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Abstract
The theory of electron transfer reactions establishes the conceptual foundation for redox solution chemistry, electrochemistry, and bioenergetics. Electron and proton transfer across the cellular membrane provide all energy of life gained through natural photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Rates of biological charge transfer set kinetic bottlenecks for biological energy storage. The main system-specific parameter determining the activation barrier for a single electron-transfer hop is the reorganization energy of the medium. Both harvesting of light energy in natural and artificial photosynthesis and efficient electron transport in biological energy chains require reduction of the reorganization energy to allow fast transitions. This review article discusses mechanisms by which small values of the reorganization energy are achieved in protein electron transfer and how similar mechanisms can operate in other media, such as nonpolar and ionic liquids. One of the major mechanisms of reorganization energy reduction is through non-Gibbsian (nonergodic) sampling of the medium configurations on the reaction time. A number of alternative mechanisms, such as electrowetting of active sites of proteins, give rise to non-parabolic free energy surfaces of electron transfer. These mechanisms, and nonequilibrium population of donor-acceptor vibrations, lead to a universal phenomenology of separation between the Stokes shift and variance reorganization energies of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Electron transfer in nonpolar media violates the temperature scaling predicted by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences
- Arizona State University
- Tempe
- USA
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3
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Holroyd RA, Miller JR. Rate versus Free Energy Change for Attaching Highly Mobile Electrons to Molecules in Nonpolar Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9206-9211. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Holroyd
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - John R. Miller
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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4
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Dinpajooh M, Martin DR, Matyushov DV. Polarizability of the active site of cytochrome c reduces the activation barrier for electron transfer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28152. [PMID: 27306204 PMCID: PMC4910110 DOI: 10.1038/srep28152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes in biology’s energy chains operate with low energy input distributed through multiple electron transfer steps between protein active sites. The general challenge of biological design is how to lower the activation barrier without sacrificing a large negative reaction free energy. We show that this goal is achieved through a large polarizability of the active site. It is polarized by allowing a large number of excited states, which are populated quantum mechanically by electrostatic fluctuations of the protein and hydration water shells. This perspective is achieved by extensive mixed quantum mechanical/molecular dynamics simulations of the half reaction of reduction of cytochrome c. The barrier for electron transfer is consistently lowered by increasing the number of excited states included in the Hamiltonian of the active site diagonalized along the classical trajectory. We suggest that molecular polarizability, in addition to much studied electrostatics of permanent charges, is a key parameter to consider in order to understand how enzymes work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
| | - Daniel R Martin
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
| | - Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
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Matyushov DV. Protein electron transfer: is biology (thermo)dynamic? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:473001. [PMID: 26558324 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/47/473001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple physical mechanisms are behind the flow of energy in all forms of life. Energy comes to living systems through electrons occupying high-energy states, either from food (respiratory chains) or from light (photosynthesis). This energy is transformed into the cross-membrane proton-motive force that eventually drives all biochemistry of the cell. Life's ability to transfer electrons over large distances with nearly zero loss of free energy is puzzling and has not been accomplished in synthetic systems. The focus of this review is on how this energetic efficiency is realized. General physical mechanisms and interactions that allow proteins to fold into compact water-soluble structures are also responsible for a rugged landscape of energy states and a broad distribution of relaxation times. Specific to a protein as a fluctuating thermal bath is the protein-water interface, which is heterogeneous both dynamically and structurally. The spectrum of interfacial fluctuations is a consequence of protein's elastic flexibility combined with a high density of surface charges polarizing water dipoles into surface nanodomains. Electrostatics is critical to the protein function and the relevant questions are: (i) What is the spectrum of interfacial electrostatic fluctuations? (ii) Does the interfacial biological water produce electrostatic signatures specific to proteins? (iii) How is protein-mediated chemistry affected by electrostatics? These questions connect the fluctuation spectrum to the dynamical control of chemical reactivity, i.e. the dependence of the activation free energy of the reaction on the dynamics of the bath. Ergodicity is often broken in protein-driven reactions and thermodynamic free energies become irrelevant. Continuous ergodicity breaking in a dense spectrum of relaxation times requires using dynamically restricted ensembles to calculate statistical averages. When applied to the calculation of the rates, this formalism leads to the nonergodic activated kinetics, which extends the transition-state theory to dynamically dispersive media. Releasing the grip of thermodynamics in kinetic calculations through nonergodicity provides the mechanism for an efficient optimization between reaction rates and the spectrum of relaxation times of the protein-water thermal bath. Bath dynamics, it appears, play as important role as the free energy in optimizing biology's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA
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6
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Sajadi M, Ernsting NP. Excess Dynamic Stokes Shift of Molecular Probes in Solution. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7675-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp400473n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sajadi
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus P. Ernsting
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kaduk
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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LeBard DN, Kapko V, Matyushov DV. Energetics and kinetics of primary charge separation in bacterial photosynthesis. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:10322-42. [PMID: 18636767 DOI: 10.1021/jp8016503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and formal modeling of the free-energy surfaces and reaction rates of primary charge separation in the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Two simulation protocols were used to produce MD trajectories. Standard force-field potentials were employed in the first protocol. In the second protocol, the special pair was made polarizable to reproduce a high polarizability of its photoexcited state observed by Stark spectroscopy. The charge distribution between covalent and charge-transfer states of the special pair was dynamically adjusted during the simulation run. We found from both protocols that the breadth of electrostatic fluctuations of the protein/water environment far exceeds previous estimates, resulting in about 1.6 eV reorganization energy of electron transfer in the first protocol and 2.5 eV in the second protocol. Most of these electrostatic fluctuations become dynamically frozen on the time scale of primary charge separation, resulting in much smaller solvation contributions to the activation barrier. While water dominates solvation thermodynamics on long observation times, protein emerges as the major thermal bath coupled to electron transfer on the picosecond time of the reaction. Marcus parabolas were obtained for the free-energy surfaces of electron transfer by using the first protocol, while a highly asymmetric surface was obtained in the second protocol. A nonergodic formulation of the diffusion-reaction electron-transfer kinetics has allowed us to reproduce the experimental results for both the temperature dependence of the rate and the nonexponential decay of the population of the photoexcited special pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N LeBard
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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9
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LeBard DN, Matyushov DV. Glassy Protein Dynamics and Gigantic Solvent Reorganization Energy of Plastocyanin. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:5218-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp709586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. LeBard
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
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10
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Abstract
The coupling of electronic transitions within molecules to condensed-phase media involves a complex hierarchy of spatial and dynamical scales. Thermodynamics of activation is related to the length scale of microscopic interactions reflected in the non-Arrhenius reaction kinetics. Solvent dynamics make a particularly strong impact on the activation barrier when the time scale of the reaction is comparable to the relaxation time of the solvent, and the reaction barrier becomes nonergodic. Finally, molecular polarizability is responsible for complex nonparabolic free energy surfaces for electron transfer. We discuss the application of these ideas to soft condensed solvents such as supercooled liquids, liquid crystals, and photosynthetic reaction centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics and Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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11
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Kapko V, Matyushov DV. Dynamical Arrest of Electron Transfer in Liquid Crystalline Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:13184-94. [PMID: 16805631 DOI: 10.1021/jp0615205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We argue that electron transfer reactions in slowly relaxing solvents proceed in the nonergodic regime, making the reaction activation barrier strongly dependent on the solvent dynamics. For typical dielectric relaxation times of polar nematics, electron transfer reactions in the subnanosecond time scale fall into nonergodic regime in which nuclear solvation energies entering the activation barrier are significantly lower than their thermodynamic values. The transition from isotropic to nematic phase results in weak discontinuities of the solvation energies at the transition point and the appearance of solvation anisotropy weakening with increasing solute size. The theory is applied to analyze experimental kinetic data for the electron transfer kinetics in the isotropic phase of 5CB liquid crystalline solvent. We predict that the energy gap law of electron transfer reactions in slowly relaxing solvents is characterized by regions of fast change of the rate at points where the reaction switches between the ergodic and nonergodic regimes. The dependence of the rate on the donor-acceptor separation may also be affected in a way of producing low values for the exponential falloff parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Kapko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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12
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Milischuk AA, Matyushov DV. Quadrupolar solvatochromism: 4-amino-phthalimide in toluene. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:204502. [PMID: 16774348 DOI: 10.1063/1.2199829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present calculations of the temperature dependence of the solvent reorganization energy of 4-amino-phthalimide chromophore in quadrupolar toluene. The reorganization energy is a sum of the contributions from quadrupolar and induction solvation. We employ several calculation formalisms in order to evaluate their performance against the experiment. The point-dipole and full atomic distributions of solute charge are compared to show that the point-dipole approximation works well for this chromophore. We also show that most of the reorganization entropy comes from the quadrupolar response. Induction solvation amounts to about 10% of the entropy. Both the reorganization energy and the reorganization entropy are greatly affected by the local solute-solvent density profile (density reorganization) which contributes about half of their values. The induction reorganization energy is strongly affected by the microscopic, nonlocal nature of the density fluctuations of the solvent around the solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli A Milischuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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13
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Abstract
We present a microscopic theory of equilibrium solvation in solvents with zero dipole moment and nonzero quadrupole moment (quadrupolar solvents). The theory is formulated in terms of autocorrelation functions of the quadrupolar polarization (structure factors). It can be therefore applied to an arbitrary dense quadrupolar solvent for which the structure factors are defined. We formulate a simple analytical perturbation treatment for the structure factors. The solute is described by coordinates, radii, and partial charges of constituent atoms. The theory is tested on Monte Carlo simulations of solvation in model quadrupolar solvents. It is also applied to the calculation of the activation barrier of electron transfer reactions in a cleft-shaped donor-bridge-acceptor complex dissolved in benzene with the structure factors of quadrupolar polarization obtained from molecular-dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli A Milischuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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14
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Abstract
This paper reports measurements of static microscopic dielectric response of several dipolar solvents to charge redistribution in a fluorescent probe. Contrary to recent predictions of dielectric theories and computer simulations of bulk liquids, the observed dielectric response of most solvents conforms to the macroscopic continuum description even at atomic distances, as if these solvents had no spatial intermolecular structure. Such conformance is observed for several probes when the contribution of specific probe-solvent interactions to the response is negligible. However, water, formamide, and glycerol exhibit anomalous responses even though such a probe is used. We discuss a possible reason for the macroscopic-like behavior and a connection between the anomaly and fluctuating structures formed by anomalous solvents near the hydrophobic surface of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Mertz
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bldg. 9, Rm. 1E125, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0924, USA.
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15
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Barto RR, Frank CW, Bedworth PV, Ermer S, Taylor RE. Near-Infrared Optical Absorption Behavior in High-β Nonlinear Optical Chromophore−Polymer Guest−Host Materials. 1. Continuum Dielectric Effects in Polycarbonate Hosts. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037239x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Matyushov DV. Solvent reorganization energy of electron-transfer reactions in polar solvents. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:7532-56. [PMID: 15267667 DOI: 10.1063/1.1676122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A microscopic theory of solvent reorganization energy in polar molecular solvents is developed. The theory represents the solvent response as a combination of the density and polarization fluctuations of the solvent given in terms of the density and polarization structure factors. A fully analytical formulation of the theory is provided for a solute of arbitrary shape with an arbitrary distribution of charge. A good agreement between the analytical procedure and the results of Monte Carlo simulations of model systems is achieved. The reorganization energy splits into the contributions from density fluctuations and polarization fluctuations. The polarization part is dominated by longitudinal polarization response. The density part is inversely proportional to temperature. The dependence of the solvent reorganization energy on the solvent dipole moment and refractive index is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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17
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Burt JA, Zhao X, McHale JL. Inertial solvent dynamics and the analysis of spectral line shapes: Temperature-dependent absorption spectrum of β-carotene in nonpolar solvent. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:4344-54. [PMID: 15268604 DOI: 10.1063/1.1644534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of solvent dynamics on optical spectra is often described by a stochastic model which assumes exponential relaxation of the time-correlation function for solvent-induced frequency fluctuations. In contrast, theory and experiment suggest that the initial (subpicosecond) phase of solvent relaxation, resulting from inertial motion of the solvent, is a Gaussian function of time. In this work, we employ numerical and analytical calculations to compare the predicted absorption line shapes and the derived solvent reorganization energies obtained from exponential (Brownian oscillator) versus Gaussian (inertial) solvent dynamics. Both models predict motional narrowing as the ratio kappa = Lambda/Delta is increased, where Lambda and Delta are the frequency and variance, respectively, of the solvent-induced frequency fluctuations. However, the motional narrowing limit is achieved at lower values of kappa for the Brownian oscillator model compared to the inertial model. For a given line shape, the derived value of the solvent reorganization energy lambdasolv is only weakly dependent on the solvent relaxation model employed, though different solvent parameters Lambda and Delta are obtained. The two models are applied to the analysis of the temperature-dependent absorption spectrum of beta-carotene in isopentane and CS2. The derived values of lambdasolv using the Gaussian model are found to be in better agreement with the high temperature limit of Delta2/2kBT than are the values obtained using the Brownian oscillator model. In either approach, the solvent reorganization energy is found to increase slightly with temperature as a result of an increase in the variance Delta of the solvent-induced frequency fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Burt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA
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18
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Gupta S, Matyushov DV. Effects of Solvent and Solute Polarizability on the Reorganization Energy of Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, PO Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, PO Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604
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19
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Mataga N, Taniguchi S, Chosrowjan H, Osuka A, Yoshida N. Ultrafast charge transfer and radiationless relaxations from higher excited state (S2) of directly linked Zn-porphyrin (ZP)-acceptor dyads: investigations into fundamental problems of exciplex chemistry. Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Matyushov DV, Newton MD. Understanding the Optical Band Shape: Coumarin-153 Steady-State Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Marshall D. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000
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21
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Takebayashi Y, Kimura Y, Ohba M. Density dependence of solvation properties in polar dumbbell fluids from gaseous to liquid densities. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vath P, Zimmt MB. A Spectroscopic Study of Solvent Reorganization Energy: Dependence on Temperature, Charge Transfer Distance, and the Type of Solute−Solvent Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993667k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vath
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Matthew B. Zimmt
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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23
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Matyushov DV, Voth GA. A Theory of Electron Transfer and Steady-State Optical Spectra of Chromophores with Varying Electronic Polarizability. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991246x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Read I, Napper A, Kaplan R, Zimmt MB, Waldeck DH. Solvent-Mediated Electronic Coupling: The Role of Solvent Placement. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja992281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Read
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - A. Napper
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - R. Kaplan
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - M. B. Zimmt
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - D. H. Waldeck
- Contribution from the Departments of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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25
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Yamaguchi T, Kimura Y, Hirota N. The role of the attractive and the repulsive interactions in the nonpolar solvation dynamics in simple fluids from the gas-like to the liquid-like densities. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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26
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Vath P, Zimmt MB, Matyushov DV, Voth GA. A Failure of Continuum Theory: Temperature Dependence of the Solvent Reorganization Energy of Electron Transfer in Highly Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp990494q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Matyushov DV, Ladanyi BM. Spontaneous Emission and Nonadiabatic Electron Transfer Rates in Condensed Phases. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Branka M. Ladanyi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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28
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A frequency-resolved cavity model (FRCM) for treating equilibrium and non-equilibrium solvation energies. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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A frequency-resolved cavity model (FRCM) for treating equilibrium and non-equilibrium solvation energies. Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(98)00101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Matyushov DV, Ladanyi BM. Dispersion solute-solvent coupling in electron transfer reactions. I. Effective potential. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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31
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Herbich J, Kapturkiewicz A. Electronic Structure and Molecular Conformation in the Excited Charge Transfer Singlet States of 9-Acridyl and Other Aryl Derivatives of Aromatic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Herbich
- Contribution from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kapturkiewicz
- Contribution from the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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32
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Kimura Y, Takebayashi Y, Hirota N. Effect of the solvent density and species on the back-electron transfer rate in the hexamethylbenzene/tetracyanoethylene charge-transfer complex. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Yamaguchi T, Kimura Y, Hirota N. Solvent and Solvent Density Effects on the Spectral Shifts and the Bandwidths of the Absorption and the Resonance Raman Spectra of Phenol Blue. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971310f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - N. Hirota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
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Matyushov DV, Ladanyi BM. Nonlinear effects in dipole solvation. II. Optical spectra and electron transfer activation. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R, Ladanyi BM. A Thermodynamic Analysis of the π* and ET(30) Polarity Scales. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961609i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Branka M. Ladanyi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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Kim HJ. Electronically adiabatic reaction field approach to solvation. II. Solvent effects on electronic spectra. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R. A thermodynamic analysis of solvation in dipolar liquids. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.472333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Matyushov DV, Schmid R. Calculation of Lennard‐Jones energies of molecular fluids. J Chem Phys 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.471551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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