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Morozov A, Titarev V. Planar Gas Expansion under Intensive Nanosecond Laser Evaporation into Vacuum as Applied to Time-of-Flight Analysis. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1738. [PMID: 36554143 PMCID: PMC9778023 DOI: 10.3390/e24121738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A computational investigation of the dynamics of gas expansion due to intense nanosecond laser evaporation into vacuum has been carried out. The problem is solved in a one-dimensional approximation, which simplifies calculations and at the same time allows one to analyze the main features of the expansion dynamics. For analysis we use three different approaches. Two of them are based on kinetic analysis via the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and numerical solution of the model Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) equation. The third one focuses on derivation of an analytical continuum solution. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the velocity distribution function and the average energy of particles passing through the time-of-flight detector on the normal to the evaporation surface, which is important for interpreting experimental measurements. The formulated problem is quite difficult as the considered flow is time-dependent, contains discontinuities in boundary conditions and involves large variations of local Knudsen numbers as well as steep gradients of the velocity distribution function. Data were obtained on the particle energy in the time-of-flight distribution for the range of regimes from the free molecular flow to continuum one. The maximum attainable average energy of particles in the time-of-flight distribution is determined. The non-monotonicity of the energy increase was found, which is explained based on analysis of the velocity distribution of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Morozov
- Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 44/2, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Vladimir Titarev
- Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str. 44/2, Moscow 119333, Russia
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Morozov AA. Interpretation of time-of-flight distributions for neutral particles under pulsed laser evaporation using direct Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:234706. [PMID: 24359385 DOI: 10.1063/1.4848718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical study of the time-of-flight (TOF) distributions under pulsed laser evaporation in vacuum has been performed. A database of TOF distributions has been calculated by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. It is shown that describing experimental TOF signals through the use of the calculated TOF database combined with a simple analysis of evaporation allows determining the irradiated surface temperature and the rate of evaporation. Analysis of experimental TOF distributions under laser ablation of niobium, copper, and graphite has been performed, with the evaluated surface temperature being well agreed with results of the thermal model calculations. General empirical dependences are proposed, which allow indentifying the regime of the laser induced thermal ablation from the TOF distributions for neutral particles without invoking the DSMC-calculated database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Morozov
- Institute of Thermophysics SB RAS, 1 Lavrentyev Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Fernández-Lima FA, Ponciano CR, da Silveira EF. UV laser-induced desorption mechanism analyzed through two-layer alkali halide samples. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:587-593. [PMID: 18095386 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Time of flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) is used to analyze positive and negative desorbed ions generated by UV laser ablation of several alkali (X) halide (Y) salts. Most of the observed desorbed cluster ions have the structure (XY)(n)X(+) or (XY)(n)Y(-). Their desorption yields decrease as exp(-kn), where k approximately 2 for both series, suggesting that the neutral component (XY)(n) plays the dominant role in the desorption process. Mass spectrum measurements were performed for compound samples in which two salts (out of CsI, RbI, KBr, KCl and KI) are homogeneously mixed or disposed in two superposed layers. The detection of small new ion species and large cluster ions of the original salts supports the scenario that the uppermost layers are completely atomized while deep layers are emitted colder and fragmented: It is proposed that ns-pulsed laser induced desorption of ionic salts occurs via two sequential mechanisms: (1) ejection of cations and anions in the hot plume, followed by recombination into new cluster ions and (2) ejection of relatively cold preformed species originated from deep layers or from periphery of the irradiated region.
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The challenges of 157 nm nanolithography: surface morphology of silicon-based copolymers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2003.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhigilei LV, Leveugle E, Garrison BJ, Yingling YG, Zeifman MI. Computer simulations of laser ablation of molecular substrates. Chem Rev 2003; 103:321-48. [PMID: 12580634 DOI: 10.1021/cr010459r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V Zhigilei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 116 Engineer's Way, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
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Georgiou S, Koubenakis A. Laser-induced material ejection from model molecular solids and liquids: mechanisms, implications, and applications. Chem Rev 2003; 103:349-94. [PMID: 12580635 DOI: 10.1021/cr010429o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savas Georgiou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, PO Box 1527, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Koubenakis A, Labrakis J, Georgiou S. Pulse dependence of ejection efficiencies in the UV ablation of bi-component van der Waals solids. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ermer DR, Baltz-Knorr M, Haglund RF. Intensity dependence of cation kinetic energies from 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid near the infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization threshold. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:538-545. [PMID: 11391810 DOI: 10.1002/jms.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are far from being well understood, particularly where infrared laser irradiation is used to initiate the process. We measured the emission yields and kinetic energy distributions of positive ions emitted from 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid loaded with angiotensin II in a standard MALDI preparation during irradiation with an infrared free-electron laser tuned to 2.94 microm. As the laser intensity is scanned through the MALDI threshold, we see a marked change in the energy distributions of the matrix ion. Above threshold, the energy distributions of both analyte and matrix cations are constant over a broad range of laser intensities. This behavior does not appear to be consistent with any extant model of the MALDI mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ermer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and W. M. Keck Foundation Free-Electron Laser Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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Arnolds H, Rehbein C, Roberts G, Levis RJ, King DA. Femtosecond Near-Infrared Laser Desorption of Multilayer Benzene on Pt{111}: A Molecular Newton's Cradle? J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993688e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Arnolds
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christian Rehbein
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Gareth Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Robert J. Levis
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David A. King
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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Wetterauer U, Pusel A, Hess P. VUV photodesorption of molecular hydrogen from the hydrogenated silicon(111) surface. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Georgiou S, Koubenakis A, Labrakis J, Lassithiotaki M. Formation and desorption dynamics of photoproducts in the ablation of van der Waals films of chlorobenzene at 248 nm. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhigilei LV, Kodali PB, Garrison BJ. On the threshold behavior in laser ablation of organic solids. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The importance of the plume ejection time for the fragmentation yields observed in the UV ablation of molecular van der Waals films. Ablation of chlorobenzene films at 248 nm. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhigilei LV, Kodali PBS, Garrison BJ. Molecular Dynamics Model for Laser Ablation and Desorption of Organic Solids. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9634013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid V. Zhigilei
- Department of Chemistry, 152 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Prasad B. S. Kodali
- Department of Chemistry, 152 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry, 152 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Georgiou S, Koubenakis A, Kontoleta P, Syrrou M. Induction and memory effects in the UV laser ablation of weakly absorbing van der Waals films. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Voumard P, Zenobi R. Laser‐induced thermal desorption of aniline from silica surfaces. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Eiden G, Garrett A, Cisper M, Nogar N, Hemberger P. An improved method for capturing laser desorbed ions in an ion trap mass spectrometer: dynamic r.f. trapping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)04013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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