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Agbaglo DA, Cheng Q, Fortenberry RC, Stanton JF, DeYonker NJ. Theoretical Rovibrational Spectroscopy of Magnesium Tricarbide-Multireference Character Thwarts a Full Analysis of All Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4132-4146. [PMID: 35758849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium tricarbide isomers are studied herein with coupled cluster theory and multireference configuration interaction to support their possible detection in astrochemical environments such as the circumstellar envelope surrounding the star IRC +10216 or in terrestrial laboratories. Magnesium-bearing species may abound in the interstellar medium (ISM), but only eight (MgNC, MgCN, HMgNC, MgC2H, MgC3N, MgC4H, MgC5N, and MgC6H) have been directly identified thus far. Several possible isomers for the related MgC3 system are explored in their singlet and triplet spin multiplicities. Overall, this work offers quantum chemical insight of rovibrational spectroscopic data for MgC3 using quartic force fields (QFFs) based on the CCSD(T) and CCSD(T)-F12 levels of theory at the complete basis set (CBS) limit. Additional corrections with small basis set CCSDT(Q) and scalar relativistic effects are also included in the analysis. Salient multireference character is found in the singlet diamond electronic state, which makes a definitive assignment of the ground state challenging. Nevertheless, coupled cluster-based composite energies and multireference configuration interaction both predict that the 1A1 diamond isomer is 1.6-2.2 kcal mol-1 lower in energy than the 3A1 diamond isomer. Furthermore, highly accurate binding energies of various isomers MgC3 are provided for comparison to photodetachment experiments. Dipole moments along with harmonic infrared intensities will guide efforts for astronomical and spectroscopic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatus A Agbaglo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38151, United States
| | - Qianyi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38151, United States
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nathan J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38151, United States
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Abubakar Alao A, Hsu WD. Kinetics and thermodynamics of silicon carbide physical vapor transport reactions: A quantum chemistry and kinetic Monte Carlo approach. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Babin MC, DeWitt M, Weichman ML, DeVine JA, Neumark DM. High-resolution anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled 4-atom silicon carbides. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1817596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Babin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin DeWitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marissa L. Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jessalyn A. DeVine
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Thirumoorthy K, Cooksy AL, Thimmakondu VS. Si 2C 5H 2 isomers - search algorithms versus chemical intuition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5865-5872. [PMID: 32108184 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pros and cons of using search algorithms alone in identifying new geometries have been discussed by using the Si2C5H2 elemental composition as an example. Within 30 kcal mol-1 at the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVP//PBE0/def2-TZVP level of theory, the coalescence kick and cuckoo methods postulate merely four isomers (1, 3, 6, and 7) for Si2C5H2 (O. Yañez et. al., Chem. Commun., 2017, 53, 12112). On the contrary, chemical intuition yields fourteen (2, 4, 5, and 8-18) new isomers within the same energy range at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. Based on the relative energies of the first eleven isomers of Si2C5H2 (1, C2v, 0.00; 2, Cs, 21.39; 3, Cs, 21.95; 4, Cs, 22.76; 5, Cs, 24.74; 6, Cs, 25.34; 7, Cs, 25.64; 8, Cs, 25.79; 9, Cs, 27.20; 10, C2v, 28.59; and 11, C2v, 29.16 kcal mol-1) calculated at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory, it is evident that the search algorithms had missed at least seven isomers in the same energy range. The relative energy gaps of isomers 12-18 fall in the range of 30-40 kcal mol-1 at the latter level of theory. Consequentially, this scenario triggers a speculation going forward with search algorithms alone in the search of all new isomers. While one cannot underestimate the power of these algorithms, the role of chemical intuition may not be completely neglected. Retrospectively, the fourteen new isomers found by chemical intuition may help in writing better search algorithms. All eighteen isomers - including the most stable isomer with a planar tetracoordinate carbon atom 1- remain elusive in the laboratory to date. Thus, structural and spectroscopic parameters have been presented here, which may possibly aid the future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Job N, Karton A, Thirumoorthy K, Cooksy AL, Thimmakondu VS. Theoretical Studies of SiC 4H 2 Isomers Delineate Three Low-Lying Silylidenes Are Missing in the Laboratory. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:987-1002. [PMID: 31904236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eleven isomers of SiC4H2 lying within 50 kcal mol-1 have been theoretically investigated using density functional theory and high-level coupled-cluster methods. Among them, four isomers, 1-ethynyl-3-silacycloprop-1(2)-en-3-ylidene (1), diethynylsilylidene (2), 1-sila-1,2,3,4-pentatetraenylidene (4), and 1,3-butadiynylsilylidene (5), have already been identified in the laboratory. The current investigation reports three low-lying (<1 eV) silylidenes [2-methylenesilabicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-en-4-ylidene (3), 4-sila-2-methylenebicyclo[1.1.0]but-1(3)-en-4-ylidene (6), and 3-ethynyl-1-silapropadienylidene (7)] and three high-lying (>1 eV) silylidenes [2-sila-(didehydrovinylidene)cyclopropene (8), an isomer with a planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom (10), and 1-ethynyl-1-silapropadienylidene (11)], which remain elusive in the laboratory to date. Isomer 9 also contains a ptC atom, which turned out to be a transition state at all levels. Though all isomers are polar (μ ≠ 0), rotational spectrum is available only for 4. Using matrix isolation, three isomers (1, 2, and 5) have been trapped in the laboratory at 10 K. Considering the astrochemical relevance of silicon-carbide clusters in the interstellar medium, the current theoretical data demand new molecular spectroscopic studies on SiC4H2. Surprisingly, unlike the isovalent C5H2 isomers, where the bent carbenes are yet to be identified in the laboratory, the bent silylidenes (2 and 5) have been trapped in the case of SiC4H2. In both the cases, molecules with transannular C-C and/or Si-C bonds remain elusive, though they lie in the low-lying region. Using suitable precursors, whether these peculiar geometries (especially 3 and 6) would be identified or not in the laboratory needs to be addressed by molecular spectroscopists. The present investigation documents structural and spectroscopic information of SiC4H2 isomers, which may compliment future molecular spectroscopic observations including radioastronomical searches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Job
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore 632014 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences , The University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences , Vellore Institute of Technology , Vellore 632014 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Andrew L Cooksy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182-1030 , United States
| | - Venkatesan S Thimmakondu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , San Diego , California 92182-1030 , United States
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7
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Byrd JN, Lutz JJ, Jin Y, Ranasinghe DS, Montgomery JA, Perera A, Duan XF, Burggraf LW, Sanders BA, Bartlett RJ. Predictive coupled-cluster isomer orderings for some SinCm(m,n≤ 12) clusters: A pragmatic comparison between DFT and complete basis limit coupled-cluster benchmarks. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:024312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4955196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason N. Byrd
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- ENSCO, Inc., 4849 North Wickham Road, Melbourne, Florida 32940, USA
| | - Jesse J. Lutz
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Yifan Jin
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | - John A. Montgomery
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Ajith Perera
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Xiaofeng F. Duan
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory DoD Supercomputing Resource Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Larry W. Burggraf
- Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Beverly A. Sanders
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Rodney J. Bartlett
- Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Sui JJ, Xu J, Ding YH. A template for a planar tetracoordinate heavier group 14 atom: a global study of C2Si2X(q) (X = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; q = +1, 0, -1). Dalton Trans 2016; 45:56-60. [PMID: 26605837 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03989d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a global isomeric study, we computationally identified the first structural template C2Si2X that could encompass a planar tetracoordinate X for all the heavier group 14 elements X in the 0, +1 or -1 charge state. We thus significantly expanded the traditional 16/17/18ve rules to 19/20/21ve for ptX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Sui
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China.
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McCarthy MC, Baraban JH, Changala PB, Stanton JF, Martin-Drumel MA, Thorwirth S, Gottlieb CA, Reilly NJ. Discovery of a Missing Link: Detection and Structure of the Elusive Disilicon Carbide Cluster. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2107-2111. [PMID: 26266510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The rotational spectrum of the elusive but fundamentally important silicon carbide SiCSi has been detected using sensitive microwave techniques aided by high-level ab initio methods. Its equilibrium structure has been determined to very high precision using isotopic substitution and vibrational corrections calculated quantum-chemically: it is an isosceles triangle with a Si-C bond length of 1.693(1) Å, and an apex angle of 114.87(5)°. Now that all four Si(m)C(n) clusters with m + n = 3 have been observed experimentally, their structure and chemical bonding can be rigorously compared. Because Si2C is so closely linked to other Si-bearing molecules that have been detected in the evolved carbon star IRC+10216, it is an extremely promising candidate for detection with radio telescopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua H Baraban
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - P Bryan Changala
- ¶JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - John F Stanton
- §Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Sven Thorwirth
- ∥I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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10
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Truong NX, Savoca M, Harding DJ, Fielicke A, Dopfer O. Vibrational spectra and structures of SinC clusters (n = 3–8). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18961-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The geometries of C-doped silicon clusters determined from infrared spectroscopy and computational chemistry reveal the stable Si3C unit as a common structural motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Xuan Truong
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Marco Savoca
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Dan J. Harding
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- D-37077 Göttingen
- Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces
| | - André Fielicke
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik
- Technische Universität Berlin
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
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Abstract
In this paper, we reported the smallest main-group dicarbide with all deltahedras, which is also the first main-group dicarbide with (n + 1) polyhedral skeletal electron pairs (PSEPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-jing Sui
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
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12
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Savoca M, Lagutschenkov A, Langer J, Harding DJ, Fielicke A, Dopfer O. Vibrational Spectra and Structures of Neutral SimCn Clusters (m + n = 6): Sequential Doping of Silicon Clusters with Carbon Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1158-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Savoca
- Institut für Optik und
Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Lagutschenkov
- Institut für Optik und
Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Langer
- Institut für Optik und
Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan J. Harding
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
| | - André Fielicke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und
Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Zhang J, Lu WC, Zang QJ, Zhao LZ, Wang CZ, Ho KM. An ab initio calculation study of silicon and carbon binary clusters C7Si(n) (n = 1-7). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:205305. [PMID: 21540510 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/20/205305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Binary C(7)Si(n) (n = 1-7) clusters are studied using density functional calculations at the level of B3LYP/6-311G(d). Lowest-energy structures have been determined theoretically and their properties such as binding energies, second differences in energy and highest-occupied and lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital gaps have been analyzed. It is found that the lowest-energy structures of the C(7)Si(n) (n = 1-7) clusters change from linear to planar when n ≥ 3, and in the planar structures C atoms prefer to form five- and six-membered rings surrounded by extra Si atoms in the form of the C(2)Si units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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14
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Li QX, Lu WC, Zang QJ, Zhao LZ, Wang C, Ho K. Carbon-rich C9Sin (n=1–5) clusters from ab initio calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Wu Q, Hao Q, Yamaguchi Y, Li Q, Fang DC, Schaefer HF. Unusual isomers of disilacyclopropenylidene (Si2CH2). J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7102-9. [PMID: 20540500 DOI: 10.1021/jp912280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nine electronic singlet state structures of Si(2)CH(2) have been systematically investigated by high level theoretical methods. This research employed coupled cluster (CC) methods with single and double excitations (CCSD) and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] using the correlation-consistent polarized valence cc-pVXZ/cc-pV(X+d)Z (X = D, T, and Q) basis sets. Full valence complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) wave functions were used for the interpretation of geometries and physical properties. Among the nine singlet stationary points, six structures (1S-6S) are found to be minima, two structures (7S and 8S) are transition states, and one structure (9S) is a second-order saddle point. The existence of the two peculiar hydrogen bridged isomers, 1S (Si...H...Si) and 4S (agostic CH...Si) is established. Extensive focal point analyses are used to obtain complete basis set (CBS) limit energies. For the six lowest-lying singlet minima, after focal point analyses, the energy ordering and energy differences (in kcal mol(-1), with the zero-point vibrational energy corrected values in parentheses) are predicted to be 1S [0.0 (0.0)] < 3S [14.7 (14.5)] < 4S [25.1 (25.3)] < 5S [28.2 (26.0)] < 6S [45.0 (45.4)] < 2S [73.8 (72.0)]. Their relative energies are strikingly different from those for the isovalent parent C(3)H(2) molecule. Geometries, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and associated infrared (IR) intensities are reported for all equilibrium structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Wu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China 100081
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16
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Zhang Q, Song LC, Lu X, Huang RB, Zheng LS. The odd–even alternation of heteroatom-doped carbon clusters AuCn− (n⩽12): Experimental observations and density functional studies. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Lan YZ, Feng YL. Study of absorption spectra and (hyper)polarizabilities of SiC[sub n] and Si[sub n]C (n=2–6) clusters using density functional response approach. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:054509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3195062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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18
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Pramanik A, Banerjee A, Das KK. Electronic states of SiC−: A theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Maclean MJ, Eichinger PCH, Wang T, Fitzgerald M, Bowie JH. A theoretical study of the cyclization processes of energized CCCSi and CCCP. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12714-20. [PMID: 19007196 DOI: 10.1021/jp807403s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calculations at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory have shown that cyclization of both the ground state triplet and the corresponding singlet state of CCCSi may rearrange to give cyclic isomers which upon ring opening may reform linear C(3)Si isomers in which the carbon atoms are scrambled. The cyclization processes are energetically favorable with barriers to the transition states from 13 to 16 kcal mol(-1). This should be contrasted with the analogous process of triplet CCCC to triplet rhombic C(4), which requires an excess energy of 25.8 kcal mol(-1). A similar cyclization of doublet CCCP requires 50.4 kcal mol(-1) of excess energy; this should be contrasted with the same process for CCCN, which requires 54.7 kcal mol(-1) to effect cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheal J Maclean
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005
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20
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Qi JY, Dang L, Chen MD, Wu W, Zhang QE, Au CT. Density Functional Theory Study of CsCn− (n = 1−10) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12456-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - L. Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - M. D. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - W. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Q. E. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - C. T. Au
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Zdetsis AD. High-Stability Hydrogenated Silicon−Carbon Clusters: A Full Study of Si2C2H2 in Comparison to Si2C2, C2B2H4, And Other Similar Species. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5712-9. [PMID: 18510305 DOI: 10.1021/jp801961e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Zdetsis AD. A new class of silicon-carbon clusters: a full study of the hydrogenated SinC2H2, n=3,4,5, clusters in comparison with their isoelectronic carboranes C2BnHn+2. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:184305. [PMID: 18532810 DOI: 10.1063/1.2911694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and electronic characteristics of the Si(n)C(2)H(2), n=3,4,5, clusters are studied by ab initio calculations based on coupled cluster and density functional theory using the hybrid B3LYP functional. It is demonstrated that all three clusters are structurally and electronically homologous to the corresponding isoelectronic organometallic carboranes C(2)B(n)H(n+2). This homology, which is in full agreement with the analogy of Si(6) (2-) and B(6)H(6) (2-) demonstrated recently by the author [J. Chem. Phys. 127, 014314 (2007)], includes not only the ground states but also the lower-lying isomers as well. These lowest lying isomers can be obtained by ortho, para, and meta substitutions from the corresponding Si(n) (2-), n=3,4,5, dianions. The energetic ordering of the low-lying isomers is in full agreement with the known valence and topological charge stability rules developed for carboranes. The hydrogenated clusters are much more stable than their nonhydrogenated counterparts. It is suggested that Si(3)C(2)H(2), Si(4)C(2)H(2), and Si(5)C(2)H(2), which can be probably found in interstellar space, are special examples of a general class of silicon-carbon clusters of the form Si(n)C(2)H(2), with analogous properties and similarities to the corresponding carboranes C(2)B(n)H(n+2). It is furthermore illustrated that the lowest energy structures of the Si(n)C(2) clusters can be obtained through a systematic and straightforward procedure from the Si(n)C(2)H(2) clusters. The present results could hopefully make possible the exploitation of the rich borane and carborane chemistry for the design and development of novel silicon and silicon-carbon composite nanomaterials.
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Hou J, Song B. Density-functional study of structural and electronic properties of SinCn (n=1–10) clusters. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:154304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2895051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Chu QY, Li BX, Yu J. Stability of carbon-doped silicon clusters: FP-LMTO molecular dynamics calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Theoretical study on the potential energy surface of NC3P isomers. Theor Chem Acc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-006-0178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Chen MD, Li XB, Yang J, Zhang QE, Au CT. A Density Functional Study on Beryllium-Doped Carbon Dianion Clusters CnBe2- (n = 4−14). J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4502-8. [PMID: 16571056 DOI: 10.1021/jp054830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Making use of the software of molecular graphics, we designed numerous models of C(n)()Be(2-) (n = 4-14). We carried out geometry optimization and calculation on vibration frequency by means of the B3LYP density functional method. After comparison of structure stability, we found that the ground-state isomers of C(n)()Be(2-) (n = 4-14) are linear with the beryllium atom located inside the C(n)() chain. When a side carbon chain is with an even number of carbon atoms, it is polyacetylene-like, whereas when a side chain is with an odd number of carbon atoms, it is cumulene-like. The C(n)Be(2-) (n = 4-14) clusters with an even number of carbon atoms are more stable than that with an odd number of carbon atoms, matching the peak pattern observed in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and Coulomb Explosion Imaging (CEI) investigations of C(n)()Be(2-) (n = 4-14). The trend of such odd/even alternation is explained based on concepts of bonding characteristics, electronic configuration, electron detachment, and incremental binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Rintelman JM, Gordon MS, Fletcher GD, Ivanic J. A systematic multireference perturbation-theory study of the low-lying states of SiC3. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:034303. [PMID: 16438579 DOI: 10.1063/1.2140687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The three known lowest-energy isomers of SiC(3), two cyclic singlets (2s and 3s) and a linear triplet (1t), have been reinvestigated using multireference second-order perturbation theory (MRPT2). The dependence of the relative energies of the isomers upon the quality of the basis sets and the sizes of the reference active spaces is explored. When using a complete-active-space self-consistent-field reference wave function with 12 electrons in 11 orbitals [CASSCF (12, 11)] together with basis sets that increase in size up to the correlation-consistent polarized core-valence quadruple zeta basis set (cc-pCVQZ), the MRPT2 method consistently predicts the linear triplet to be the most stable isomer. A new parallel direct determinant MRPT2 code has been used to systematically explore reference spaces that vary in size from CASSCF (8,8) to full optimized reaction space [FORS or CASSCF (16,16)] with the cc-pCVQZ basis. It is found that the relative energies of the isomers change substantially as the active space is increased. At the best level of theory, MRPT2 with a full valence FORS reference, the 2s isomer is predicted to be more stable than 3s and 1t by 4.7 and 2.2 kcal/mol, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Rintelman
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University and Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Sillars DS, Bennett CJ, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic detection of the methylsilyl (CH3SiH2, X2A′) and the silylmethyl (CH2SiH3, X2A′) radicals and their partially deuterated counterparts in low temperature matrices. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Bennett CJ, Sillars D, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic identification of the methylsilylidyne (SiCH3, X2A″) and the silenyl (H2CSiH, X2A′) radicals in methane–silane matrices. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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A density functional study of the structures and energetics of small hetero-atomic silicon–carbon nanoclusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Liu JW, Chen MD, Zheng LS, Zhang QE, Au CT. Theoretical Study of Arsenic-Doped Carbon Clusters CnAs- (n = 1−11). J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049142w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - M. D. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - L. S. Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Q. E. Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - C. T. Au
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Bertolus M, Finocchi F, Millie P. Investigating bonding in small silicon–carbon clusters: Exploration of the potential energy surfaces of Si3C4, Si4C3, and Si4C4 using ab initio molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:4333-43. [PMID: 15268603 DOI: 10.1063/1.1636717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of the properties of the Si3C4, Si4C3, and Si4C4 clusters is reported. Systematic explorations of the potential energy surfaces of the three clusters are performed using a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics and local energy minimizations using density functional theory. A large number of isomers with a large variety of geometries has been found. The geometries, energies, and vibrational frequencies yielded are discussed. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the interatomic distances, angles, and coordination numbers observed, as well as the conclusions on the bonding properties, are presented. The cluster properties are then compared to those of solid SiC and of the smaller Si-C clusters (with size up to 6) obtained in a previous study. Analysis of our results and comparison with bulk properties show that even clusters as small as Si3C4, Si4C3, and Si4C4 exhibit properties similar to those of the amorphous bulk, in particular as for the structures and bonds formed by C atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Bertolus
- Departement d'Etudes du Combustible, SESC/LLCC, Batiment 151, CEA-CE Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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34
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Jiang ZY, Xu XH, Wu HS, Jin ZH. Ab Initio Investigation of Structures and Stability of SinCm Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0352940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Jiang
- Multidisciplinary Materials Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, and Institute of Material Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Multidisciplinary Materials Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, and Institute of Material Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Hai-Shun Wu
- Multidisciplinary Materials Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, and Institute of Material Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Jin
- Multidisciplinary Materials Research Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China, and Institute of Material Chemistry, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
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Jiang ZY, Xu XH, Wu HS, Zhang FQ, Jin ZH. First principles study of the structure, electronic state and stability of SinC−m anions. Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(03)00141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Li G, Xing X, Tang Z. Structures and properties the lead-doped carbon clusters PbCn/PbCn+/PbCn− (n=1–10). J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1559916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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37
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Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Pons JM, Liotard D, Rajzmann M. Reaction mechanism studies made simple using simulated annealing. Potential energy surface exploration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Duan X, Burggraf LW, Weeks DE, Davico GE, Schwartz RL, Lineberger WC. Photoelectron spectroscopy of Si2C3− and quantum chemistry of the linear Si2C3 cluster and its isomers. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1427709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Kumar V, Esfarjani K, Kawazoe Y. Ab Initio Computer Simulations on Microclusters: Structures and Electronic Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04812-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dreuw
- Theoretische Chemie, Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Canosa A, Le Picard SD, Gougeon S, Rebrion-Rowe C, Travers D, Rowe BR. Rate coefficients for the reactions of Si(3PJ) with C2H2 and C2H4: Experimental results down to 15 K. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1396855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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42
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Davico GE, Schwartz RL, Lineberger WC. Photoelectron spectroscopy of C3Si and C4Si2 anions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1380713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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43
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Rintelman JM, Gordon MS. Structure and energetics of the silicon carbide clusters SiC3 and Si2C2. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1380714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Abstract
Partially restricted coupled cluster calculations involving connected triple substitutions have been carried out for linear SiC
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45
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Ding XD, Wang SL, Rittby CML, Graham WRM. Fourier Transform Infrared Observation of SiCn Chains. II. The ν1(σ) Mode of Linear SiC7 in Ar at 10 K. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp993855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. D. Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - S. L. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - C. M. L. Rittby
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
| | - W. R. M. Graham
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129
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46
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Billas IML, Massobrio C, Boero M, Parrinello M, Branz W, Tast F, Malinowski N, Heinebrodt M, Martin TP. First principles calculations of Si doped fullerenes: Structural and electronic localization properties in C59Si and C58Si2. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Bandyopadhyay P, Ten-no S, Iwata S. Structures and Photoelectron Spectroscopies of Si2C2- Studied with ab Initio Multicanonical Monte Carlo Simulation. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Bandyopadhyay
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ten-no
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Suehiro Iwata
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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48
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Ding XD, Wang SL, Rittby CML, Graham WRM. Fourier-transform infrared observation of SiCn chains. I. The ν4(σ) mode of linear SiC9 in Ar at 10 K. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.479062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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49
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50
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Cai ZL, François JP. Theoretical Study of the Electronic Spectrum of the SiC- Anion. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9831942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z.-L. Cai
- Department SBG, Institute for Materials Science (IMO), Universitaire Campus, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - J. P. François
- Department SBG, Institute for Materials Science (IMO), Universitaire Campus, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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