for a series of dinitrogen (N2) complexes with UO3 moieties UO3(η1-NN)1-4. The complexes are prepared by reactions of laser-ablated uranium atoms with O2/N2 mixtures or laser-ablated UO3 molecules with N2 in solid argon. UO3(η1-NN)1-4 are classified as "nonclassical" metal-N2 complexes with increased Δν(N2) values according to the experimental observations and the computed blue-shifts of N-N stretching frequencies and N-N bond length contractions. Electronic structure analysis suggests that UO3(η1-NN)1-4 are σ-only complexes with a total lack of π-back-donation. The energy decomposition analysis combined with natural orbitals for chemical valence calculations reveal that the bonding between the UO3 moiety and N2 ligands in UO3(η1-NN)1-4 arises from the roughly equal electrostatic attractions and orbital mixings. The inspection of orbital interactions from pairwise contributions indicates that the strongest orbital stabilization comes from the σ-donations of the 4σ*- and 5σ-based ligand molecular orbitals (MOs) into the hybrid 7s/6dx2-y2 MO of the U center. The electron polarization induced by electrostatic effects in the Ninner ← Nouter direction provides complementary contributions to the orbital stabilization in UO3(η1-NN)1-4. In addition, the reactions of UO3 with N2 ligands and the origination of the nonclassical behavior in UO3(η1-NN)1-4 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59 Middle Section of Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou 621908, Sichuan, P. R. China.,Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Mianyang 621908, China
| | - Ruizhi Qiu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou 621908, Sichuan, P. R. China.,Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Mianyang 621908, China
| | - Maobing Shuai
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou 621908, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Pu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mailbox No. 9-21, Huafengxincun, Jiangyou 621908, Sichuan, P. R. China
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6
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The effect of oxygen concentration on the speciation of laser ablated uranium. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4030. [PMID: 35256710 PMCID: PMC8901731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to model the fate and transport of particles following a nuclear explosion, there must first be an understanding of individual physical and chemical processes that affect particle formation. One interaction pertinent to fireball chemistry and resultant debris formation is that between uranium and oxygen. In this study, we use laser ablation of uranium metal in different concentrations of oxygen gas, either 16O2 or 18O2, to determine the influence of oxygen on rapidly cooling uranium. Analysis of recovered particulates using infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopies indicate that the micrometer-sized particulates are predominantly amorphous UOx (am-UOx, where 3 ≤ x ≤ 4) and UO2 after ablation in 1 atm of pure O2 and a 1% O2/Ar mixture, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of particulates formed in pure O2 suggest an O/U ratio of ~ 3.7, consistent with the vibrational spectroscopy analysis. Both am-UOx and UO2 particulates convert to α-U3O8 when heated. Lastly, experiments performed in 18O2 environments show the formation of 18O-substituted uranium oxides; vibrational frequencies for am-U18Ox are reported for the first time. When compared to literature, this work shows that cooling timescales can affect the structural composition of uranium oxides (i.e., crystalline vs. amorphous). This indicator can be used in current models of nuclear explosions to improve our predicative capabilities of chemical speciation.
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7
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Renault E, Jian J, Maurice R, van Stipdonk MJ, Tatosian IJ, Bubas AR, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Gibson JK. Characterization of Uranyl Coordinated by Equatorial Oxygen: Oxo in UO 3 versus Oxyl in UO 3. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5544-5555. [PMID: 34138571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Uranium trioxide, UO3, has a T-shaped structure with bent uranyl, UO22+, coordinated by an equatorial oxo, O2-. The structure of cation UO3+ is similar but with an equatorial oxyl, O•-. Neutral and cationic uranium trioxide coordinated by nitrates were characterized by collision induced dissociation (CID), infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy, and density functional theory. CID of uranyl nitrate, [UO2(NO3)3]- (complex A1), eliminates NO2 to produce nitrate-coordinated UO3+, [UO2(O•)(NO3)2]- (B1), which ejects NO3 to yield UO3 in [UO2(O)(NO3)]- (C1). Finally, C1 associates with H2O to afford uranyl hydroxide in [UO2(OH)2(NO3)]- (D1). IRMPD of B1, C1, and D1 confirms uranyl equatorially coordinated by nitrate(s) along with the following ligands: (B1) radical oxyl O•-; (C1) oxo O2-; and (D1) two hydroxyls, OH-. As the nitrates are bidentate, the equatorial coordination is six in A1, five in B1, four in D1, and three in C1. Ligand congestion in low-coordinate C1 suggests orbital-directed bonding. Hydrolysis of the equatorial oxo in C1 epitomizes the inverse trans influence in UO3, which is uranyl with inert axial oxos and a reactive equatorial oxo. The uranyl ν3 IR frequencies indicate the following donor ordering: O2-[best donor] ≫ O•-> OH-> NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Renault
- CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, BP 20722, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Michael J van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Irena J Tatosian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Amanda R Bubas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Effect of soil particle size and types on the crystallization behavior for nuclear waste disposal. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Abstract
AbstractThe past decade has been very productive in the field of actinide (An) oxides containing high-valent An. Novel gas-phase experimental and an impressive number of theoretical studies have been performed, mostly on pure oxides or oxides extended with other ligands. The review covers the structural properties of molecular An oxides with high (An≥V) oxidation states. The presented compounds include the actinide dioxide cations [AnO2]+ and [AnO2]2+, neutral and ionic AnOx (x = 3–6), oxides with more than one An atom like neutral dimers, trimers and dimers from cation–cation interactions, as well as large U-oxide clusters observed very recently in the gaseous phase.
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10
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Wei R, Chen X, Gong Y. Sulfur-substituted uranyl stabilized by fluoride ligands: matrix preparation of U(O)(S)F2via oxidation of U(0) by SOF2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6782-6785. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A neutral sulfur-substituted uranyl complex [U(O)(S)F2] in which the SUO2+ moiety is stabilized by electron withdrawing fluoride ligands was prepared via oxidation of U(0) by SOF2 in cryogenic matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
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11
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Li L, Stüker T, Andrews L, Beckers H, Riedel S. Infrared Spectra of the HAnX and H2
AnX2
Molecules (An=Th and U, X=Cl and Br) in Argon Matrices Supported by Electronic Structure Calculations. Chemistry 2019; 25:1795-1805. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Tony Stüker
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Lester Andrews
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
- Chemistry Department; University of Virginia; Charlottesville VA 22904-4319 USA
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie; Freie Universität Berlin; Fabeckstr. 34-36 Berlin Germany
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12
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Li Y, Zou J, Xiong XG, Xie H, Tang Z, Ge M, Zhao Y, Liu H. Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and chemical bonding of ThO2− and ThO3−. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:244304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghan Zou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiao-Gen Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Min Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yafan Zhao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 10088, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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13
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Hartig KC, Harilal SS, Phillips MC, Brumfield BE, Jovanovic I. Evolution of uranium monoxide in femtosecond laser-induced uranium plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:11477-11490. [PMID: 28788713 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.011477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of uranium monoxide (UO) emission following fs laser ablation (LA) of a uranium metal sample. The formation and evolution of the molecular emission is studied under various ambient air pressures. Observation of UO emission spectra at a rarefied residual air pressure of ~1 Torr indicates that the UO molecule is readily formed in the expanding plasma with trace concentrations of oxygen present within the vacuum chamber. The persistence of the UO emission exceeded that of the atomic emission; however, the molecular emission was delayed in time compared to the atomic emission due to the necessary cooling and expansion of the plasma before the UO molecules can form.
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14
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Kovács A. Relativistic Multireference Quantum Chemical Study of the Electronic Structure of Actinide Trioxide Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2523-2530. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kovács
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Li Y, Zou J, Xiong XG, Su J, Xie H, Fei Z, Tang Z, Liu H. Probing Chemical Bonding and Electronic Structures in ThO - by Anion Photoelectron Imaging and Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2108-2113. [PMID: 28221794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of renewed research on thorium-based molten salt reactors, there is growing demand and interest in enhancing the knowledge of thorium chemistry both experimentally and theoretically. Compared with uranium, thorium has few chemical studies reported up to the present. Here we report the vibrationally resolved photoelectron imaging of the thorium monoxide anion. The electron affinity of ThO is first reported to be 0.707 ± 0.020 eV. Vibrational frequencies of the ThO molecule and its anion are determined from Franck-Condon simulation. Spectroscopic evidence is obtained for the two-electron transition in ThO-, indicating the strong electron correlation among the (7sσ)2(6dδ)1 electrons in ThO- and the (7sσ)2 electrons in ThO. These findings are explained by using quantum-chemical calculations including spin-orbit coupling, and the chemical bonding of gaseous ThO molecules is analyzed. The present work will enrich our understanding of bonding capacities with the 6d valence shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jinghan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiao-Gen Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zejie Fei
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zichao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
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16
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de Jong WA, Dau PD, Wilson RE, Marçalo J, Van Stipdonk MJ, Corcovilos TA, Berden G, Martens J, Oomens J, Gibson JK. Revealing Disparate Chemistries of Protactinium and Uranium. Synthesis of the Molecular Uranium Tetroxide Anion, UO4–. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3686-3694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wibe A. de Jong
- Computational Research
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Phuong D. Dau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard E. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joaquim Marçalo
- Centro
de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela Loures, Portugal
| | - Michael J. Van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Theodore A. Corcovilos
- Department of
Physics, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and
Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van ‘t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Roy SK, Jian T, Lopez GV, Li WL, Su J, Bross DH, Peterson KA, Wang LS, Li J. A combined photoelectron spectroscopy and relativistic ab initio studies of the electronic structures of UFO and UFO(-). J Chem Phys 2016; 144:084309. [PMID: 26931704 DOI: 10.1063/1.4942188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of the gaseous UFO(-) anion is reported, which is investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy and relativisitic ab initio calculations. Two strong photoelectron bands are observed at low binding energies due to electron detachment from the U-7sσ orbital. Numerous weak detachment bands are also observed due to the strongly correlated U-5f electrons. The electron affinity of UFO is measured to be 1.27(3) eV. High-level relativistic quantum chemical calculations have been carried out on the ground state and many low-lying excited states of UFO to help interpret the photoelectron spectra and understand the electronic structure of UFO. The ground state of UFO(-) is linear with an O-U-F structure and a (3)H4 spectral term derived from a U 7sσ(2)5fφ(1)5fδ(1) electron configuration, whereas the ground state of neutral UFO has a (4)H(7/2) spectral term with a U 7sσ(1)5fφ(1)5fδ(1) electron configuration. Strong electron correlation effects are found in both the anionic and neutral electronic configurations. In the UFO neutral, a high density of electronic states with strong configuration mixing is observed in most of the scalar relativistic and spin-orbit coupled states. The strong electron correlation, state mixing, and spin-orbit coupling of the electronic states make the excited states of UFO very challenging for accurate quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendra K Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Gary V Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Wei-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - David H Bross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Kirk A Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Su J, Li WL, Lopez GV, Jian T, Cao GJ, Li WL, Schwarz WHE, Wang LS, Li J. Probing the Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of Mono-Uranium Oxides with Different Oxidation States: UOx(-) and UOx (x = 3-5). J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1084-96. [PMID: 26825216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uranium oxide clusters UOx(-) (x = 3-5) were produced by laser vaporization and characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum theory. Photoelectron spectra were obtained for UOx(-) at various photon energies with well-resolved detachment transitions and vibrational resolution for x = 3 and 4. The electron affinities of UOx were measured as 1.12, 3.60, and 4.02 eV for x = 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The geometric and electronic structures of both the anions and the corresponding neutrals were investigated by quasi-relativistic electron-correlation quantum theory to interpret the photoelectron spectra and to provide insight into their chemical bonding. For UOx clusters with x ≤ 3, the O atoms appear as divalent closed-shell anions around the U atom, which is in various oxidation states from U(II)(fds)(4) in UO to U(VI)(fds)(0) in UO3. For x > 3, there are no longer sufficient valence electrons from the U atom to fill the O(2p) shell, resulting in fractionally charged and multicenter delocalized valence states for the O ligands as well as η(1)- or η(2)-bonded O2 units, with unusual spin couplings and complicated electron correlations in the unfilled poly oxo shell. The present work expands our understanding of both the bonding capacities of actinide elements with extended spdf valence shells as well as the multitude of oxygen's charge and bonding states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.,Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wei-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Gary V Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Tian Jian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Guo-Jin Cao
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Siegen , Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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19
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Vlaisavljevich B, Andrews L, Wang X, Gong Y, Kushto GP, Bursten BE. Detection and Electronic Structure of Naked Actinide Complexes: Rhombic-Ring (AnN)2 Molecules Stabilized by Delocalized π-Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:893-905. [PMID: 26645301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The major products of the reaction of laser ablated and excited U atoms and N2 are the linear N≡U≡N dinitride molecule, isoelectronic with the uranyl dication, and the diatomic nitride U≡N. These molecules form novel cyclic dimers, (UN)2 and (NUN)2, with complex electronic structures, in matrix isolation experiments, which increase on UV photolysis. In addition, (NUN)2 increases at the expense of (UN)2 upon warming the codeposited matrix samples into the 20-40 K range as attested by additional nitrogen and argon matrix infrared spectra recorded after cooling the samples back to 4 or 7 K. These molecules are identified through matrix infrared spectra with nitrogen isotopic substitution and by comparing the observed matrix frequencies with those from electronic structure calculations. The dimerization is strong (theory predicts the dimer to be on the order of 100 kcal/mol more stable than the monomers), since the ground state involves 12 bonding electrons, 8 in the σ-system, and 4 in the delocalized π-system. This delocalized π bonding is present in the U, Th, La, and Hf analogues further demonstrating the interesting interplay between the 5f and 6d orbitals in actinide chemistry. The (UN)2(+) cation is also observed in solid argon, and calculations indicate that the bonding in the ring is preserved. On the other hand, the NUN dimer is of lower C2h symmetry, and the initial NUN molecules are recognizable in this more weakly bonded (ΔE = -64 kcal/mol) structure. The NThN molecules bind more strongly in the (NThN)2 dimer than the NUN molecules in (NUN)2 since NUN itself is more stable than NThN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota and Supercomputing Institute , 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Gary P Kushto
- United States Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Bruce E Bursten
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute , Worcester, Massachusetts 01609-2280, United States
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20
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Vent-Schmidt T, Andrews L, Thanthiriwatte KS, Dixon DA, Riedel S. Reaction of Laser-Ablated Uranium and Thorium Atoms with H2Se: A Rare Example of Selenium Multiple Bonding. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9761-9. [PMID: 26418218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The compounds H2ThSe and H2USe were synthesized by the reaction of laser-ablated actinide metal atoms with H2Se under cryogenic conditions following the procedures used to synthesize H2AnX (An = Th, U; X = O, S). The molecules were characterized by infrared spectra in an argon matrix with the aid of deuterium substitution and electronic structure calculations at the density functional theory level. The main products, H2ThSe and H2USe, are shown to have a highly polarized actinide-selenium triple bond, as found for H2AnS on the basis of electronic structure calculations. There is an even larger back-bonding of the Se with the An than found for the corresponding sulfur compounds. These molecules are of special interest as rare examples of multiple bonding of selenium to a metal, particularly an actinide metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vent-Schmidt
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - K Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34-36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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21
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Gibson JK, Hu HS, Van Stipdonk MJ, Berden G, Oomens J, Li J. Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopy of a Gas-Phase Complex of Uranyl and 3-Oxa-Glutaramide: An Extreme Red-Shift of the [O═U═O]2+ Asymmetric Stretch. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3366-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512599e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John K. Gibson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Michael J. Van Stipdonk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 7, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van
‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry & Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- William R.
Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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22
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Kovács A, Konings RJM, Gibson JK, Infante I, Gagliardi L. Quantum Chemical Calculations and Experimental Investigations of Molecular Actinide Oxides. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1725-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500426s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kovács
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudy J. M. Konings
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, Karlsruhe 76125, Germany
| | - John K. Gibson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ivan Infante
- Kimika
Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (EHU/UPV) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 20080 Donostia,
Euskadi, Spain
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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23
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Czekner J, Lopez GV, Wang LS. High resolution photoelectron imaging of UO− and UO2− and the low-lying electronic states and vibrational frequencies of UO and UO2. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Czekner
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Gary V. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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24
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Tyagi R, Zhang Z, Pitzer RM. Electronic Spectrum of the UO and UO+ Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11758-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505722y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Tyagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100
W. 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Stanford Research Computing Facility, Polya Hall, 255 Panama St., Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Russell M. Pitzer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100
W. 18th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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25
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Andrews L, Wang X, Gong Y, Kushto GP, Vlaisavljevich B, Gagliardi L. Infrared Spectra and Electronic Structure Calculations for NN Complexes with U, UN, and NUN in Solid Argon, Neon, and Nitrogen. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5289-303. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501637j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Gary P. Kushto
- Department of Chemistry, Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry and
Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry and
Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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26
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Li WL, Su J, Jian T, Lopez GV, Hu HS, Cao GJ, Li J, Wang LS. Strong electron correlation in UO2−: A photoelectron spectroscopy and relativistic quantum chemistry study. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:094306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4867278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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27
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Tiwari SP, Rai N, Maginn EJ. Dynamics of actinyl ions in water: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:8060-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of actinyl ions (AnO2n+) in aqueous solutions is important not only for the design of advanced separation processes but also for understanding the fate of actinides in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame, USA
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame, USA
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering
- Mississippi State University
| | - Edward J. Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame, USA
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28
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Tirler AO, Weiss AKH, Hofer TS. A Comparative Quantum Mechanical Charge Field Study of Uranyl Mono- and Dicarbonate Species in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:16174-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407179s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O. Tirler
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain
80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander K. H. Weiss
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain
80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas S. Hofer
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain
80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Choi I, Chan GCY, Mao X, Perry DL, Russo RE. Line selection and parameter optimization for trace analysis of uranium in glass matrices by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:1275-1284. [PMID: 24160879 DOI: 10.1366/13-07066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been evaluated for the determination of uranium in real-world samples such as uraninite. NIST Standard Reference Materials were used to evaluate the spectral interferences on detection of uranium. The study addresses the detection limit of LIBS for several uranium lines and their relationship to non-uranium lines, with emphasis on spectral interferences. The data are discussed in the context of optimizing the choice of emission lines for both qualitative and quantitative analyses from a complex spectrum of uranium in the presence of other elements. Temporally resolved spectral emission intensities, line width, and line shifts were characterized to demonstrate the parameter influence on these measurements. The measured uranium line width demonstrates that LIBS acquired with moderately high spectral resolution (e.g., by a 1.25 m spectrometer with a 2400 grooves/mm grating) can be utilized for isotope shift measurements in air at atmospheric pressure with single to tens of parts per million (ppm) level detection limits, as long as an appropriate transition is chosen for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhee Choi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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30
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Odoh SO, Govind N, Schreckenbach G, de Jong WA. Cation–Cation Interactions in [(UO2)2(OH)n]4–n Complexes. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11269-79. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4015338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Odoh
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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31
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Wang X, Andrews L, Thanthiriwatte KS, Dixon DA. Infrared Spectra of H2ThS and H2US in Noble Gas Matrixes: Enhanced H-An-S Covalent Bonding. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10275-85. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - K. Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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32
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Andrews L, Wang X, Gong Y, Schlöder T, Riedel S, Franger MJ. Spectroscopic Observation of a Group 12 Oxyfluoride: A Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Investigation of Mercury Oxyfluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8235-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Andrews L, Wang X, Gong Y, Schlöder T, Riedel S, Franger MJ. Spektroskopische Beobachtung eines Gruppe-12-Oxyfluorids: eine Matrixisolations- und quantenchemische Untersuchung von Quecksilberoxyfluoriden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Gong Y, Wang X, Andrews L, Schlöder T, Riedel S. Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations of the OUF2 and OThF2 Molecules with Triple Oxo Bond Character. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6983-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3009128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia 22904-4319, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China 200092
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
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35
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Andrews L, Wang X, Liang B, Ruipérez F, Infante I, Raw AD, Ibers JA. Matrix Infrared Spectroscopy and a Theoretical Investigation of SUO and US2. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Gong Y, Andrews L. Matrix Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations of Uranium Atom and Methanol Reaction Products. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:7099-105. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200618x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Wang X, Andrews L, Ma D, Gagliardi L, Gonçalves AP, Pereira CCL, Marçalo J, Godart C, Villeroy B. Infrared spectra and quantum chemical calculations of the uranium-carbon molecules UC, CUC, UCH, and U(CC)2. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:244313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3602325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kovács A, Konings RJ. Computed Vibrational Frequencies of Actinide Oxides AnO0/+/2+ and AnO20/+/2+ (An = Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm). J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6646-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp202538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kovács
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Materials Structure and Modeling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Szt. Gellért tér 4
| | - Rudy J.M. Konings
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, P.O. Box 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Gong Y, Andrews L. Matrix infrared spectroscopic and density functional theoretical investigations on thorium and uranium atom reactions with dimethyl ether. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11106-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Vlaisavljevich B, Gagliardi L, Wang X, Liang B, Andrews L, Infante I. U and P4 Reaction Products: A Quantum Chemical and Matrix Isolation Spectroscopic Investigation. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:9230-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivan Infante
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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41
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Andrews L, Wang X, Roos BO. As[triple bond]UF3 molecule with a weak triple bond to uranium. Inorg Chem 2010; 48:6594-8. [PMID: 19514741 DOI: 10.1021/ic9005696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
After reactions of uranium atoms with NF(3) and PF(3) to form the N[triple bond]UF(3) and P[triple bond]UF(3) molecules, the analogous reaction with AsF(3) produced the novel terminal arsenide As[triple bond]UF(3). This first molecule with a uranium-arsenic bond was identified from matrix infrared spectra through comparison with spectra of the uranium nitride and phosphide species, with spectra using other metals, and with frequencies computed by density functional and multiconfigurational wave function methods. The latter calculation describes a weak triple bond to uranium in the As[triple bond]UF(3) molecule, which has slightly less bonding and more antibonding character than the weak triple bond in P[triple bond]UF(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA.
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Wang X, Andrews L, Malmqvist PÅ, Roos BO, Gonçalves AP, Pereira CCL, Marçalo J, Godart C, Villeroy B. Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations of the Uranium Carbide Molecules UC and CUC with Triple Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8484-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102475t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Per-Åke Malmqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Björn O. Roos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - António P. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Cláudia C. L. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Joaquim Marçalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Claude Godart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Benjamin Villeroy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Chemical Center, University of Lund, POB 124, 2-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Unidade de Ciências Químicas e Radiofarmacêuticas, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear/CFMCUL, 2686-953 Sacavém, Portugal, and Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares, ICMPE, CNRS, 2/8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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Gong Y, Zhou M, Andrews L. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of Transition Metal Oxides and Dioxygen Complexes. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6765-808. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900185x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Advanced Materials Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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44
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Jin J, Gondalia R, Heaven MC. Electronic Spectroscopy of UO2Cl2 Isolated in Solid Ar. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12724-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9052133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Raj Gondalia
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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45
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Wang X, Andrews L, Marsden CJ. Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of the SUO2 Molecule. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:6888-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900869f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Colin J. Marsden
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626, IRSAMC, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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46
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Wang X, Andrews L, Marsden C. Reactions of Uranium Atoms with Ammonia: Infrared Spectra and Quasi-Relativistic Calculations of the U:NH3, H2NUH, and HNUH2Complexes. Chemistry 2008; 14:9192-201. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Andrews L, Wang X, Lindh R, Roos B, Marsden C. Simple NUF3and PUF3Molecules with Triple Bonds to Uranium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5366-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Andrews L, Wang X, Lindh R, Roos B, Marsden C. Simple NUF3and PUF3Molecules with Triple Bonds to Uranium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Groenewold GS, Van Stipdonk MJ, de Jong WA, Oomens J, Gresham GL, McIlwain ME, Gao D, Siboulet B, Visscher L, Kullman M, Polfer N. Infrared Spectroscopy of Dioxouranium(V) Complexes with Solvent Molecules: Effect of Reduction. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1278-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Lyon JT, Andrews L, Hu HS, Li J. Infrared Spectra and Electronic Structures of Agostic Uranium Methylidene Molecules. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:1435-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ic701786h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T. Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, and Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, and Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han-Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, and Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, and Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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