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Barnum TJ, Clausen G, Jiang J, Coy SL, Field RW. Long-range model of vibrational autoionization in core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states of NO. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:244303. [PMID: 34972375 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In high orbital angular momentum (ℓ ≥ 3) Rydberg states, the centrifugal barrier hinders the close approach of the Rydberg electron to the ion-core. As a result, these core-nonpenetrating Rydberg states can be well described by a simplified model in which the Rydberg electron is only weakly perturbed by the long-range electric properties (i.e., multipole moments and polarizabilities) of the ion-core. We have used a long-range model to describe the vibrational autoionization dynamics of high-ℓ Rydberg states of nitric oxide (NO). In particular, our model explains the extensive angular momentum exchange between the ion-core and the Rydberg electron that had been previously observed in vibrational autoionization of f (ℓ = 3) Rydberg states. These results shed light on a long-standing mechanistic question around these previous observations and support a direct, vibrational mechanism of autoionization over an indirect, predissociation-mediated mechanism. In addition, our model correctly predicts newly measured total decay rates of g (ℓ = 4) Rydberg states because for ℓ ≥ 4, the non-radiative decay is dominated by autoionization rather than predissociation. We examine the predicted NO+ ion rotational state distributions generated by vibrational autoionization of g states and discuss applications of our model to achieve quantum state selection in the production of molecular ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Barnum
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gloria Clausen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Coy
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Barnum TJ, Herburger H, Grimes DD, Jiang J, Field RW. Preparation of high orbital angular momentum Rydberg states by optical-millimeter-wave STIRAP. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:084301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0017790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Barnum
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H. Herburger
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D. D. Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J. Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R. W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Grimes DD, Barnum TJ, Zhou Y, Colombo AP, Field RW. Coherent laser-millimeter-wave interactions en route to coherent population transfer. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:144201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Grimes
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timothy J. Barnum
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Anthony P. Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massaschusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Suzuki YI, Tang Y, Suzuki T. Time-energy mapping of photoelectron angular distribution: application to photoionization stereodynamics of nitric oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:7309-20. [PMID: 22526398 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The time-energy mapping of the photoionization integral cross section and laboratory-frame photoelectron angular distribution is used to study photoionization stereodynamics of a diatomic molecule. The general theoretical formalism [Y. Suzuki and T. Suzuki, Mol. Phys., 2007, 105, 1675] is simplified for application to a diatomic molecule, and a high-resolution photoelectron imaging apparatus is used to determine the transition dipole moments and phase shifts of photoelectron partial waves in near-threshold and non-dissociative photoionization of NO from the A(2)Σ(+) state. The transition dipoles and phase shifts thus determined are in reasonable agreement with those by state-to-state photoionization experiment and Schwinger variational calculations. The difference of the phase shifts from those expected from the quantum defects of Rydberg states suggests occurrence of weak hybridization of different l-waves, in addition to the well-known s-d super complex. The circular dichroism in photoelectron angular distribution is also simulated from our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi-Ichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Lehrer F, Weinkauf R, Metsala A. Comparison of Photoelectron-Spectroscopy Results to Ab-Initio and Density Functional Calculations: The Ethylbenzene Cation. Z PHYS CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2007.221.5.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work resonant S
0–S
1 two-photon ionization (R2PI) and high-resolution R(1+1’)PI photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) as well as ab initio and density functional (DFT) calculations of ethylbenzene (EB) are combined. Conformer energies and equilibrium geometries have been calculated for neutral and cationic EB with the HF, UHF, B3LYP and the MP2 methods and different basis sets. In agreement with previous results the tail-to-chromophore orientation of neutral EB is orthogonal. This conformer is also the most stable structure in the cation, but a second local minimum in which all carbons lie in a plane (termed “planar” conformer) lays 325cm-1 higher in energy. R(1+1’)PI PE spectra were recorded by time-of-flight spectrometer with an energy resolution (Δ E) below 8 cm-1 and an absolute accuracy of ± 10 cm-1 for electron energies below 200 meV. Because the experiment starts in the orthogonal conformer and ionization is vertical, the recorded PE spectra show the cation ground state vibrations of this conformer. Beside benzene modes also low-energetic tail-to-chromophore modes are observed and assigned by DFT vibrational mode analysis. The differences of the calculated vibrational frequencies between the two conformers are comparable to the deviation between experiment and theory and a conformer assignment by comparison of theory and experiment would be difficult. R(1+1’)PI PE spectra recorded via selected S
1 vibrations provide vibrational assignments for S
1, qualitative S
1–D
0 geometry changes, vibrational symmetries as well as internal vibrational redistribution dynamics in S
1. Charge and spin densities of the neutral and cation were calculated to elucidate the problem of charge delocalization and electronic tail-to-chromophore coupling.
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Softley TP. Applications of molecular Rydberg states in chemical dynamics and spectroscopy. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350310001652940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. P. Softley
- a Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Zhao R, Konen IM, Zare RN. Optical-optical double resonance photoionization spectroscopy of nf Rydberg states of nitric oxide. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:9938-47. [PMID: 15549868 DOI: 10.1063/1.1807373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectra of vibrationally excited nf Rydberg states of nitric oxide were recorded by monitoring the photoion current produced using two-photon double resonance excitation via the NO A (2)Sigma(+) state followed by photoexcitation of the Rydberg state that undergoes autoionization. The optical transition intensities from NO A state to nf Rydberg states were calculated, and the results agree closely with experiment. These results combined with circular dichroism measurements allow us to assign rotational quantum numbers to the nf Rydberg states even in a spectrum of relatively low resolution. We report the positions of these nf (upsilon,N,N(c)) Rydberg levels converging to the NO X (1)Sigma(+) upsilon(+) = 1 and 2 ionization limits where N is the total angular momentum excluding electron and nuclear spin and N(c) represents the rotational quantum number of the ion core. Our two-color optical-optical double resonance measurements cover the range of N from 15 to 28, N(c) from 14 to 29, and the principal quantum number n from 9 to 21. The electrostatic interaction between the Rydberg electron and the ion core is used to account for the rotational fine structure and a corresponding model is used to fit the energy levels to obtain the quadrupole moment and polarizability of the NO(+) core. Comparison with a multichannel quantum defect theory fit to the same data confirms that the model we use for the electrostatic interaction between the nf Rydberg electron and the ion core of NO well describes the rotational fine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runchuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Goodgame AL, Dickinson H, Mackenzie SR, Softley TP. The Stark effect in the v[sup +]=1 autoionizing Rydberg states of NO. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1450552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Fiss JA, Khachatrian A, Truhins K, Zhu L, Gordon RJ, Seideman T. Direct observation of a breit-wigner phase of a wave function. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:2096-2099. [PMID: 10970471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Breit-Wigner phase of a wave function was obtained by measuring the interference between two independent ionization paths of a molecule. The state of interest was present in only one of the paths, thereby producing a phase shift in the observed signal. An analytical theory was used to determine the phase of the wave function from the observable.
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Affiliation(s)
- JA Fiss
- Department of Chemistry (m/c 111), University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061, USA
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Underwood JG, Reid KL. Time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions as a probe of intramolecular dynamics: Connecting the molecular frame and the laboratory frame. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Park H, Konen I, Zare RN. Partial-wave decomposition of the ionization continuum accessed by vibrational autoionization of the NO 14s ( nu = 1, N = 20, N(+)(R) = 20) level. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:3819-3822. [PMID: 11019214 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rotationally resolved photoelectron angular distributions from vibrational autoionization of the NO 14s ( nu = 1, N = 20, N(+)(R) = 20) level are measured by photoelectron spectroscopy, and they are analyzed using a theoretical model based on first-order coupling between the Rydberg level and the ionization continuum. The analysis reveals that lambda-changing collisions and l-changing collisions between the molecular-ion core and the outgoing electron are comparable in magnitude and account for 40% of the partial waves produced in the ionization continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Park
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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12
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Takazawa K, Abe H. Electronic spectra of gaseous nitric oxide in magnetic fields up to 10 T. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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13
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Eloranta J, Vaskonen K, Häkkänen H, Kiljunen T, Kunttu H. 193 nm photodynamics of NO in rare gas matrices: Fluorescence, thermoluminescence, and photodissociation. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.477424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Remacle F, Vrakking MJJ. Decay Dynamics of the Predissociating High Rydberg States of NO. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Remacle
- Département de Chimie, B6, Université de Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc J. J. Vrakking
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Glab WL, Child MS, Pratt ST. Rotationally resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of autoionizing states of water. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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McCormack EF, Di Teodoro F, Grochocinski JM, Pratt ST. Dynamics of Rydberg states of nitric oxide probed by two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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17
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Pratt ST. Vibrational autoionization and predissociation in high Rydberg states of nitric oxide. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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