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Carrillo MJ, Marasinghe D, Feeley EB, Sobie KM, Zarzycki RJ, Carter-Fenk K, Fenk CJ, Tubergen MJ. Theoretical and Microwave Spectroscopic Characterization of Cyclobutenone: Planar or Puckered? J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9082-9087. [PMID: 37871331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cyclobutenone was characterized by high-resolution Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy for the first time. High-level, first-principles quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP, CISD, MP2, and CCSD levels of theory were implemented to better understand the molecular structure and obtain model rotational and centrifugal distortion constants to aid in spectral assignment, and the results at the different levels of theory are compared. The assignment of the experimental spectrum provided fits of 2.7 kHz using Watson A-reduced and Watson S-reduced Hamiltonians. No tunneling splittings were observed, suggesting that cyclobutenone is not undergoing ring-puckering tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Carrillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Dinesh Marasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Erik B Feeley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Kristin M Sobie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Rourke J Zarzycki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
| | - Michael J Tubergen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240, United States
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2
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Kortyna A, Samin AJ, Miller TA, Nesbitt DJ. Sub-Doppler infrared spectroscopy of resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon intermediates: ν 3/ν 4 CH stretch modes and CH 2 internal rotor dynamics of benzyl radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29812-29821. [PMID: 29099133 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly reactive benzyl radicals are generated by electron dissociative attachment to benzyl chloride doped into a neon-hydrogen-helium discharge and immediately cooled to Trot = 15 K in a high density, supersonic slit expansion environment. The sub-Doppler spectra are fit to an asymmetric-top rotational Hamiltonian, thereby yielding spectroscopic constants for the ground (v = 0) and first excited (v = 1, ν3, ν4) vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. The rotational constants obtained for the ground state are in good agreement with previous laser induced fluorescence measurements (LIF), with vibrational band origins (ν3 = 3073.2350 ± 0.0006 cm-1, ν4 = 3067.0576 ± 0.0006 cm-1) in agreement with anharmonically corrected density functional theory calculations. To assist in detection of benzyl radical in the interstellar medium, we have also significantly improved the precision of the ground state rotational constants through combined analysis of the ground state IR and LIF combination differences. Of dynamical interest, there is no evidence in the sub-Doppler spectra for tunneling splittings due to internal rotation of the CH2 methylene subunit, which implies a significant rotational barrier consistent with partial double bond character in the CC bond. This is further confirmed with high level ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)-f12b/ccpVdZ-f12 level, which predict a zero-point energy corrected barrier to internal rotation of ΔEtun ≈ 11.45 kcal mol-1 or 4005 cm-1. In summary, the high-resolution infrared spectra are in excellent agreement with simple physical organic chemistry pictures of a strongly resonance-stabilized benzyl radical with a nearly rigid planar structure due to electron delocalization around the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kortyna
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - A J Samin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T A Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D J Nesbitt
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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HIROTA E. Molecular chirality: A new approach from a dynamical point of view. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:841-849. [PMID: 29225310 PMCID: PMC5790761 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The double minimum potential (DMP), which Hund assumed to explain the quantum-mechanical stability of enantiomers, was discussed, by citing three typical examples of DMP: inversion, internal rotation, and puckering. They expanded the classical scope of chirality, as defined by Kelvin, and indicated that a new bridge could be formed between the three low-frequency DMP modes and the asymmetric syntheses of chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizi HIROTA
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Perry DS, Bethardy GA, Wang X. The Effect of the Torsional Barrier Height on the Acceleration of Intramolecular Vibrational Relaxation (IVR) by Molecular Flexibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19950990343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kunitski M, Riehn C, Matylitsky VV, Tarakeshwar P, Brutschy B. Pseudorotation in pyrrolidine: rotational coherence spectroscopy and ab initio calculations of a large amplitude intramolecular motion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 12:72-81. [PMID: 20024446 DOI: 10.1039/b917362e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorotation in the pyrrolidine molecule was studied by means of femtosecond degenerate four-wave mixing spectroscopy both in the gas cell at room temperature and under supersonic expansion. The experimental observations were reproduced by a fitted simulation based on a one-dimensional model for pseudorotation. Of the two conformers, axial and equatorial, the latter was found to be stabilized by about 29 +/- 10 cm(-1) relative to the former one. The barrier for pseudorotation was determined to be 220 +/- 20 cm(-1). In addition, quantum chemical calculations of the pseudorotational path of pyrrolidine were performed using the synchronous transit-guided quasi-Newton method at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory. Subsequent CCSD(T) calculations yield the energy preference of the equatorial conformer and the barrier for pseudorotation to be 17 and 284 cm(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Kunitski
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 760438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kummli DS, Frey HM, Leutwyler S. High-Accuracy Structure of Cyclobutane by Femtosecond Rotational Raman Four-Wave Mixing. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11936-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076014+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Blake TA, Glendening ED, Sams RL, Sharpe SW, Xantheas SS. High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy in the 1200−1300 cm-1 Region and Accurate Theoretical Estimates for the Structure and Ring-Puckering Barrier of Perfluorocyclobutane. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:11328-41. [PMID: 17616110 DOI: 10.1021/jp072521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present experimental infrared spectra and theoretical electronic structure results for the geometry, anharmonic vibrational frequencies, and accurate estimates of the magnitude and the origin of the ring-puckering barrier in C4F8. High-resolution (0.0015 cm-1) spectra of the nu12 and nu13 parallel bands of perfluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8) were recorded for the first time by expanding a 10% c-C4F8 in helium mixture in a supersonic jet. Both bands are observed to be rotationally resolved in a jet with a rotational temperature of 15 K. The nu12 mode has b2 symmetry under D2d that correlates to a2u symmetry under D4h and consequently has +/- <-- +/- ring-puckering selection rules. A rigid rotor fit of the nu12 band yields the origin at 1292.56031(2) cm-1 with B' = 0.0354137(3) cm-1 and B' ' = 0.0354363(3) cm-1. The nu13 mode is of b2 symmetry under D2d that correlates to b2g under D4h, and in this case, the ring-puckering selection rules are +/- <-- -/+ . Rotational transitions from the ground and first excited torsional states will be separated by the torsional splitting in the ground and excited vibrational states, and indeed, we observe a splitting of each transition into strong and weak intensity components with a separation of approximately 0.0018 cm-1. The strong and weak sets of transitions were fit separately again using a rigid rotor model to give nu13(strong) = 1240.34858(4) cm-1, B' = 0.0354192(7) cm-1, and B' ' = 0.0354355(7) cm-1 and nu13(weak) = 1240.34674(5) cm-1, B' = 0.0354188(9) cm-1, and B' ' = 0.0354360(7) cm-1. High-level electronic structure calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory with the family of correlation consistent basis sets of quadruple-zeta quality, developed by Dunning and co-workers, yield best estimates for the vibrationally averaged structural parameters r(C-C) = 1.568 A, r(C-F)alpha = 1.340 A, r(C-F)beta = 1.329 A, alpha(F-C-F) = 110.3 degrees , thetaz(C-C-C) = 89.1 degrees , and delta(C-C-C-C) = 14.6 degrees and rotational constants of A = B = 0.03543 cm-1 and C = 0.02898 cm-1, the latter within 0.00002 cm-1 from the experimentally determined values. Anharmonic vibrational frequencies computed using higher energy derivatives at the MP2 level of theory are all within <27 cm-1 (in most cases <5 cm-1) from the experimentally measured fundamentals. Our best estimate for the ring-puckering barrier at the CCSD(T)/CBS (complete basis set) limit is 132 cm-1. Analysis of the C4F8 electron density suggests that the puckering barrier arises principally from the sigmaCC-->sigmaCF hyperconjugative interactions that are more strongly stabilizing in the puckered than in the planar form. These interactions are, however, somewhat weaker in C4F8 than in C4H8, a fact that is consistent with the smaller barrier in the former (132 cm-1) with respect to the latter (498 cm-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Blake
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Yoo HS, DeWitt MJ, Pate BH. Vibrational Dynamics of Terminal Acetylenes: I. Comparison of the Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution Rate of Gases and the Total Relaxation Rate of Dilute Solutions at Room Temperature. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S. Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Merrick J. DeWitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
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Badawi HM, Förner W. Density functional calculations of vibrational wavenumbers, ring puckering, and asymmetric CHO potential functions for cyclobutanecarboxaldehyde: comparative study between theoretical and experimental spectra. J Mol Struct 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Engelhardt C, Keske JC, Rees FS, Self-Medlin YB, Yoo HS, Pate BH. Very Slow Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Redistribution (IVR) for Molecules in Planar Conformations. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010300i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Engelhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - John C. Keske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Frances S. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Yehudi B. Self-Medlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Hyun S. Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Rd., Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
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Cavagnat D, Lespade L. CH-stretching overtone spectra of a fast rotating methyl group. II. Toluenes C6D5CH2D and C6D5CHD2. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1355314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, normal coordinate analysis, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment of 1–methylsilacyclobutane. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Pratt DW. HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY IN THE GAS PHASE: Even Large Molecules Have Well-Defined Shapes. Annu Rev Phys Chem 1998; 49:481-530. [PMID: 15012435 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract A review of recent high-resolution microwave, infrared, and optical spectroscopy experiments demonstrates that remarkable progress has been made in the past 20 years in determining the equilibrium geometries of large polyatomic molecules and their clusters in the gas phase, and how these geometries change when the photon is absorbed. A special focus is on the dynamical information that can be obtained from such studies, particularly of electronically excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA. pratt+@pitt.edu
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14
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Frost RK, Hagemeister FC, Arrington CA, Zwier TS, Jordan KD. Fluorescence‐dip infrared spectroscopy of tropolone and tropolone‐OD. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- George W. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry and Columbia Radiation Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | | | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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16
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Cavagnat D, Lespade L, Lapouge C. Internal dynamics contributions to the CH stretching overtone spectra of gaseous monohydrogenated nitromethane NO2CHD2. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Hurst SM, Wilcox CF, Bauer SH. Spectral signatures of critical transition structures derived from temperature‐dependent IR spectra. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.470470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Nicholson JA, Lawrence WD. Evidence that irreversible intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution is slow for ring modes up to 8200 cm−1 in S0 benzene. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00222-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Miller CC, Hewett KB, Shen M, Philips LA. Optothermal detection of nonradiative relaxation channels in electronically excited molecules. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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