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Fletcher JD, Lanfri L, Ritchie GAD, Hancock G, Islam M, Richmond G. Time-resolved observations of vibrationally excited NO X 2Π ( v') formed from collisional quenching of NO A 2Σ + ( v = 0) by NO X 2Π: evidence for the participation of the NO a 4Π state. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20478-20488. [PMID: 34498634 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved observations have been made of the formation of vibrationally excited NO X 2Π (v') following collisional quenching of NO A 2Σ+ (v = 0) by NO X 2Π (v = 0). Two time scales are observed, namely a fast production rate consistent with direct formation from the quenching of the electronically excited NO A state, together with a slow component, the magnitude and rate of formation of which depend upon NO pressure. A reservoir state formed by quenching of NO A 2Σ+ (v = 0) is invoked to explain the observations, and the available evidence points to this state being the first electronically excited state of NO, a 4Π. The rate constant for quenching of the a 4Π state to levels v' = 11-16 by NO is measured as (8.80 ± 1.1) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K where the error quoted is two standard deviations, and from measurements of the increased formation of high vibrational levels of NO(X) by the slow process we estimate a lower limit for the fraction of self-quenching collisions of NO A 2Σ+ (v = 0) which lead to NO a 4Π as 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Lucia Lanfri
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, INFIQC CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Grant A D Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Gus Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Meez Islam
- School of Science and Engineering, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK
| | - Graham Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK.
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Blackshaw KJ, Quartey NK, Korb RT, Hood DJ, Hettwer CD, Kidwell NM. Imaging the nonreactive collisional quenching dynamics of NO (A 2Σ +) radicals with O 2 (X 3Σ g -). J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104304. [PMID: 31521090 DOI: 10.1063/1.5109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) radicals are ubiquitous chemical intermediates present in the atmosphere and in combustion processes, where laser-induced fluorescence is extensively used on the NO (A2Σ+ ← X2Π) band to report on fuel-burning properties. However, accurate fluorescence quantum yields and NO concentration measurements are impeded by electronic quenching of NO (A2Σ+) to NO (X2Π) with colliding atomic and molecular species. To improve predictive combustion models and develop a molecular-level understanding of NO (A2Σ+) quenching, we report the velocity map ion images and product state distributions of NO (X2Π, v″ = 0, J″, Fn, Λ) following nonreactive collisional quenching of NO (A2Σ+) with molecular oxygen, O2 (X3Σg -). A novel dual-flow pulse valve nozzle is constructed and implemented to carry out the NO (A2Σ+) electronic quenching studies and to limit NO2 formation. The isotropic ion images reveal that the NO-O2 system evolves through a long-lived NO3 collision complex prior to formation of products. Furthermore, the corresponding total kinetic energy release distributions support that O2 collision coproducts are formed primarily in the c1Σu - electronic state with NO (X2Π, v″ = 0, J″, Fn, Λ). The product state distributions also indicate that NO (X2Π) is generated with a propensity to occupy the Π(A″) Λ-doublet state, which is consistent with the NO π* orbital aligned perpendicular to nuclear rotation. The deviations between experimental results and statistical phase space theory simulations illustrate the key role that the conical intersection plays in the quenching dynamics to funnel population to product rovibronic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jacob Blackshaw
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - Naa-Kwarley Quartey
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - Robert T Korb
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - David J Hood
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - Christian D Hettwer
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - Nathanael M Kidwell
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
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3
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Caridade PJSB, Li J, Mota VC, Varandas AJC. The O + NO( v) Vibrational Relaxation Processes Revisited. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5299-5310. [PMID: 29792431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have carried out a quasiclassical trajectory study of the O + NO( v) energy transfer process using DMBE potential energy surfaces for the ground-states of the 2A' and 2A″ manifolds. State-to-state vibrational relaxation rate constants have been computed over the temperature range 298 and 3000 K and initial vibrational states between v = 1 and 9. The momentum-Gaussian binning approach has been employed to calculate the probability of the vibrational transitions. A comparison of the calculated state-to-state rate coefficients with the results from experimental studies and previous theoretical calculations shows the relevance of the 1 2A″ potential energy surface to the title vibrational relaxation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J S B Caridade
- Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Jing Li
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Polarization and Information Technology , Qufu Normal University , 273165 , Qufu , China
| | - V C Mota
- Departamento de Física , Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória , ES 29075-910 , Brazil
| | - A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Polarization and Information Technology , Qufu Normal University , 273165 , Qufu , China.,Chemistry Centre and Chemistry Department , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
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Tamé-Reyes VM, Gardner AM, Harris JP, McDaniel J, Wright TG. Spectroscopy of the à state of NO–alkane complexes (alkane = methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:214307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4768811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Meyer H. The Ã-state dissociation continuum of NO-Ar and its near infrared spectrum. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:204308. [PMID: 22667561 DOI: 10.1063/1.4722885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After preparing NO-Ar in a vibrational state correlating with the first overtone vibration in NO, we recorded its hot band UV spectrum by monitoring simultaneously the intensity in the NO(+) and the NO(+)-Ar ion channels. In this way, the bound as well as the continuous part of the electronic Ã←X̃ spectrum are observed directly. Below the dissociation threshold, the intensity is found exclusively in the NO(+)-Ar ion channel while above it is found in the NO fragment ion channel. We observe simultaneously intensity in both ion channels only for a very narrow frequency range near the dissociation threshold. Structures in the dissociation spectrum correlate well with the thresholds for production of NO(A) in different rotational states. At frequencies well above the dissociation threshold, NO-Ar is detected efficiently as a NO fragment. This fact has been exploited to record the near IR spectrum of NO-Ar with significantly increased sensitivity. The dissociation detected spectra are essentially identical to our previous constant photon energy sum (CONPHOENERS) scans [B. Wen, Y. Kim, H. Meyer, J. Kłos, and M. H. Alexander, J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 9483 (2008)]. Several hot band spectra have been remeasured with improved sensitivity enabling a comprehensive analysis yielding for the first time spectroscopic constants for levels associated with the potential surfaces of NO-Ar correlating with NO(v(NO) = 0 and 2). Since many NO-X complexes do not have a strong bound Ã-state spectrum, although they do have a Ã-state dissociation continuum, there is the possibility to record their near IR spectra by employing dissociation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meyer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2451, USA
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Wen B, Meyer H, Kłos J. The structure of the NO(X (2)Pi)-N(2) complex: A joint experimental-theoretical study. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:154305. [PMID: 20423179 DOI: 10.1063/1.3380666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first measurement of the spectrum of the NO-N(2) complex in the region of the first vibrational NO overtone transition. The origin band of the complex is blueshifted by 0.30 cm(-1) from the corresponding NO monomer frequency. The observed spectrum consists of three bands assigned to the origin band, the excitation of one quantum of z-axis rotation and one associated hot band. The spacing of the bands and the rotational structure indicate a T-shaped vibrationally averaged structure with the NO molecule forming the top of the T. These findings are confirmed by high level ab initio calculations of the potential energy surfaces in planar symmetry. The deepest minimum is found for a T-shaped geometry on the A(")-surface. As a result the sum potential also has the global minimum for this structure. The different potential surfaces show several additional local minima at slightly higher energies indicating that the complex most likely will perform large amplitude motion even in its ground vibrational state. Nevertheless, as suggested by the measured spectra, the complex must, on average, spend a substantial amount of time near the T-shaped configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2451, USA
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7
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Hancock G, Morrison M, Saunders M. Vibrational relaxation of NO (v = 1-16) with NO, N2O, NO2, He and Ar studied by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8507-15. [PMID: 19774281 DOI: 10.1039/b909195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rates of vibrational quenching of NO (v = 1-16) in collisions with a series of quenching species NO, NO2, N2O, He and Ar have been measured at 295 K. NO (v) was formed both by the O(1D) + N2O reaction and the 193 nm photolysis of NO(2), and time-resolved FTIR emission was used to follow the behaviour of the vibrationally excited species. The trends in quenching rate constants can be explained in terms of V-T transfer, V-V transfer and by the effects of competing processes. He and Ar show trends expected from SSH theory, but with relaxation rates that are considerably higher than those expected from previous studies with closed shell molecules, and the influence of non-adiabatic pathways in the relaxation of the NO 2Pi state is discussed. Relaxation with NO2 shows the influence of resonant energy transfer to the nu3 mode, with rate constants peaking at v = 10. For N2O, relaxation rates show essentially a linear increase with v. A linear increase is expected for the change of the transition moment with v for the harmonic oscillator approximation, and when this is taken into account the "reduced probabilities" (defined as P/v, where P is probability of a gas kinetic collision changing the vibrational level from v to v-1) are approximately independent of the energy lost in the NO molecule. The influence of complex formation far from resonance is invoked in both this and for quenching of low vibrational levels by NO2. Finally, self-quenching shows rates which initially decrease with increasing v, but then show a marked increase, with a minimum value at v = 9. Both V-V and V-T processes are believed to occur. Where previously published data are available, general agreement is observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3QZ.
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Patnaik AK, Roy S, Gord JR, Lucht RP, Settersten TB. Effects of collisions on electronic-resonance-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of nitric oxide. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:214304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3137106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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9
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Tsuji M, Kawahara M, Noda K, Senda M, Sako H, Kamo N, Kawahara T, Kamarudin KSN. Photochemical removal of NO(2) by using 172-nm Xe(2) excimer lamp in N(2) or air at atmospheric pressure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 162:1025-1033. [PMID: 18614279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical removal of NO(2) in N(2) or air (5-20% O(2)) mixtures was studied by using 172-nm Xe(2) excimer lamps to develop a new simple photochemical aftertreatment technique of NO(2) in air at atmospheric pressure without using any catalysts. When a high power lamp (300 mW/cm(2)) was used, the conversion of NO(2) (200-1000 ppm) to N(2) and O(2) in N(2) was >93% after 1 min irradiation, whereas that to N(2)O(5), HNO(3), N(2), and O(2) in air (10% O(2)) was 100% after 5s irradiation in a batch system. In a flow system, about 92% of NO(2) (200 ppm) in N(2) was converted to N(2) and O(2), whereas NO(2) (200-400 ppm) in air (20% O(2)) could be completely converted to N(2)O(5), HNO(3), N(2), and O(2) at a flow rate of 1l/min. It was found that NO could also be decomposed to N(2) and O(2) under 172-nm irradiation, though the removal rate is slower than that of NO(2) by a factor of 3.8. A simple model analysis assuming a consecutive reaction NO(2)-->NO-->N+O indicated that 86% of NO(2) is decomposed directly into N+O(2) and the rest is dissociated into NO+O under 172-nm irradiation. These results led us to conclude that the present technique is a new promising catalyst-free photochemical aftertreatment method of NO(2) in N(2) and air in a flow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
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10
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Vibrational relaxation of NO (v=1–16) in collisions with O2 studied by time resolved Fourier transform infrared emission. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Settersten TB, Patterson BD, Kronemayer H, Sick V, Schulz C, Daily JW. Branching ratios for quenching of nitric oxide A2Σ+(ν′ = 0) to X2Π(ν″ = 0). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:5328-38. [DOI: 10.1039/b608619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Tsuji M, Noda K, Sako H, Hamagami T, Tsuji T. Efficient Decomposition of NO2into N2and O2by 193-nm ArF Laser in N2Atmosphere. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Potter AB, Wei J, Reisler H. Photoinitiated Predissociation of the NO Dimer in the Region of the Second and Third NO Stretch Overtones. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8407-14. [PMID: 16851987 DOI: 10.1021/jp046226w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photofragment yield spectra and NO(X(2)Pi(1/2,3/2); v = 1, 2, 3) product vibrational, rotational, and spin-orbit state distributions were measured following NO dimer excitation in the 4000-7400 cm(-1) region in a molecular beam. Photofragment yield spectra were obtained by monitoring NO(X(2)Pi; v = 1, 2, 3) dissociation products via resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. New bands that include the symmetric nu(1) and asymmetric nu(5) NO stretch modes were observed and assigned as 3nu(5), 2nu(1) + nu(5), nu(1) + 3nu(5), and 3nu(1) + nu(5). Dissociation occurs primarily via Deltav = -1 processes with vibrational energy confined preferentially to one of the two NO fragments. The vibrationally excited fragments are born with less rotational energy than predicted statistically, and fragments formed via Deltav = -2 processes have a higher rotational temperature than those produced via Deltav = -1 processes. The rotational excitation likely derives from the transformation of low-lying bending and torsional vibrational levels in the dimer into product rotational states. The NO spin-orbit state distribution reveals a slight preference for the ground (2)Pi(1/2) state, and in analogy with previous results, it is suggested that the predominant channel is X(2)Pi(1/2) + X(2)Pi(3/2). It is suggested that the long-range potential in the N-N coordinate is the locus of nonadiabatic transitions to electronic states correlating with excited product spin-orbit states. No evidence of direct excitation to electronic states whose vertical energies lie in the investigated energy region is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Potter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
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14
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Gao Y, Macdonald RG. Determination of the Rate Constant for the NCO(X2Π) + O(3P) Reaction at 292 K. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0222595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yide Gao
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831
| | - R. Glen Macdonald
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4831
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15
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Cartwright DC, Brunger MJ, Campbell L, Mojarrabi B, Teubner PJO. Nitric oxide excited under auroral conditions: Excited state densities and band emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Islam M, Smith IWM. Rotationally specific rates of vibration–vibration energy exchange in collisions of NO(X 2Π1/2,v=3) with NO(X 2Π,v=0). J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Dodd JA, Lockwood RB, Hwang ES, Miller SM, Lipson SJ. Vibrational relaxation of NO(υ=1) by oxygen atoms. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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18
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Rate coefficients for the vibrational self-relaxation of NO(X2Π, ν = 3) at temperatures down to 7 K. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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20
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Shizgal BD, Lordet F. Vibrational nonequilibrium in a supersonic expansion with reaction: Application to O2–O. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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