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Li HF, Wang HQ, Zhang YK. Exploring the Structural and Electronic Properties of Niobium Carbide Clusters: A Density Functional Theory Study. Molecules 2024; 29:3238. [PMID: 38999190 PMCID: PMC11243446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper systematically investigates the structure, stability, and electronic properties of niobium carbide clusters, NbmCn (m = 5, 6; n = 1-7), using density functional theory. Nb5C2 and Nb5C6 possess higher dissociation energies and second-order difference energies, indicating that they have higher thermodynamic stability. Moreover, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are used to demonstrate the thermal stability of these structures. The analysis of the density of states indicates that the molecular orbitals of NbmCn (m = 5, 6; n = 1-7) are primarily contributed by niobium atoms, with carbon atoms having a smaller contribution. The composition of the frontier molecular orbitals reveals that niobium atoms contribute approximately 73.1% to 99.8% to NbmCn clusters, while carbon atoms contribute about 0.2% to 26.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
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Chernyy V, Logemann R, Bakker JM, Kirilyuk A. Determination of the geometric structure of neutral niobium carbide clusters via infrared spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Chernyy
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Logemann
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Kirilyuk
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cheng SB, Castleman AW. Joint Photoelectron Imaging Spectroscopic and Theoretical Characterization on the Electronic Structures of the Anionic and Neutral ZrC2 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6935-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505648u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bo Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Dryza V, Metha GF. Threshold photoionization and density functional theory studies of bimetallic-carbide nanocrystals and fragments: Ta3ZrC(y) (y = 0-4). J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244301. [PMID: 19566147 DOI: 10.1063/1.3154384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase bimetallic tantalum-zirconium-carbide clusters are generated using a constructed double ablation cluster source. The Ta(3)ZrC(y) (y = 0-4) clusters are examined by photoionization efficiency spectroscopy to extract experimental ionization energies (IEs). The IE trend for the Ta(3)ZrC(y) cluster series is reasonably similar to that of the Ta(4)C(y) cluster series [V. Dryza et al., J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 11180 (2005)], although the IE reductions upon carbon addition are greater for the former. Complementary density functional theory calculations are performed for the various isomers constructed by attaching carbon atoms to the different faces of the tetrahedral Ta(3)Zr cluster. The good agreement between the experimental IE trend and that calculated for these isomers support a 2x2x2 face centered cubic nanocrystal structure for Ta(4)ZrC(4) and nanocrystal fragment structures for the smaller clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dryza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Davis KM, Peppernick SJ, Castleman AW. Metal-carbon clusters: the origin of the delayed atomic ion. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:164304. [PMID: 16674132 DOI: 10.1063/1.2171692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the emission of electrons from excited metal-carbon cluster systems that include the Met-Car (M(8)C(12), where M is Ti, Zr, and V) also have revealed the evolution of a delayed atomic ion. The source of the delayed atomic ion, which involves the emission of ionized atoms on the microsecond time scale, is the focus of this investigation. By studying the delayed ionization of mixed zirconium and titanium carbon complexes produced in a laser vaporization source coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, for the first time both the zirconium and titanium delayed atomic ions were observed to be emitted in the same experiment. These studies allowed a determination that the source of the delayed atomic ion is an excited metal dicarbide. A plausible mechanism involving the excitation of a high Rydberg state of the metal dicarbide prior to an excited ion pair separation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Dermota
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Lightstone JM, Mann HA, Wu M, Johnson PM, White MG. Gas-Phase Production of Molybdenum Carbide, Nitride, and Sulfide Clusters and Nanocrystallites. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027674b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Lightstone
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 and Chemistry Department, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11974
| | - Heather A. Mann
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 and Chemistry Department, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11974
| | - Ming Wu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 and Chemistry Department, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11974
| | - Philip M. Johnson
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 and Chemistry Department, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11974
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 and Chemistry Department, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11974
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12
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Leskiw BD, Knappenberger KL, Castleman AW. Relaxation dynamics of the electronically excited vanadium Met–Car cluster. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1512653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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van Heijnsbergen D, von Helden G, Meijer G, Duncan MA. Infrared resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization spectroscopy of magnesium oxide clusters. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1432999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Harris H, Dance I. The Geometric and Electronic Structures of Niobium Carbon Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0035535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Harris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ian Dance
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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von Helden G, van Heijnsbergen D, Duncan MA, Meijer G. IR-REMPI of vanadium-carbide nanocrystals: Ideal versus truncated lattices. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Campbell EE, Levine RD. Delayed ionization and fragmentation en route to thermionic emission: statistics and dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2000; 51:65-98. [PMID: 11031276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.51.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thermionic emission is discussed as a long time (microseconds) decay mode of energy-rich large molecules, metallic and metcar clusters, and fullerenes. We review what is known and consider the many experiments, systems, and theoretical and computational studies that still need to be done. We conclude with a wish list for future work. Particular attention is given to the experimental signatures, such as the dependence on the mode of energy acquisition, and theoretical indications of a not-quite-statistical delayed ionization and to the competition of electron emission with other decay modes, such as fragmentation or radiative cooling. Coupling of the electronic and nuclear modes can be a bottleneck and quite long time-delayed ionization can be observed, as in the decay of high Rydberg states probed by ZEKE spectroscopy, before the onset of complete energy partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Campbell
- School of Physics and Engineering Physics, Göteborg University, Göteborg, SE-41296 Sweden.
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Rohmer MM, Bénard M, Poblet JM. Structure, reactivity, and growth pathways of metallocarbohedrenes m(8)c(12) and transition metal/carbon clusters and nanocrystals: a challenge to computational chemistry. Chem Rev 2000; 100:495-542. [PMID: 11749244 DOI: 10.1021/cr9803885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rohmer
- Departament de Quimica Fisica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, E-43005 Tarragona, Spain
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Zelenyuk A, Cabalo J, Baer T, Miller RE. Mass Spectrometry of Liquid Aniline Aerosol Particles by IR/UV Laser Irradiation. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1802-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980971l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Zelenyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Jerry Cabalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Tomas Baer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Roger E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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Sakurai H, Castleman AW. Ionization Potentials for the Titanium, Zirconium, and the Mixed Metal Met-Cars. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Kooi SE, Castleman AW. Delayed ionization in transition metal–carbon clusters: Further evidence for the role of thermionic emission. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongping Deng
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3016
| | - Olof Echt
- Department of Physics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3016
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Deng H, Kerns K, Bell R, Castleman A. Oxidation induced ionization and reactions of metal carbide clusters (Nb, Zr, V, Ta). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1176(97)00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Muñoz J, Pujol C, Bo C, Poblet JM, Rohmer MM, Benard M. DFT Description of Binary Metal Met-Cars TixZryC12 (x + y = 8) and of Some Conformers of the M6C12, M7C12, and M8C13 Clusters (M = Ti, Zr). J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971829b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Muñoz
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cinta Pujol
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Carles Bo
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Josep-M. Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Madeleine Rohmer
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Benard
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Pc. Imperial Tarraco 1, 43005-Tarragona, Spain, and Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, UPR 139 du CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4 rue B. Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Sakurai H, Castleman AW. Titanium−Carbon Clusters: New Evidence for High Stability of Neutral Met-Cars. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970947w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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May BD, Kooi SE, Toleno BJ, Castleman AW. Photodissociation of binary metal metallocarbohedrenes. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.474118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Castleman AW, Bowen KH. Clusters: Structure, Energetics, and Dynamics of Intermediate States of Matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Castleman
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 152 Davey Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - K. H. Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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