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Hou SJ, Yang YF, Cui ZH, Cederbaum LS. Can anions possess bound doubly-excited electronic states? Chem Sci 2023; 14:7230-7236. [PMID: 37416703 PMCID: PMC10321500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anions play an important role in many fields of chemistry. Many molecules possess stable anions, but these anions often do not have stable electronic excited states and the anion loses its excess electron once excited. All the known stable valence excited states of anions are singly-excited states, i.e., valence doubly-excited states have not been reported. As excited states are relevant for numerous applications, and constitute basic properties, we searched for valence doubly-excited states which are stable, i.e., exhibit energies below that of the ground state of the respective neutral molecule. We concentrated on two promising prototype candidates, the anions of the smallest endocircular carbon ring Li@C12 and of the smallest endohedral fullerene Li@C20. By employing accurate state-of-the-art many-electron quantum chemistry methods, we investigated the low-lying excited states of these anions and found that they possess several low-lying stable singly-excited states and, in particular, a stable doubly-excited state each. It is noteworthy that the found doubly-excited state of Li@C12- possesses a cumulenic carbon ring in sharp contrast to the ground and singly-excited states. The findings shed light on how to design anions with stable valence singly- and doubly-excited states. Possible applications are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Hou
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- Quantum Theory Project, Departments of Physics and Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130023 China
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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2
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Milovanović M. Small lithium-chloride clusters: Superalkalis, superhalogens, supersalts and nanocrystals. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1895-1904. [PMID: 34296776 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, the results of the theoretical investigation of the small lithium-chloride clusters are reported. The geometrical structures, electronic and thermodynamic stability of superalkalis, superhalogens, and their single and double charged ions are obtained using efficient and accurate quantum chemistry methods. Further, low-lying isomers of the Lin Cln ( n = 2 - 5 ) clusters and their stability parameters are calculated. Two ways of formation of the Lin Cln clusters, polymerization of LiCl fragments and combination of superalkalis and superhalogen clusters, are compared. By examination the lattice energy and the average Li-Cl bond length in rectangular Lin Cln ( n ≤ 60 ) clusters, it was concluded that already 50 LiCl are enough to mostly resembles the structure and stability of the bulk LiCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milovanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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3
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Agarwal S, Hossain AM, Choi YS, Cheong M, Jang HG, Lee JS. Imidazolium Chloride-LiCl Melts as Efficient Solvents for Cellulose. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Wen H, Liu Y, Xu K, Huang T, Hu C, Zhang W, Huang W. Sequential Observation of Alkali‐halide Gas Phase Clusters in High Resolution TOF‐MS and Prediction of Their Structures. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/26/06/729-738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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5
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Hou GL, Wu MM, Wen H, Sun Q, Wang XB, Zheng WJ. Photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study of M(IO3)2− (M = H, Li, Na, K): Structural evolution, optical isomers, and hyperhalogen behavior. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:044312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4816525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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6
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Świerszcz I, Anusiewicz I. The possibility of forming superhalogen anions with hydroperoxide groups as ligands. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.726378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Behera S, Jena P. Stability and Spectroscopic Properties of Singly and Doubly Charged Anions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5604-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210095q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swayamprabha Behera
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2000, United States
| | - Purusottam Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23284-2000, United States
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8
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Tonner R, Schwerdtfeger P, May AL, Steill JD, Berden G, Oomens J, Campagna SR, Compton RN. Stability of Gas-Phase Tartaric Acid Anions Investigated by Quantum Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, and Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4789-800. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3007156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Tonner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße,
35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße,
35032 Marburg, Germany
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, North
Shore MSC, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amanda L. May
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Steill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan
14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan
14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan
14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
| | - Robert N. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996,
United States
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9
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Pathak AK. Theoretical study on microhydration of SeO42-: On the number of water molecules necessary to stabilize the dianion. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Lo S, Hopkinson AC. Superhalogen plus anion : A recently discovered anion with the formula. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Tonner R, Lein M, Wesendrup R, Schwerdtfeger P. A systematic density functional and wavefunction-based study on dicarboxyl dianions −O2C–R–CO2 − with R = C2, C2X2, C2X4, and C6X4 (X = H, F). Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352;
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, Richland, Washington 99354, and Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352;
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14
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15
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Franzreb K, Sommerfeld T, Williams P. Small gas-phase dianions of Zn3O42−, Zn4O52−, CuZn2O42−, Si2GeO62−, Ti2O52−and Ti3O72−. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:846-52. [PMID: 17287878 DOI: 10.1039/b615088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We have searched for new species of small oxygen-containing gas-phase dianions produced in a secondary ion mass spectrometer by Cs+ ion bombardment of solid samples with simultaneous exposure of their surfaces to O2 gas. The targets were a pure zinc metal foil, a copper-contaminated zinc-based coin, two silicon-germanium samples (Si(1-x)Ge(x)(with x= 6.5% or 27%)) and a piece of titanium metal. The novel dianions Zn3O(4)(2-), Zn4O(5)(2-), CuZn2O(4)(2-), Si2GeO(6)(2-), Ti2O(5)(2-) and Ti3O(7)(2-) have been observed at half-integer m/z values in the negative ion mass spectra. The heptamer dianions Zn3O(4)(2-) and Ti2O(5)(2-) have been unambiguously identified by their isotopic abundances. Their flight times through the mass spectrometer are approximately 20 micros and approximately 17 micros, respectively. The geometrical structures of the two heptamer dianions Ti2O(5)(2-), and Zn3O(4)(2-) are investigated using ab initio methods, and the identified isomers are compared to those of the novel Ge2O(5)(2-) and the known Si2O(5)(2-) and Be3O(4)(2-) dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Franzreb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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16
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Alexandrova AN, Boldyrev AI, Fu YJ, Yang X, Wang XB, Wang LS. Structure of the Na(x)Cl(x+1) (-) (x=1-4) clusters via ab initio genetic algorithm and photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2006; 121:5709-19. [PMID: 15366994 DOI: 10.1063/1.1783276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of the ab initio genetic algorithm with an embedded gradient has been carried out for the elucidation of global minimum structures of a series of anionic sodium chloride clusters, Na(x)Cl(x+1) (-) (x=1-4), produced in the gas phase using electrospray ionization and studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. These are all superhalogen species with extremely high electron binding energies. The vertical electron detachment energies for Na(x)Cl(x+1) (-) were measured to be 5.6, 6.46, 6.3, and 7.0 eV, for x=1-4, respectively. Our ab initio gradient embedded genetic algorithm program detected the linear global minima for NaCl(2) (-) and Na(2)Cl(3) (-) and three-dimensional structures for the larger species. Na(3)Cl(4) (-) was found to have C(3v) symmetry, which can be viewed as a Na(4)Cl(4) cube missing a corner Na(+) cation, whereas Na(4)Cl(5) (-) was found to have C(4v) symmetry, close to a 3x3 planar structure. Excellent agreement between the theoretically calculated and the experimental spectra was observed, confirming the obtained structures and demonstrating the power of the developed genetic algorithm technique.
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18
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19
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Wei Q, Kais S, Moiseyev N. New stable multiply charged negative atomic ions in linearly polarized superintense laser fields. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:201108. [PMID: 16774311 DOI: 10.1063/1.2207619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Singly charged negative atomic ions exist in the gas phase and are of fundamental importance in atomic and molecular physics. However, theoretical calculations and experimental results clearly exclude the existence of any stable doubly-negatively-charged atomic ion in the gas phase, only one electron can be added to a free atom in the gas phase. In this report, using the high-frequency Floquet theory, we predict that in a linear superintense laser field one can stabilize multiply charged negative atomic ions in the gas phase. We present self-consistent field calculations for the linear superintense laser fields needed to bind extra one and two electrons to form He-, He2-, and Li2-, with detachment energies dependent on the laser intensity and maximal values of 1.2, 0.12, and 0.13 eV, respectively. The fields and frequencies needed for binding extra electrons are within experimental reach. This method of stabilization is general and can be used to predict stability of larger multiply charged negative atomic ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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20
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Dreuw A. Electronic and structural properties of Ben-1On2- (n=3–6) , MgBe2O42- and CuBe2O42-. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Feuerbacher S, Cederbaum LS. A small and stable covalently bound trianion. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:044320. [PMID: 16460175 DOI: 10.1063/1.2162894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable doubly charged anions have become well known over the past decade, but the knowledge about higher-charged molecules is still sparse. Especially the minimum size of a covalently bound trianion which is still stable is an open question. Here, we present the smallest trianion of this kind known up to now, namely, B(C(2)CO(2))(3) (3-). After establishing its geometrical parameters, we investigate its stability with respect to electron autodetachment and fragmentation of the molecular framework. Our results lend strong support to the notion that this trianion indeed represents a stable compound which should be observable in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Feuerbacher
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Franzreb K, Williams P. Small gas-phase dianions produced by sputtering and gas flooding. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:224312. [PMID: 16375481 DOI: 10.1063/1.2136154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have extended our previous experiment [Schauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 625 (1990)] where we had produced small gas-phase dianion clusters of C(n) (2-)(n > or =7) by means of sputtering a graphite surface by Cs(+) ion bombardment. Our detection sensitivity for small C(n) (2-) could now be increased by a factor of about 50 for odd n. Nevertheless, a search for the elusive pentamer dianion of C(5) (2-) was not successful. As an upper limit, the sputtered flux of C(5) (2-) must be at least a factor of 5000 lower than that of C(7) (2-), provided that the lifetime of C(5) (2-) is sufficiently long to allow its detection by mass spectrometry. When oxygen gas (flooding with either O(2) or with N(2)O) was supplied to the Cs(+)-bombarded graphite surface, small dianions of OC(n) (2-)(5< or =n < or =14) and O(2)C(7) (2-) were observed in addition to C(n) (2-)(n > or =7). Similarly, Cs(+) sputtering of graphite with simultaneous SF(6) gas flooding produced SC(n) (2-)(6< or =n< or =18). Mixed nitrogen-carbon or fluorine-carbon dianion clusters could not be observed by these means. Attempts to detect mixed metal-fluoride dianions for SF(6) gas flooding of various Cs(+)-bombarded metal surfaces were successful for the case of Zr, where metastable ZrF(6) (2-) was observed. Cs(+) bombardment of a silicon carbide (SiC) wafer produced SiC(n) (2-) (n=6,8,10). When oxygen gas was supplied to the Cs(+)-bombarded SiC surface, small dianions of SiOC(n) (2-) (n=4,6,8) and of SiO(2)C(n) (2-) (n=4,6) as well as a heavier unidentified dianion (at mz=98.5) were observed. For toluene (C(7)H(8)) vapor flooding of a Cs(+)-bombarded graphite surface, several hydrocarbon dianion clusters of C(n)H(m) (2-)(n> or =7) were produced in addition to C(n) (2-)(n> or =7), while smaller C(n)H(m) (2-) with n< or =6 could not be observed. BeC(n) (2-) (n=4,6,8,10), Be(2)C(6) (2-), as well as BeC(8)H(m) (2-) (with m=2 and/or m=1) were observed for toluene vapor flooding of a Cs(+)-bombarded beryllium metal foil. The metastable pentamer (9)Be(12)C(4) (2-) at mz=28.5 was the smallest and lightest dianion molecule that we could detect. The small dianion clusters of SC(n) (2-), OC(n) (2-), BeC(n) (2-), and SiO(m)C(n) (2-) (m=0,1,2) have different abundance patterns. A resemblance exists between the abundance patterns of BeC(n) (2-) and SiC(n) (2-), even though calculated molecular structures of BeC(6) (2-) and SiC(6) (2-) are different. The abundance pattern of SC(n) (2-) is fairly similar to that of C(n) (2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Franzreb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Elliott BM, Koyle E, Boldyrev AI, Wang XB, Wang LS. MX3- Superhalogens (M = Be, Mg, Ca; X = Cl, Br): A Photoelectron Spectroscopic and ab Initio Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11560-7. [PMID: 16354048 DOI: 10.1021/jp054036v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase alkaline earth halide anions, MgX3(-) and CaX3(-) (X = Cl, Br), were produced using electrospray and investigated using photoelectron spectroscopy at 157 nm. Extremely high electron binding energies were observed for all species and their first vertical detachment energies were measured as 6.60 +/- 0.04 eV for MgCl3(-), 6.00 +/- 0.04 eV for MgBr3(-), 6.62 +/- 0.04 eV for CaCl3(-), and 6.10 +/- 0.04 eV for CaBr3(-). The high electron binding energies indicate these are very stable anions and they belong to a class of anions, called superhalogens. Theoretical calculations at several levels of theory were carried out on these species, as well as the analogous BeX3(-). Vertical detachment energy spectra were predicted to compare with the experimental observations, and good agreement was obtained for all species. The first adiabatic detachment energies were found to be substantially lower (by about 1 eV) than the corresponding vertical detachment energies for all the MX3(-) species, indicating extremely large geometry changes between MX3(-) and MX3. We found that all the MX3(-) anions possess D3h ((1)A1') structures and are extremely stable against dissociation into MX2 and X-. The corresponding neutral species MX3, however, were found to be only weakly bound with respect to dissociation toward MX2 + X. The global minimum structures of all the MX3 neutrals were found to be C2v ((2)B2), which can be described as (X2(-))(MX+) charge-transfer complexes, whereas the MX2...X (C2v, (2)B1) van der Waals complexes were shown to be low-lying isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 0300 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, USA
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Feuerbacher S, Cederbaum LS. Stable and Long-Lived Trianions in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11401-6. [PMID: 16354027 DOI: 10.1021/jp053305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stable doubly charged anions have become well known over the past decade, but the knowledge about higher charged molecules is still sparse. In this article, we discuss the current status of trianions. The different species, both from experimental and theoretical work, are classified according to their bonding characteristics, that is, ionic, metallic, or covalent. Both stability with respect to electron autodetachment and with respect to dissociation is covered. New results on the currently smallest stable covalently bound trianion are also shown. Last, we outline future perspectives in the field of multiply charged anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Feuerbacher
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Noguchi Y, Kudo Y, Ishii S, Ohno K. First-principles T-matrix calculations of double-ionization energy spectra of atoms and molecules. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:144112. [PMID: 16238379 DOI: 10.1063/1.2069907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong electron correlation plays an important role in the determination of double ionization energy, which is required for removing or adding two electrons, particularly in small-sized systems. Starting from the state-of-the-art GW approximation, we evaluate the particle-particle ladder diagrams up to the infinite order by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation of the T-matrix theory to calculate the double-ionization energy spectra of atoms and molecules (Be, Mg, Ca, Ne, Ar, Kr, CO, C(2)H(2), Li(2), Na(2), and K(2)) from first principles. The ladder diagrams up to the infinite order are significant to calculations of double-ionization energy spectra. The present results are in good agreement with available experimental data as well as the previous calculations using, e.g., the configuration-interaction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Noguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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26
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Feuerbacher S, Cederbaum LS. Influence of delocalization on the stability of dianions: study of a systematic series of dianions with growing electronic localization. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:9531-7. [PMID: 12889984 DOI: 10.1021/ja035878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic stability of a dianion is influenced by the degree of delocalization of its electrons, but it is generally not possible to separate this influence from other effects. Here, we investigate by theoretical means the sequence of dianions consisting of phen-1,4-ylenbis(ethynide) and seven of its derivatives obtained by hydrogenating the benzene core in several steps. These dianions are structurally similar and mainly differ by the degree of delocalization of their electrons. We present geometries and electron detachment energies computed at a correlated level of theory. The results point to a classification of the eight dianions in three distinct groups of electronic stability. We are able to explain this grouping by a simple resonance structure picture, which demonstrates why the dianions with more delocalized electrons are less stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Feuerbacher
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Gnaser H, Dreuw A, Cederbaum LS. Discovery of a new class of stable gas-phase dianions: Mixed oxygen–carbon cluster OCn2− (n=5–19). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1506908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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Zint N, Dreuw A, Cederbaum LS. Gas-phase stability of derivatives of the closo-hexaborate dianion B(6)H(6)(2-). J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:4910-7. [PMID: 11971742 DOI: 10.1021/ja012681j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
B(6)H(6)(2-) does not represent a stable gas-phase dianion, but emits spontaneously one of its excess electrons in the gas phase. In this work we address the question whether small stable gas-phase dianions can be constructed from the parent B(6)H(6)(2-) dianion by substitution of the hydrogens with appropriate ligands. Various hexa-, tetra-, and disubstituted derivatives B(6)L(6)(2-), B(6)H(2)L(4)(2-), and B(6)H(4)L(2)(2-) (L = F, Cl, CN, NC, or BO) are investigated with ab initio methods in detail. Four stable hexasubstituted B(6)L(6)(2-) (L = Cl, CN, NC, or BO) and three stable B(6)H(2)L(4)(2-) (L = CN, NC, or BO) gas-phase dianions could be identified and predicted to be observable in the gas phase. The trends in the electron-detachment energies depending on various ligands are discussed and understood in the underlying electrostatic pattern and the electronegativities of the involved elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zint
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Enlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - J. V. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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30
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Dreuw A, Sommerfeld T, Cederbaum LS. Short- and long-lived electronic states of BF−. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1460868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Feuerbacher S, Dreuw A, Cederbaum LS. Cyclic carbon cluster dianions and their aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3163-8. [PMID: 11902905 DOI: 10.1021/ja0123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic carbon cluster dianions (CC(2))(2-)(n)(n = 3-6) are investigated by ab initio methods with regard to their geometric properties, electronic stability, and aromaticity. The unique wheel-like structures of these dianions consist of a n-membered carbon ring, where a C(2) unit is attached to each carbon atom. All investigated dianions represent stable gas-phase dianions. While the smallest member of this family (CC(2))(2-)(3) is clearly aromatic, the aromatic character decreases rapidly with increasing ring size. The geometries and the aromaticity of the cyclic clusters (CC(2))(2-)(n)(n = 3-6) can be nicely explained using resonance structure arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Feuerbacher
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dreuw A, Schweinsberg H, Cederbaum LS. Long-lived Gas-phase Dianions Containing Tetrahedrally Coordinated Oxygen Atoms: O(BN) and O(C2). J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dreuw
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Schweinsberg
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dreuw
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dreuw A, Cederbaum LS. Electron Emission from N(BF3)43- Hindered by a Sphere of Negative Charges. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Dreuw
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L. S. Cederbaum
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Andersen LH, Bak J, Boyé S, Clausen M, Hovgaard M, Jensen MJ, Lapierre A, Seiersen K. Resonant and nonresonant electron impact detachment of CN− and BO−. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1388556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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37
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Yannouleas C, Landman U, Herlert A, Schweikhard L. Multiply charged metal cluster anions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 86:2996-2999. [PMID: 11290091 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Formation and stability patterns of silver dianionic and gold trianionic clusters are investigated with Penning-trap experiments and a shell-correction method including shape deformations. The theoretical predictions pertaining to the appearance sizes and electronic shell effects are in remarkable agreement with the experiments. Decay of the multiply anionic clusters occurs predominantly by electron tunneling through a Coulomb barrier rather than via fission, leading to appearance sizes unrelated to those of multiply cationic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yannouleas
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of technology, Atlanta 30332-0430, USA
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38
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Andersen LH, Bilodeau R, Jensen MJ, Nielsen SB, Safvan CP, Seiersen K. Coulomb and centrifugal barrier bound dianion resonances of NO[sub 2]. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1328380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Simons J, Skurski P, Barrios R. Repulsive Coulomb Barriers in Compact Stable and Metastable Multiply Charged Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Simons
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Robyn Barrios
- Contribution from the Chemistry Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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40
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Wang XB, Nicholas JB, Wang LS. Intramolecular Coulomb repulsion and anisotropies of the repulsive Coulomb barrier in multiply charged anions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Straub BF, Rominger F, Hofmann P. A trigonal planar mu 3-fluorido coinage metal complex from a dicationic (diphosphinomethane)copper(I) dimer: syntheses, structures, and bonding. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:2113-9. [PMID: 12526521 DOI: 10.1021/ic991173w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triflate and hexafluorophosphate salts of [Cu2(mu-dtbpm)2]2+ (1(2+)) [dtbpm = bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)methane, tBu2PCH2PtBu2] and of [Cu3(mu 3-F)(mu-dtbpm)3]2+ (2(2+)) were synthesized and characterized. Coordination of solvent or counterions to 1(2+) is observed neither in solution nor in the solid state. The two copper(I) centers in 1(2+) indicate weak d10-d10 closed-shell interactions. 1(2+) reacts slowly with PF6- anions in acetone or KF in CH2Cl2 to yield the mu 3-fluorido complex 2(2+) with idealized D3 symmetry, containing a trigonal planar Cu3F core, as shown by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Distinct structural differences are observed compared to monocationic bicapped, trinuclear copper(I) dppm halide complexes [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, Ph2PCH2PPh2]. The average Cu-Cu, Cu-F, and Cu-P distances and the P-Cu-P' angle in 2(2+) are 3.85, 2.22, and 2.28 A and 144.3 degrees, respectively. The P2Cu units are twisted out of the Cu3F plane by an average angle of 18.4 degrees. DFT calculations (BPW91/LANL2DZ) for the model [Cu3(mu 3-F)(mu-dhpm)3]2+ (dhpm = diphosphinomethane, H2PCH2PH2) are used to explain the formation, structure, and bonding pattern of 2(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Dreuw A, Cederbaum LS. Tunnelling lifetimes of metastable and binding properties of stable covalent BeCn2− (n=4,6) dianions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Skurski P, Simons J, Wang XB, Wang LS. Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Stability of Two Small Gaseous Dicarboxylate Dianions: Acetylene Dicarboxylate and Succinate. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja000371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Skurski
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Jack Simons
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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44
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Wang XB, Wang LS. Photodetachment of Multiply Charged Anions: The Electronic Structure of Gaseous Square-Planar Transition Metal Complexes PtX42- (X = Cl, Br). J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9935106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, MS K8-88, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, MS K8-88, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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Wang LS, Wang XB. Probing Free Multiply Charged Anions Using Photodetachment Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9940093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, Washington 99352, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, MS K8-88, P.O. Box 999, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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46
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Wang XB, Wang LS. Photodetachment of free hexahalogenometallate doubly charged anions in the gas phase: [ML6]2−, (M=Re, Os, Ir, Pt; L=Cl and Br). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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48
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49
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Wang XB, Ding CF, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI, Simons J. First experimental photoelectron spectra of superhalogens and their theoretical interpretations. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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